Base class for polyhedra: Methods regarding the combinatorics of a polyhedron#

Excluding methods relying on sage.graphs.

class sage.geometry.polyhedron.base3.Polyhedron_base3(parent, Vrep, Hrep, Vrep_minimal=None, Hrep_minimal=None, pref_rep=None, mutable=False, **kwds)#

Bases: Polyhedron_base2

Methods related to the combinatorics of a polyhedron.

See sage.geometry.polyhedron.base.Polyhedron_base.

a_maximal_chain()#

Return a maximal chain of the face lattice in increasing order.

EXAMPLES:

sage: P = polytopes.cube()
sage: P.a_maximal_chain()
[A -1-dimensional face of a Polyhedron in ZZ^3,
 A 0-dimensional face of a Polyhedron in ZZ^3 defined as the convex hull of 1 vertex,
 A 1-dimensional face of a Polyhedron in ZZ^3 defined as the convex hull of 2 vertices,
 A 2-dimensional face of a Polyhedron in ZZ^3 defined as the convex hull of 4 vertices,
 A 3-dimensional face of a Polyhedron in ZZ^3 defined as the convex hull of 8 vertices]
sage: P = polytopes.cube()
sage: chain = P.a_maximal_chain(); chain
[A -1-dimensional face of a Polyhedron in ZZ^3,
 A 0-dimensional face of a Polyhedron in ZZ^3 defined as the convex hull of 1 vertex,
 A 1-dimensional face of a Polyhedron in ZZ^3 defined as the convex hull of 2 vertices,
 A 2-dimensional face of a Polyhedron in ZZ^3 defined as the convex hull of 4 vertices,
 A 3-dimensional face of a Polyhedron in ZZ^3 defined as the convex hull of 8 vertices]
sage: [face.ambient_V_indices() for face in chain]
[(), (5,), (0, 5), (0, 3, 4, 5), (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7)]

adjacency_matrix(algorithm=None)#

Return the binary matrix of vertex adjacencies.

INPUT:

algorithm – string (optional); specify whether the face generator starts with facets or vertices:
- 'primal' – start with the facets
- 'dual' – start with the vertices
- None – choose automatically

EXAMPLES:

sage: polytopes.simplex(4).vertex_adjacency_matrix()
[0 1 1 1 1]
[1 0 1 1 1]
[1 1 0 1 1]
[1 1 1 0 1]
[1 1 1 1 0]

The rows and columns of the vertex adjacency matrix correspond to the Vrepresentation() objects: vertices, rays, and lines. The \((i,j)\) matrix entry equals \(1\) if the \(i\)-th and \(j\)-th V-representation object are adjacent.

Two vertices are adjacent if they are the endpoints of an edge, that is, a one-dimensional face. For unbounded polyhedra this clearly needs to be generalized and we define two V-representation objects (see sage.geometry.polyhedron.constructor) to be adjacent if they together generate a one-face. There are three possible combinations:

Two vertices can bound a finite-length edge.
A vertex and a ray can generate a half-infinite edge starting at the vertex and with the direction given by the ray.
A vertex and a line can generate an infinite edge. The position of the vertex on the line is arbitrary in this case, only its transverse position matters. The direction of the edge is given by the line generator.

For example, take the half-plane:

sage: half_plane = Polyhedron(ieqs=[(0,1,0)])
sage: half_plane.Hrepresentation()
(An inequality (1, 0) x + 0 >= 0,)

Its (non-unique) V-representation consists of a vertex, a ray, and a line. The only edge is spanned by the vertex and the line generator, so they are adjacent:

sage: half_plane.Vrepresentation()
(A line in the direction (0, 1), A ray in the direction (1, 0), A vertex at (0, 0))
sage: half_plane.vertex_adjacency_matrix()
[0 0 1]
[0 0 0]
[1 0 0]

In one dimension higher, that is for a half-space in 3 dimensions, there is no one-dimensional face. Hence nothing is adjacent:

sage: Polyhedron(ieqs=[(0,1,0,0)]).vertex_adjacency_matrix()
[0 0 0 0]
[0 0 0 0]
[0 0 0 0]
[0 0 0 0]

EXAMPLES:

In a bounded polygon, every vertex has precisely two adjacent ones:

sage: P = Polyhedron(vertices=[(0, 1), (1, 0), (3, 0), (4, 1)])
sage: for v in P.Vrep_generator():
....:     print("{} {}".format(P.adjacency_matrix().row(v.index()), v))
(0, 1, 0, 1) A vertex at (0, 1)
(1, 0, 1, 0) A vertex at (1, 0)
(0, 1, 0, 1) A vertex at (3, 0)
(1, 0, 1, 0) A vertex at (4, 1)

If the V-representation of the polygon contains vertices and one ray, then each V-representation object is adjacent to two V-representation objects:

sage: P = Polyhedron(vertices=[(0, 1), (1, 0), (3, 0), (4, 1)],
....:                rays=[(0,1)])
sage: for v in P.Vrep_generator():
....:       print("{} {}".format(P.adjacency_matrix().row(v.index()), v))
(0, 1, 0, 0, 1) A ray in the direction (0, 1)
(1, 0, 1, 0, 0) A vertex at (0, 1)
(0, 1, 0, 1, 0) A vertex at (1, 0)
(0, 0, 1, 0, 1) A vertex at (3, 0)
(1, 0, 0, 1, 0) A vertex at (4, 1)

If the V-representation of the polygon contains vertices and two distinct rays, then each vertex is adjacent to two V-representation objects (which can now be vertices or rays). The two rays are not adjacent to each other:

sage: P = Polyhedron(vertices=[(0, 1), (1, 0), (3, 0), (4, 1)],
....:                rays=[(0,1), (1,1)])
sage: for v in P.Vrep_generator():
....:     print("{} {}".format(P.adjacency_matrix().row(v.index()), v))
(0, 1, 0, 0, 0) A ray in the direction (0, 1)
(1, 0, 1, 0, 0) A vertex at (0, 1)
(0, 1, 0, 0, 1) A vertex at (1, 0)
(0, 0, 0, 0, 1) A ray in the direction (1, 1)
(0, 0, 1, 1, 0) A vertex at (3, 0)

The vertex adjacency matrix has base ring integers. This way one can express various counting questions:

sage: P = polytopes.cube()
sage: Q = P.stack(P.faces(2)[0])
sage: M = Q.vertex_adjacency_matrix()
sage: sum(M)
(4, 4, 3, 3, 4, 4, 4, 3, 3)
sage: G = Q.vertex_graph()                                                  # needs sage.graphs
sage: G.degree()                                                            # needs sage.graphs
[4, 4, 3, 3, 4, 4, 4, 3, 3]

bounded_edges()#

Return the bounded edges (excluding rays and lines).

OUTPUT:

A generator for pairs of vertices, one pair per edge.

EXAMPLES:

sage: p = Polyhedron(vertices=[[1,0],[0,1]], rays=[[1,0],[0,1]])
sage: [ e for e in p.bounded_edges() ]
[(A vertex at (0, 1), A vertex at (1, 0))]
sage: for e in p.bounded_edges(): print(e)
(A vertex at (0, 1), A vertex at (1, 0))

combinatorial_polyhedron()#

Return the combinatorial type of self.

See sage.geometry.polyhedron.combinatorial_polyhedron.base.CombinatorialPolyhedron.

EXAMPLES:

sage: polytopes.cube().combinatorial_polyhedron()
A 3-dimensional combinatorial polyhedron with 6 facets

sage: polytopes.cyclic_polytope(4,10).combinatorial_polyhedron()
A 4-dimensional combinatorial polyhedron with 35 facets

sage: Polyhedron(rays=[[0,1], [1,0]]).combinatorial_polyhedron()
A 2-dimensional combinatorial polyhedron with 2 facets

f_vector(num_threads=None, parallelization_depth=None, algorithm=None)#

Return the f-vector.

INPUT:

num_threads – integer (optional); specify the number of threads; otherwise determined by ncpus()
parallelization_depth – integer (optional); specify how deep in the lattice the parallelization is done
algorithm – string (optional); specify whether the face generator starts with facets or vertices:
- 'primal' – start with the facets
- 'dual' – start with the vertices
- None – choose automatically

OUTPUT:

Return a vector whose \(i\)-th entry is the number of \(i-2\)-dimensional faces of the polytope.

Note

The vertices as given by vertices() do not need to correspond to \(0\)-dimensional faces. If a polyhedron contains \(k\) lines they correspond to \(k\)-dimensional faces. See example below.

EXAMPLES:

sage: p = Polyhedron(vertices=[[1, 2, 3], [1, 3, 2],
....:     [2, 1, 3], [2, 3, 1], [3, 1, 2], [3, 2, 1], [0, 0, 0]])
sage: p.f_vector()
(1, 7, 12, 7, 1)

sage: polytopes.cyclic_polytope(4,10).f_vector()
(1, 10, 45, 70, 35, 1)

sage: polytopes.hypercube(5).f_vector()
(1, 32, 80, 80, 40, 10, 1)

Polyhedra with lines do not have \(0\)-faces:

sage: Polyhedron(ieqs=[[1,-1,0,0],[1,1,0,0]]).f_vector()
(1, 0, 0, 2, 1)

However, the method Polyhedron_base.vertices() returns two points that belong to the Vrepresentation:

sage: P = Polyhedron(ieqs=[[1,-1,0],[1,1,0]])
sage: P.vertices()
(A vertex at (1, 0), A vertex at (-1, 0))
sage: P.f_vector()
(1, 0, 2, 1)

face_generator(face_dimension=None, algorithm=None, **kwds)#

Return an iterator over the faces of given dimension.

If dimension is not specified return an iterator over all faces.

INPUT:

face_dimension – integer (default None), yield only faces of this dimension if specified
algorithm – string (optional); specify whether to start with facets or vertices:
- 'primal' – start with the facets
- 'dual' – start with the vertices
- None – choose automatically

OUTPUT:

A FaceIterator_geom. This class iterates over faces as PolyhedronFace. See face for details. The order is random but fixed.

EXAMPLES:

sage: P = polytopes.cube()
sage: it = P.face_generator()
sage: it
Iterator over the faces of a 3-dimensional polyhedron in ZZ^3
sage: list(it)
[A 3-dimensional face of a Polyhedron in ZZ^3 defined as the convex hull of 8 vertices,
 A -1-dimensional face of a Polyhedron in ZZ^3,
 A 2-dimensional face of a Polyhedron in ZZ^3 defined as the convex hull of 4 vertices,
 A 2-dimensional face of a Polyhedron in ZZ^3 defined as the convex hull of 4 vertices,
 A 2-dimensional face of a Polyhedron in ZZ^3 defined as the convex hull of 4 vertices,
 A 2-dimensional face of a Polyhedron in ZZ^3 defined as the convex hull of 4 vertices,
 A 2-dimensional face of a Polyhedron in ZZ^3 defined as the convex hull of 4 vertices,
 A 2-dimensional face of a Polyhedron in ZZ^3 defined as the convex hull of 4 vertices,
 A 1-dimensional face of a Polyhedron in ZZ^3 defined as the convex hull of 2 vertices,
 A 1-dimensional face of a Polyhedron in ZZ^3 defined as the convex hull of 2 vertices,
 A 1-dimensional face of a Polyhedron in ZZ^3 defined as the convex hull of 2 vertices,
 A 1-dimensional face of a Polyhedron in ZZ^3 defined as the convex hull of 2 vertices,
 A 0-dimensional face of a Polyhedron in ZZ^3 defined as the convex hull of 1 vertex,
 A 0-dimensional face of a Polyhedron in ZZ^3 defined as the convex hull of 1 vertex,
 A 0-dimensional face of a Polyhedron in ZZ^3 defined as the convex hull of 1 vertex,
 A 0-dimensional face of a Polyhedron in ZZ^3 defined as the convex hull of 1 vertex,
 A 1-dimensional face of a Polyhedron in ZZ^3 defined as the convex hull of 2 vertices,
 A 1-dimensional face of a Polyhedron in ZZ^3 defined as the convex hull of 2 vertices,
 A 1-dimensional face of a Polyhedron in ZZ^3 defined as the convex hull of 2 vertices,
 A 0-dimensional face of a Polyhedron in ZZ^3 defined as the convex hull of 1 vertex,
 A 0-dimensional face of a Polyhedron in ZZ^3 defined as the convex hull of 1 vertex,
 A 1-dimensional face of a Polyhedron in ZZ^3 defined as the convex hull of 2 vertices,
 A 1-dimensional face of a Polyhedron in ZZ^3 defined as the convex hull of 2 vertices,
 A 0-dimensional face of a Polyhedron in ZZ^3 defined as the convex hull of 1 vertex,
 A 1-dimensional face of a Polyhedron in ZZ^3 defined as the convex hull of 2 vertices,
 A 1-dimensional face of a Polyhedron in ZZ^3 defined as the convex hull of 2 vertices,
 A 0-dimensional face of a Polyhedron in ZZ^3 defined as the convex hull of 1 vertex,
 A 1-dimensional face of a Polyhedron in ZZ^3 defined as the convex hull of 2 vertices]

 sage: P = polytopes.hypercube(4)
 sage: list(P.face_generator(2))[:4]
 [A 2-dimensional face of a Polyhedron in ZZ^4 defined as the convex hull of 4 vertices,
  A 2-dimensional face of a Polyhedron in ZZ^4 defined as the convex hull of 4 vertices,
  A 2-dimensional face of a Polyhedron in ZZ^4 defined as the convex hull of 4 vertices,
  A 2-dimensional face of a Polyhedron in ZZ^4 defined as the convex hull of 4 vertices]

If a polytope has more facets than vertices, the dual mode is chosen:

sage: P = polytopes.cross_polytope(3)
sage: list(P.face_generator())
[A 3-dimensional face of a Polyhedron in ZZ^3 defined as the convex hull of 6 vertices,
 A -1-dimensional face of a Polyhedron in ZZ^3,
 A 0-dimensional face of a Polyhedron in ZZ^3 defined as the convex hull of 1 vertex,
 A 0-dimensional face of a Polyhedron in ZZ^3 defined as the convex hull of 1 vertex,
 A 0-dimensional face of a Polyhedron in ZZ^3 defined as the convex hull of 1 vertex,
 A 0-dimensional face of a Polyhedron in ZZ^3 defined as the convex hull of 1 vertex,
 A 0-dimensional face of a Polyhedron in ZZ^3 defined as the convex hull of 1 vertex,
 A 0-dimensional face of a Polyhedron in ZZ^3 defined as the convex hull of 1 vertex,
 A 1-dimensional face of a Polyhedron in ZZ^3 defined as the convex hull of 2 vertices,
 A 1-dimensional face of a Polyhedron in ZZ^3 defined as the convex hull of 2 vertices,
 A 1-dimensional face of a Polyhedron in ZZ^3 defined as the convex hull of 2 vertices,
 A 1-dimensional face of a Polyhedron in ZZ^3 defined as the convex hull of 2 vertices,
 A 2-dimensional face of a Polyhedron in ZZ^3 defined as the convex hull of 3 vertices,
 A 2-dimensional face of a Polyhedron in ZZ^3 defined as the convex hull of 3 vertices,
 A 2-dimensional face of a Polyhedron in ZZ^3 defined as the convex hull of 3 vertices,
 A 2-dimensional face of a Polyhedron in ZZ^3 defined as the convex hull of 3 vertices,
 A 1-dimensional face of a Polyhedron in ZZ^3 defined as the convex hull of 2 vertices,
 A 1-dimensional face of a Polyhedron in ZZ^3 defined as the convex hull of 2 vertices,
 A 1-dimensional face of a Polyhedron in ZZ^3 defined as the convex hull of 2 vertices,
 A 2-dimensional face of a Polyhedron in ZZ^3 defined as the convex hull of 3 vertices,
 A 2-dimensional face of a Polyhedron in ZZ^3 defined as the convex hull of 3 vertices,
 A 1-dimensional face of a Polyhedron in ZZ^3 defined as the convex hull of 2 vertices,
 A 1-dimensional face of a Polyhedron in ZZ^3 defined as the convex hull of 2 vertices,
 A 2-dimensional face of a Polyhedron in ZZ^3 defined as the convex hull of 3 vertices,
 A 1-dimensional face of a Polyhedron in ZZ^3 defined as the convex hull of 2 vertices,
 A 1-dimensional face of a Polyhedron in ZZ^3 defined as the convex hull of 2 vertices,
 A 2-dimensional face of a Polyhedron in ZZ^3 defined as the convex hull of 3 vertices,
 A 1-dimensional face of a Polyhedron in ZZ^3 defined as the convex hull of 2 vertices]

The face iterator can also be slightly modified. In non-dual mode we can skip subfaces of the current (proper) face:

sage: P = polytopes.cube()
sage: it = P.face_generator(algorithm='primal')
sage: _ = next(it), next(it)
sage: face = next(it)
sage: face.ambient_H_indices()
(5,)
sage: it.ignore_subfaces()
sage: face = next(it)
sage: face.ambient_H_indices()
(4,)
sage: it.ignore_subfaces()
sage: [face.ambient_H_indices() for face in it]
[(3,),
 (2,),
 (1,),
 (0,),
 (2, 3),
 (1, 3),
 (1, 2, 3),
 (1, 2),
 (0, 2),
 (0, 1, 2),
 (0, 1)]

In dual mode we can skip supfaces of the current (proper) face:

sage: P = polytopes.cube()
sage: it = P.face_generator(algorithm='dual')
sage: _ = next(it), next(it)
sage: face = next(it)
sage: face.ambient_V_indices()
(7,)
sage: it.ignore_supfaces()
sage: next(it)
A 0-dimensional face of a Polyhedron in ZZ^3 defined as the convex hull of 1 vertex
sage: face = next(it)
sage: face.ambient_V_indices()
(5,)
sage: it.ignore_supfaces()
sage: [face.ambient_V_indices() for face in it]
[(4,),
 (3,),
 (2,),
 (1,),
 (0,),
 (1, 6),
 (3, 4),
 (2, 3),
 (0, 3),
 (0, 1, 2, 3),
 (1, 2),
 (0, 1)]

In non-dual mode, we cannot skip supfaces:

sage: it = P.face_generator(algorithm='primal')
sage: _ = next(it), next(it)
sage: next(it)
A 2-dimensional face of a Polyhedron in ZZ^3 defined as the convex hull of 4 vertices
sage: it.ignore_supfaces()
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: only possible when in dual mode

In dual mode, we cannot skip subfaces:

sage: it = P.face_generator(algorithm='dual')
sage: _ = next(it), next(it)
sage: next(it)
A 0-dimensional face of a Polyhedron in ZZ^3 defined as the convex hull of 1 vertex
sage: it.ignore_subfaces()
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: only possible when not in dual mode

We can only skip sub-/supfaces of proper faces:

sage: it = P.face_generator(algorithm='primal')
sage: next(it)
A 3-dimensional face of a Polyhedron in ZZ^3 defined as the convex hull of 8 vertices
sage: it.ignore_subfaces()
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: iterator not set to a face yet

See also

FaceIterator_geom.

ALGORITHM:

See FaceIterator.

faces(face_dimension)#

Return the faces of given dimension

INPUT:

face_dimension – integer. The dimension of the faces whose representation will be returned.

OUTPUT:

A tuple of PolyhedronFace. See module sage.geometry.polyhedron.face for details. The order is random but fixed.

See also

face_generator(), facet().

EXAMPLES:

Here we find the vertex and face indices of the eight three-dimensional facets of the four-dimensional hypercube:

sage: p = polytopes.hypercube(4)
sage: list(f.ambient_V_indices() for f in p.faces(3))
[(0, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 14, 15),
 (1, 4, 5, 6, 10, 13, 14, 15),
 (1, 2, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 15),
 (8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15),
 (0, 3, 4, 5, 9, 12, 13, 14),
 (0, 2, 3, 7, 8, 9, 11, 12),
 (1, 2, 3, 4, 10, 11, 12, 13),
 (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7)]

sage: face = p.faces(3)[3]
sage: face.ambient_Hrepresentation()
(An inequality (1, 0, 0, 0) x + 1 >= 0,)
sage: face.vertices()
(A vertex at (-1, -1, 1, -1),
 A vertex at (-1, -1, 1, 1),
 A vertex at (-1, 1, -1, -1),
 A vertex at (-1, 1, 1, -1),
 A vertex at (-1, 1, 1, 1),
 A vertex at (-1, 1, -1, 1),
 A vertex at (-1, -1, -1, 1),
 A vertex at (-1, -1, -1, -1))

You can use the index() method to enumerate vertices and inequalities:

sage: def get_idx(rep): return rep.index()
sage: [get_idx(_) for _ in face.ambient_Hrepresentation()]
[4]
sage: [get_idx(_) for _ in face.ambient_Vrepresentation()]
[8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15]

sage: [ ([get_idx(_) for _ in face.ambient_Vrepresentation()],
....:    [get_idx(_) for _ in face.ambient_Hrepresentation()])
....:   for face in p.faces(3) ]
[([0, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 14, 15], [7]),
 ([1, 4, 5, 6, 10, 13, 14, 15], [6]),
 ([1, 2, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 15], [5]),
 ([8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15], [4]),
 ([0, 3, 4, 5, 9, 12, 13, 14], [3]),
 ([0, 2, 3, 7, 8, 9, 11, 12], [2]),
 ([1, 2, 3, 4, 10, 11, 12, 13], [1]),
 ([0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7], [0])]

facet_adjacency_matrix(algorithm=None)#

Return the adjacency matrix for the facets.

INPUT:

algorithm – string (optional); specify whether the face generator starts with facets or vertices:
- 'primal' – start with the facets
- 'dual' – start with the vertices
- None – choose automatically

EXAMPLES:

sage: s4 = polytopes.simplex(4, project=True)
sage: s4.facet_adjacency_matrix()
[0 1 1 1 1]
[1 0 1 1 1]
[1 1 0 1 1]
[1 1 1 0 1]
[1 1 1 1 0]

sage: p = Polyhedron(vertices=[(0,0),(1,0),(0,1)])
sage: p.facet_adjacency_matrix()
[0 1 1]
[1 0 1]
[1 1 0]

The facet adjacency matrix has base ring integers. This way one can express various counting questions:

sage: P = polytopes.cube()
sage: Q = P.stack(P.faces(2)[0])
sage: M = Q.facet_adjacency_matrix()
sage: sum(M)
(4, 4, 4, 4, 3, 3, 3, 3, 4)

facets()#

Return the facets of the polyhedron.

Facets are the maximal nontrivial faces of polyhedra. The empty face and the polyhedron itself are trivial.

A facet of a \(d\)-dimensional polyhedron is a face of dimension \(d-1\). For \(d \neq 0\) the converse is true as well.

OUTPUT:

A tuple of PolyhedronFace. See face for details. The order is random but fixed.

See also

facets()

EXAMPLES:

Here we find the eight three-dimensional facets of the four-dimensional hypercube:

sage: p = polytopes.hypercube(4)
sage: p.facets()
(A 3-dimensional face of a Polyhedron in ZZ^4 defined as the convex hull of 8 vertices,
 A 3-dimensional face of a Polyhedron in ZZ^4 defined as the convex hull of 8 vertices,
 A 3-dimensional face of a Polyhedron in ZZ^4 defined as the convex hull of 8 vertices,
 A 3-dimensional face of a Polyhedron in ZZ^4 defined as the convex hull of 8 vertices,
 A 3-dimensional face of a Polyhedron in ZZ^4 defined as the convex hull of 8 vertices,
 A 3-dimensional face of a Polyhedron in ZZ^4 defined as the convex hull of 8 vertices,
 A 3-dimensional face of a Polyhedron in ZZ^4 defined as the convex hull of 8 vertices,
 A 3-dimensional face of a Polyhedron in ZZ^4 defined as the convex hull of 8 vertices)

This is the same result as explicitly finding the three-dimensional faces:

sage: dim = p.dimension()
sage: p.faces(dim-1)
(A 3-dimensional face of a Polyhedron in ZZ^4 defined as the convex hull of 8 vertices,
 A 3-dimensional face of a Polyhedron in ZZ^4 defined as the convex hull of 8 vertices,
 A 3-dimensional face of a Polyhedron in ZZ^4 defined as the convex hull of 8 vertices,
 A 3-dimensional face of a Polyhedron in ZZ^4 defined as the convex hull of 8 vertices,
 A 3-dimensional face of a Polyhedron in ZZ^4 defined as the convex hull of 8 vertices,
 A 3-dimensional face of a Polyhedron in ZZ^4 defined as the convex hull of 8 vertices,
 A 3-dimensional face of a Polyhedron in ZZ^4 defined as the convex hull of 8 vertices,
 A 3-dimensional face of a Polyhedron in ZZ^4 defined as the convex hull of 8 vertices)

The 0-dimensional polyhedron does not have facets:

sage: P = Polyhedron([[0]])
sage: P.facets()
()

greatest_common_subface_of_Hrep(*Hrepresentatives)#

Return the largest face that is contained in Hrepresentatives.

INPUT:

Hrepresentatives – facets or indices of Hrepresentatives; the indices are assumed to be the indices of the Hrepresentation()

OUTPUT: a PolyhedronFace

EXAMPLES:

sage: P = polytopes.permutahedron(5)
sage: P.meet_of_Hrep()
A 4-dimensional face of a Polyhedron in ZZ^5 defined as the convex hull of 120 vertices
sage: P.meet_of_Hrep(1)
A 3-dimensional face of a Polyhedron in ZZ^5 defined as the convex hull of 24 vertices
sage: P.meet_of_Hrep(4)
A 3-dimensional face of a Polyhedron in ZZ^5 defined as the convex hull of 12 vertices
sage: P.meet_of_Hrep(1,3,7)
A 1-dimensional face of a Polyhedron in ZZ^5 defined as the convex hull of 2 vertices
sage: P.meet_of_Hrep(1,3,7).ambient_H_indices()
(0, 1, 3, 7)

The indices are the indices of the Hrepresentation(). 0 corresponds to an equation and is ignored:

sage: P.meet_of_Hrep(0)
A 4-dimensional face of a Polyhedron in ZZ^5 defined as the convex hull of 120 vertices

The input is flexible:

sage: P.meet_of_Hrep(P.facets()[-1], P.inequalities()[2], 7)
A 1-dimensional face of a Polyhedron in ZZ^5 defined as the convex hull of 2 vertices

The Hrepresentatives must belong to self:

sage: P = polytopes.cube(backend='ppl')
sage: Q = polytopes.cube(backend='field')
sage: f = P.facets()[0]
sage: P.meet_of_Hrep(f)
A 2-dimensional face of a Polyhedron in ZZ^3 defined as the convex hull of 4 vertices
sage: Q.meet_of_Hrep(f)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: not a facet of ``self``
sage: f = P.inequalities()[0]
sage: P.meet_of_Hrep(f)
A 2-dimensional face of a Polyhedron in ZZ^3 defined as the convex hull of 4 vertices
sage: Q.meet_of_Hrep(f)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: not a facet of ``self``

incidence_matrix()#

Return the incidence matrix.

Note

The columns correspond to inequalities/equations in the order Hrepresentation(), the rows correspond to vertices/rays/lines in the order Vrepresentation().

See also

slack_matrix().

EXAMPLES:

sage: p = polytopes.cuboctahedron()
sage: p.incidence_matrix()
[0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0]
[0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0]
[0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0]
[1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0]
[0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0]
[0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0]
[1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0]
[1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1]
[0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0]
[0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0]
[0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1]
[1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1]
sage: v = p.Vrepresentation(0)
sage: v
A vertex at (-1, -1, 0)
sage: h = p.Hrepresentation(2)
sage: h
An inequality (1, 1, -1) x + 2 >= 0
sage: h.eval(v)        # evaluation (1, 1, -1) * (-1/2, -1/2, 0) + 1
0
sage: h*v              # same as h.eval(v)
0
sage: p.incidence_matrix() [0,2]   # this entry is (v,h)
1
sage: h.contains(v)
True
sage: p.incidence_matrix() [2,0]   # note: not symmetric
0

The incidence matrix depends on the ambient dimension:

sage: simplex = polytopes.simplex(); simplex
A 3-dimensional polyhedron in ZZ^4 defined as the convex hull of 4 vertices
sage: simplex.incidence_matrix()
[1 1 1 1 0]
[1 1 1 0 1]
[1 1 0 1 1]
[1 0 1 1 1]
sage: simplex = simplex.affine_hull_projection(); simplex
A 3-dimensional polyhedron in ZZ^3 defined as the convex hull of 4 vertices
sage: simplex.incidence_matrix()
[1 1 1 0]
[1 1 0 1]
[1 0 1 1]
[0 1 1 1]

An incidence matrix does not determine a unique polyhedron:

sage: P = Polyhedron(vertices=[[0,1],[1,1],[1,0]])
sage: P.incidence_matrix()
[1 1 0]
[1 0 1]
[0 1 1]

sage: Q = Polyhedron(vertices=[[0,1], [1,0]], rays=[[1,1]])
sage: Q.incidence_matrix()
[1 1 0]
[1 0 1]
[0 1 1]

An example of two polyhedra with isomorphic face lattices but different incidence matrices:

sage: Q.incidence_matrix()
[1 1 0]
[1 0 1]
[0 1 1]

sage: R = Polyhedron(vertices=[[0,1], [1,0]], rays=[[1,3/2], [3/2,1]])
sage: R.incidence_matrix()
[1 1 0]
[1 0 1]
[0 1 0]
[0 0 1]

The incidence matrix has base ring integers. This way one can express various counting questions:

sage: P = polytopes.twenty_four_cell()
sage: M = P.incidence_matrix()
sage: sum(sum(x) for x in M) == P.flag_f_vector(0, 3)                       # needs sage.combinat
True

is_bipyramid(certificate=False)#

Test whether the polytope is combinatorially equivalent to a bipyramid over some polytope.

INPUT:

certificate – boolean (default: False); specifies whether to return two vertices of the polytope which are the apices of a bipyramid, if found

OUTPUT:

If certificate is True, returns a tuple containing:

Boolean.
None or a tuple containing:
1. The first apex.
2. The second apex.

If certificate is False returns a boolean.

EXAMPLES:

sage: P = polytopes.octahedron()
sage: P.is_bipyramid()
True
sage: P.is_bipyramid(certificate=True)
(True, [A vertex at (1, 0, 0), A vertex at (-1, 0, 0)])
sage: Q = polytopes.cyclic_polytope(3,7)
sage: Q.is_bipyramid()
False
sage: R = Q.bipyramid()
sage: R.is_bipyramid(certificate=True)
(True, [A vertex at (1, 3, 13, 63), A vertex at (-1, 3, 13, 63)])

is_lawrence_polytope()#

Return True if self is a Lawrence polytope.

A polytope is called a Lawrence polytope if it has a centrally symmetric (normalized) Gale diagram.

EXAMPLES:

sage: P = polytopes.hypersimplex(5,2)
sage: L = P.lawrence_polytope()
sage: L.is_lattice_polytope()
True

sage: egyptian_pyramid = polytopes.regular_polygon(4).pyramid()             # needs sage.number_field
sage: egyptian_pyramid.is_lawrence_polytope()                               # needs sage.number_field
True

sage: polytopes.octahedron().is_lawrence_polytope()
False

REFERENCES:

For more information, see [BaSt1990].

is_neighborly(k=None)#

Return whether the polyhedron is neighborly.

If the input k is provided, then return whether the polyhedron is k-neighborly

A polyhedron is neighborly if every set of \(n\) vertices forms a face for \(n\) up to floor of half the dimension of the polyhedron. It is \(k\)-neighborly if this is true for \(n\) up to \(k\).

INPUT:

k – the dimension up to which to check if every set of k vertices forms a face. If no k is provided, check up to floor of half the dimension of the polyhedron.

OUTPUT:

True if every set of up to k vertices forms a face,
False otherwise

See also

neighborliness()

EXAMPLES:

sage: cube = polytopes.hypercube(3)
sage: cube.is_neighborly()
True
sage: cube = polytopes.hypercube(4)
sage: cube.is_neighborly()
False

Cyclic polytopes are neighborly:

sage: all(polytopes.cyclic_polytope(i, i + 1 + j).is_neighborly() for i in range(5) for j in range(3))
True

The neighborliness of a polyhedron equals floor of dimension half (or larger in case of a simplex) if and only if the polyhedron is neighborly:

sage: testpolys = [polytopes.cube(), polytopes.cyclic_polytope(6, 9), polytopes.simplex(6)]
sage: [(P.neighborliness() >= P.dim() // 2) == P.is_neighborly() for P in testpolys]
[True, True, True]

is_prism(certificate=False)#

Test whether the polytope is combinatorially equivalent to a prism of some polytope.

INPUT:

certificate – boolean (default: False); specifies whether to return two facets of the polytope which are the bases of a prism, if found

OUTPUT:

If certificate is True, returns a tuple containing:

Boolean.
None or a tuple containing:
1. List of the vertices of the first base facet.
2. List of the vertices of the second base facet.

If certificate is False returns a boolean.

EXAMPLES:

sage: P = polytopes.cube()
sage: P.is_prism()
True
sage: P.is_prism(certificate=True)
(True,
 [(A vertex at (1, -1, -1),
   A vertex at (1, -1, 1),
   A vertex at (-1, -1, 1),
   A vertex at (-1, -1, -1)),
  (A vertex at (1, 1, -1),
   A vertex at (1, 1, 1),
   A vertex at (-1, 1, -1),
   A vertex at (-1, 1, 1))])
sage: Q = polytopes.cyclic_polytope(3,8)
sage: Q.is_prism()
False
sage: R = Q.prism()
sage: R.is_prism(certificate=True)
(True,
 [(A vertex at (0, 3, 9, 27),
   A vertex at (0, 6, 36, 216),
   A vertex at (0, 0, 0, 0),
   A vertex at (0, 7, 49, 343),
   A vertex at (0, 5, 25, 125),
   A vertex at (0, 1, 1, 1),
   A vertex at (0, 2, 4, 8),
   A vertex at (0, 4, 16, 64)),
  (A vertex at (1, 6, 36, 216),
   A vertex at (1, 0, 0, 0),
   A vertex at (1, 7, 49, 343),
   A vertex at (1, 5, 25, 125),
   A vertex at (1, 1, 1, 1),
   A vertex at (1, 2, 4, 8),
   A vertex at (1, 4, 16, 64),
   A vertex at (1, 3, 9, 27))])

is_pyramid(certificate=False)#

Test whether the polytope is a pyramid over one of its facets.

INPUT:

certificate – boolean (default: False); specifies whether to return a vertex of the polytope which is the apex of a pyramid, if found

OUTPUT:

If certificate is True, returns a tuple containing:

Boolean.
The apex of the pyramid or None.

If certificate is False returns a boolean.

EXAMPLES:

sage: P = polytopes.simplex(3)
sage: P.is_pyramid()
True
sage: P.is_pyramid(certificate=True)
(True, A vertex at (1, 0, 0, 0))
sage: egyptian_pyramid = polytopes.regular_polygon(4).pyramid()             # needs sage.rings.number_field
sage: egyptian_pyramid.is_pyramid()                                         # needs sage.rings.number_field
True
sage: Q = polytopes.octahedron()
sage: Q.is_pyramid()
False

For the \(0\)-dimensional polyhedron, the output is True, but it cannot be constructed as a pyramid over the empty polyhedron:

sage: P = Polyhedron([[0]])
sage: P.is_pyramid()
True
sage: Polyhedron().pyramid()
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ZeroDivisionError: rational division by zero

is_simple()#

Test for simplicity of a polytope.

See Wikipedia article Simple_polytope

EXAMPLES:

sage: p = Polyhedron([[0,0,0],[1,0,0],[0,1,0],[0,0,1]])
sage: p.is_simple()
True
sage: p = Polyhedron([[0,0,0],[4,4,0],[4,0,0],[0,4,0],[2,2,2]])
sage: p.is_simple()
False

is_simplex()#

Return whether the polyhedron is a simplex.

A simplex is a bounded polyhedron with \(d+1\) vertices, where \(d\) is the dimension.

EXAMPLES:

sage: Polyhedron([(0,0,0), (1,0,0), (0,1,0)]).is_simplex()
True
sage: polytopes.simplex(3).is_simplex()
True
sage: polytopes.hypercube(3).is_simplex()
False

is_simplicial()#

Tests if the polytope is simplicial

A polytope is simplicial if every facet is a simplex.

See Wikipedia article Simplicial_polytope

EXAMPLES:

sage: p = polytopes.hypercube(3)
sage: p.is_simplicial()
False
sage: q = polytopes.simplex(5, project=True)
sage: q.is_simplicial()
True
sage: p = Polyhedron([[0,0,0],[1,0,0],[0,1,0],[0,0,1]])
sage: p.is_simplicial()
True
sage: q = Polyhedron([[1,1,1],[-1,1,1],[1,-1,1],[-1,-1,1],[1,1,-1]])
sage: q.is_simplicial()
False
sage: P = polytopes.simplex(); P
A 3-dimensional polyhedron in ZZ^4 defined as the convex hull of 4 vertices
sage: P.is_simplicial()
True

The method is not implemented for unbounded polyhedra:

sage: p = Polyhedron(vertices=[(0,0)],rays=[(1,0),(0,1)])
sage: p.is_simplicial()
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
NotImplementedError: this function is implemented for polytopes only

join_of_Vrep(*Vrepresentatives)#

Return the smallest face that contains Vrepresentatives.

INPUT:

Vrepresentatives – vertices/rays/lines of self or indices of such

OUTPUT: a PolyhedronFace

Note

In the case of unbounded polyhedra, the join of rays etc. may not be well-defined.

EXAMPLES:

sage: P = polytopes.permutahedron(5)
sage: P.join_of_Vrep(1)
A 0-dimensional face of a Polyhedron in ZZ^5 defined as the convex hull of 1 vertex
sage: P.join_of_Vrep()
A -1-dimensional face of a Polyhedron in ZZ^5
sage: P.join_of_Vrep(0,12,13).ambient_V_indices()
(0, 12, 13, 68)

The input is flexible:

sage: P.join_of_Vrep(2, P.vertices()[3], P.Vrepresentation(4))
A 2-dimensional face of a Polyhedron in ZZ^5 defined as the convex hull of 6 vertices

sage: P = polytopes.cube()
sage: a, b = P.faces(0)[:2]
sage: P.join_of_Vrep(a, b)
A 1-dimensional face of a Polyhedron in ZZ^3 defined as the convex hull of 2 vertices

In the case of an unbounded polyhedron, the join may not be well-defined:

sage: P = Polyhedron(vertices=[[1,0], [0,1]], rays=[[1,1]])
sage: P.join_of_Vrep(0)
A 0-dimensional face of a Polyhedron in QQ^2 defined as the convex hull of 1 vertex
sage: P.join_of_Vrep(0,1)
A 1-dimensional face of a Polyhedron in QQ^2 defined as the convex hull of 2 vertices
sage: P.join_of_Vrep(0,2)
A 1-dimensional face of a Polyhedron in QQ^2 defined as the convex hull of 1 vertex and 1 ray
sage: P.join_of_Vrep(1,2)
A 1-dimensional face of a Polyhedron in QQ^2 defined as the convex hull of 1 vertex and 1 ray
sage: P.join_of_Vrep(2)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: the join is not well-defined

The Vrepresentatives must be of self:

sage: P = polytopes.cube(backend='ppl')
sage: Q = polytopes.cube(backend='field')
sage: v = P.vertices()[0]
sage: P.join_of_Vrep(v)
A 0-dimensional face of a Polyhedron in ZZ^3 defined as the convex hull of 1 vertex
sage: Q.join_of_Vrep(v)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: not a Vrepresentative of ``self``
sage: f = P.faces(0)[0]
sage: P.join_of_Vrep(v)
A 0-dimensional face of a Polyhedron in ZZ^3 defined as the convex hull of 1 vertex
sage: Q.join_of_Vrep(v)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: not a Vrepresentative of ``self``

least_common_superface_of_Vrep(*Vrepresentatives)#

Return the smallest face that contains Vrepresentatives.

INPUT:

Vrepresentatives – vertices/rays/lines of self or indices of such

OUTPUT: a PolyhedronFace

Note

In the case of unbounded polyhedra, the join of rays etc. may not be well-defined.

EXAMPLES:

sage: P = polytopes.permutahedron(5)
sage: P.join_of_Vrep(1)
A 0-dimensional face of a Polyhedron in ZZ^5 defined as the convex hull of 1 vertex
sage: P.join_of_Vrep()
A -1-dimensional face of a Polyhedron in ZZ^5
sage: P.join_of_Vrep(0,12,13).ambient_V_indices()
(0, 12, 13, 68)

The input is flexible:

sage: P.join_of_Vrep(2, P.vertices()[3], P.Vrepresentation(4))
A 2-dimensional face of a Polyhedron in ZZ^5 defined as the convex hull of 6 vertices

sage: P = polytopes.cube()
sage: a, b = P.faces(0)[:2]
sage: P.join_of_Vrep(a, b)
A 1-dimensional face of a Polyhedron in ZZ^3 defined as the convex hull of 2 vertices

In the case of an unbounded polyhedron, the join may not be well-defined:

sage: P = Polyhedron(vertices=[[1,0], [0,1]], rays=[[1,1]])
sage: P.join_of_Vrep(0)
A 0-dimensional face of a Polyhedron in QQ^2 defined as the convex hull of 1 vertex
sage: P.join_of_Vrep(0,1)
A 1-dimensional face of a Polyhedron in QQ^2 defined as the convex hull of 2 vertices
sage: P.join_of_Vrep(0,2)
A 1-dimensional face of a Polyhedron in QQ^2 defined as the convex hull of 1 vertex and 1 ray
sage: P.join_of_Vrep(1,2)
A 1-dimensional face of a Polyhedron in QQ^2 defined as the convex hull of 1 vertex and 1 ray
sage: P.join_of_Vrep(2)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: the join is not well-defined

The Vrepresentatives must be of self:

sage: P = polytopes.cube(backend='ppl')
sage: Q = polytopes.cube(backend='field')
sage: v = P.vertices()[0]
sage: P.join_of_Vrep(v)
A 0-dimensional face of a Polyhedron in ZZ^3 defined as the convex hull of 1 vertex
sage: Q.join_of_Vrep(v)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: not a Vrepresentative of ``self``
sage: f = P.faces(0)[0]
sage: P.join_of_Vrep(v)
A 0-dimensional face of a Polyhedron in ZZ^3 defined as the convex hull of 1 vertex
sage: Q.join_of_Vrep(v)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: not a Vrepresentative of ``self``

meet_of_Hrep(*Hrepresentatives)#

Return the largest face that is contained in Hrepresentatives.

INPUT:

Hrepresentatives – facets or indices of Hrepresentatives; the indices are assumed to be the indices of the Hrepresentation()

OUTPUT: a PolyhedronFace

EXAMPLES:

sage: P = polytopes.permutahedron(5)
sage: P.meet_of_Hrep()
A 4-dimensional face of a Polyhedron in ZZ^5 defined as the convex hull of 120 vertices
sage: P.meet_of_Hrep(1)
A 3-dimensional face of a Polyhedron in ZZ^5 defined as the convex hull of 24 vertices
sage: P.meet_of_Hrep(4)
A 3-dimensional face of a Polyhedron in ZZ^5 defined as the convex hull of 12 vertices
sage: P.meet_of_Hrep(1,3,7)
A 1-dimensional face of a Polyhedron in ZZ^5 defined as the convex hull of 2 vertices
sage: P.meet_of_Hrep(1,3,7).ambient_H_indices()
(0, 1, 3, 7)

The indices are the indices of the Hrepresentation(). 0 corresponds to an equation and is ignored:

sage: P.meet_of_Hrep(0)
A 4-dimensional face of a Polyhedron in ZZ^5 defined as the convex hull of 120 vertices

The input is flexible:

sage: P.meet_of_Hrep(P.facets()[-1], P.inequalities()[2], 7)
A 1-dimensional face of a Polyhedron in ZZ^5 defined as the convex hull of 2 vertices

The Hrepresentatives must belong to self:

sage: P = polytopes.cube(backend='ppl')
sage: Q = polytopes.cube(backend='field')
sage: f = P.facets()[0]
sage: P.meet_of_Hrep(f)
A 2-dimensional face of a Polyhedron in ZZ^3 defined as the convex hull of 4 vertices
sage: Q.meet_of_Hrep(f)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: not a facet of ``self``
sage: f = P.inequalities()[0]
sage: P.meet_of_Hrep(f)
A 2-dimensional face of a Polyhedron in ZZ^3 defined as the convex hull of 4 vertices
sage: Q.meet_of_Hrep(f)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: not a facet of ``self``

neighborliness()#

Return the largest k, such that the polyhedron is k-neighborly.

A polyhedron is \(k\)-neighborly if every set of \(n\) vertices forms a face for \(n\) up to \(k\).

In case of the \(d\)-dimensional simplex, it returns \(d + 1\).

See also

is_neighborly()

EXAMPLES:

sage: cube = polytopes.cube()
sage: cube.neighborliness()
1
sage: P = Polyhedron(); P
The empty polyhedron in ZZ^0
sage: P.neighborliness()
0
sage: P = Polyhedron([[0]]); P
A 0-dimensional polyhedron in ZZ^1 defined as the convex hull of 1 vertex
sage: P.neighborliness()
1
sage: S = polytopes.simplex(5); S
A 5-dimensional polyhedron in ZZ^6 defined as the convex hull of 6 vertices
sage: S.neighborliness()
6
sage: C = polytopes.cyclic_polytope(7,10); C
A 7-dimensional polyhedron in QQ^7 defined as the convex hull of 10 vertices
sage: C.neighborliness()
3
sage: C = polytopes.cyclic_polytope(6,11); C
A 6-dimensional polyhedron in QQ^6 defined as the convex hull of 11 vertices
sage: C.neighborliness()
3
sage: [polytopes.cyclic_polytope(5,n).neighborliness() for n in range(6,10)]
[6, 2, 2, 2]

simpliciality()#

Return the largest integer \(k\) such that the polytope is \(k\)-simplicial.

A polytope is \(k\)-simplicial, if every \(k\)-face is a simplex. If self is a simplex, returns its dimension.

EXAMPLES:

sage: polytopes.cyclic_polytope(10,4).simpliciality()
3
sage: polytopes.hypersimplex(5,2).simpliciality()
2
sage: polytopes.cross_polytope(4).simpliciality()
3
sage: polytopes.simplex(3).simpliciality()
3
sage: polytopes.simplex(1).simpliciality()
1

The method is not implemented for unbounded polyhedra:

sage: p = Polyhedron(vertices=[(0,0)],rays=[(1,0),(0,1)])
sage: p.simpliciality()
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
NotImplementedError: this function is implemented for polytopes only

simplicity()#

Return the largest integer \(k\) such that the polytope is \(k\)-simple.

A polytope \(P\) is \(k\)-simple, if every \((d-1-k)\)-face is contained in exactly \(k+1\) facets of \(P\) for \(1 \leq k \leq d-1\). Equivalently it is \(k\)-simple if the polar/dual polytope is \(k\)-simplicial. If self is a simplex, it returns its dimension.

EXAMPLES:

sage: polytopes.hypersimplex(4,2).simplicity()
1
sage: polytopes.hypersimplex(5,2).simplicity()
2
sage: polytopes.hypersimplex(6,2).simplicity()
3
sage: polytopes.simplex(3).simplicity()
3
sage: polytopes.simplex(1).simplicity()
1

The method is not implemented for unbounded polyhedra:

sage: p = Polyhedron(vertices=[(0,0)],rays=[(1,0),(0,1)])
sage: p.simplicity()
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
NotImplementedError: this function is implemented for polytopes only

slack_matrix()#

Return the slack matrix.

The entries correspond to the evaluation of the Hrepresentation elements on the Vrepresentation elements.

Note

The columns correspond to inequalities/equations in the order Hrepresentation(), the rows correspond to vertices/rays/lines in the order Vrepresentation().

See also

incidence_matrix().

EXAMPLES:

sage: P = polytopes.cube()
sage: P.slack_matrix()
[0 2 2 2 0 0]
[0 0 2 2 0 2]
[0 0 0 2 2 2]
[0 2 0 2 2 0]
[2 2 0 0 2 0]
[2 2 2 0 0 0]
[2 0 2 0 0 2]
[2 0 0 0 2 2]

sage: P = polytopes.cube(intervals='zero_one')
sage: P.slack_matrix()
[0 1 1 1 0 0]
[0 0 1 1 0 1]
[0 0 0 1 1 1]
[0 1 0 1 1 0]
[1 1 0 0 1 0]
[1 1 1 0 0 0]
[1 0 1 0 0 1]
[1 0 0 0 1 1]

sage: # needs sage.rings.number_field
sage: P = polytopes.dodecahedron().faces(2)[0].as_polyhedron()
sage: P.slack_matrix()
[1/2*sqrt5 - 1/2               0               0               1 1/2*sqrt5 - 1/2               0]
[              0               0 1/2*sqrt5 - 1/2 1/2*sqrt5 - 1/2               1               0]
[              0 1/2*sqrt5 - 1/2               1               0 1/2*sqrt5 - 1/2               0]
[              1 1/2*sqrt5 - 1/2               0 1/2*sqrt5 - 1/2               0               0]
[1/2*sqrt5 - 1/2               1 1/2*sqrt5 - 1/2               0               0               0]

sage: P = Polyhedron(rays=[[1, 0], [0, 1]])
sage: P.slack_matrix()
[0 0]
[0 1]
[1 0]

vertex_adjacency_matrix(algorithm=None)#

Return the binary matrix of vertex adjacencies.

INPUT:

algorithm – string (optional); specify whether the face generator starts with facets or vertices:
- 'primal' – start with the facets
- 'dual' – start with the vertices
- None – choose automatically

EXAMPLES:

sage: polytopes.simplex(4).vertex_adjacency_matrix()
[0 1 1 1 1]
[1 0 1 1 1]
[1 1 0 1 1]
[1 1 1 0 1]
[1 1 1 1 0]

Two vertices can bound a finite-length edge.
A vertex and a ray can generate a half-infinite edge starting at the vertex and with the direction given by the ray.
A vertex and a line can generate an infinite edge. The position of the vertex on the line is arbitrary in this case, only its transverse position matters. The direction of the edge is given by the line generator.

For example, take the half-plane:

sage: half_plane = Polyhedron(ieqs=[(0,1,0)])
sage: half_plane.Hrepresentation()
(An inequality (1, 0) x + 0 >= 0,)

Its (non-unique) V-representation consists of a vertex, a ray, and a line. The only edge is spanned by the vertex and the line generator, so they are adjacent:

sage: half_plane.Vrepresentation()
(A line in the direction (0, 1), A ray in the direction (1, 0), A vertex at (0, 0))
sage: half_plane.vertex_adjacency_matrix()
[0 0 1]
[0 0 0]
[1 0 0]

In one dimension higher, that is for a half-space in 3 dimensions, there is no one-dimensional face. Hence nothing is adjacent:

sage: Polyhedron(ieqs=[(0,1,0,0)]).vertex_adjacency_matrix()
[0 0 0 0]
[0 0 0 0]
[0 0 0 0]
[0 0 0 0]

EXAMPLES:

In a bounded polygon, every vertex has precisely two adjacent ones:

sage: P = Polyhedron(vertices=[(0, 1), (1, 0), (3, 0), (4, 1)])
sage: for v in P.Vrep_generator():
....:     print("{} {}".format(P.adjacency_matrix().row(v.index()), v))
(0, 1, 0, 1) A vertex at (0, 1)
(1, 0, 1, 0) A vertex at (1, 0)
(0, 1, 0, 1) A vertex at (3, 0)
(1, 0, 1, 0) A vertex at (4, 1)

If the V-representation of the polygon contains vertices and one ray, then each V-representation object is adjacent to two V-representation objects:

sage: P = Polyhedron(vertices=[(0, 1), (1, 0), (3, 0), (4, 1)],
....:                rays=[(0,1)])
sage: for v in P.Vrep_generator():
....:       print("{} {}".format(P.adjacency_matrix().row(v.index()), v))
(0, 1, 0, 0, 1) A ray in the direction (0, 1)
(1, 0, 1, 0, 0) A vertex at (0, 1)
(0, 1, 0, 1, 0) A vertex at (1, 0)
(0, 0, 1, 0, 1) A vertex at (3, 0)
(1, 0, 0, 1, 0) A vertex at (4, 1)

sage: P = Polyhedron(vertices=[(0, 1), (1, 0), (3, 0), (4, 1)],
....:                rays=[(0,1), (1,1)])
sage: for v in P.Vrep_generator():
....:     print("{} {}".format(P.adjacency_matrix().row(v.index()), v))
(0, 1, 0, 0, 0) A ray in the direction (0, 1)
(1, 0, 1, 0, 0) A vertex at (0, 1)
(0, 1, 0, 0, 1) A vertex at (1, 0)
(0, 0, 0, 0, 1) A ray in the direction (1, 1)
(0, 0, 1, 1, 0) A vertex at (3, 0)

The vertex adjacency matrix has base ring integers. This way one can express various counting questions:

sage: P = polytopes.cube()
sage: Q = P.stack(P.faces(2)[0])
sage: M = Q.vertex_adjacency_matrix()
sage: sum(M)
(4, 4, 3, 3, 4, 4, 4, 3, 3)
sage: G = Q.vertex_graph()                                                  # needs sage.graphs
sage: G.degree()                                                            # needs sage.graphs
[4, 4, 3, 3, 4, 4, 4, 3, 3]