Fusion Rings

class sage.combinat.root_system.fusion_ring.FusionRing(ct, base_ring=Integer Ring, prefix=None, style='lattice', k=None, conjugate=False, cyclotomic_order=None)

Bases: sage.combinat.root_system.weyl_characters.WeylCharacterRing

Return the Fusion Ring (Verlinde Algebra) of level k.

INPUT:

• ct – the Cartan type of a simple (finite-dimensional) Lie algebra

• k – a nonnegative integer

• conjugate – (default False) set True to obtain the complex conjugate ring

• cyclotomic_order – (default computed depending on ct and k)

The cyclotomic order is an integer \(N\) such that all computations will return elements of the cyclotomic field of \(N\)-th roots of unity. Normally you will never need to change this but consider changing it if root_of_unity() ever returns None.

This algebra has a basis (sometimes called primary fields but here called simple objects) indexed by the weights of level \(\leq k\). These arise as the fusion algebras of Wess-Zumino-Witten (WZW) conformal field theories, or as Grothendieck groups of tilting modules for quantum groups at roots of unity. The FusionRing class is implemented as a variant of the WeylCharacterRing.

REFERENCES:

• [BaKi2001] Chapter 3

• [DFMS1996] Chapter 16

• [EGNO2015] Chapter 8

• [Feingold2004]

• [Fuchs1994]

• [Row2006]

• [Walton1990]

• [Wan2010]

EXAMPLES:

sage: A22 = FusionRing("A2",2)
sage: [f1, f2] = A22.fundamental_weights()
sage: M = [A22(x) for x in [0*f1, 2*f1, 2*f2, f1+f2, f2, f1]]
sage: [M[3] * x for x in M]
[A22(1,1),
 A22(0,1),
 A22(1,0),
 A22(0,0) + A22(1,1),
 A22(0,1) + A22(2,0),
 A22(1,0) + A22(0,2)]

You may assign your own labels to the basis elements. In the next example, we create the \(SO(5)\) fusion ring of level \(2\), check the weights of the basis elements, then assign new labels to them while injecting them into the global namespace:

sage: B22 = FusionRing("B2", 2)
sage: b = [B22(x) for x in B22.get_order()]; b
[B22(0,0), B22(1,0), B22(0,1), B22(2,0), B22(1,1), B22(0,2)]
sage: [x.weight() for x in b]
[(0, 0), (1, 0), (1/2, 1/2), (2, 0), (3/2, 1/2), (1, 1)]
sage: B22.fusion_labels(['I0','Y1','X','Z','Xp','Y2'], inject_variables=True)
sage: b = [B22(x) for x in B22.get_order()]; b
[I0, Y1, X, Z, Xp, Y2]
sage: [(x, x.weight()) for x in b]
[(I0, (0, 0)),
 (Y1, (1, 0)),
 (X, (1/2, 1/2)),
 (Z, (2, 0)),
 (Xp, (3/2, 1/2)),
 (Y2, (1, 1))]
sage: X * Y1
X + Xp
sage: Z * Z
I0

A fixed order of the basis keys is available with get_order(). This is the order used by methods such as s_matrix(). You may use CombinatorialFreeModule.set_order() to reorder the basis:

sage: B22.set_order([x.weight() for x in [I0,Y1,Y2,X,Xp,Z]])
sage: [B22(x) for x in B22.get_order()]
[I0, Y1, Y2, X, Xp, Z]

To reset the labels, you may run fusion_labels() with no parameter:

sage: B22.fusion_labels()
sage: [B22(x) for x in B22.get_order()]
[B22(0,0), B22(1,0), B22(0,2), B22(0,1), B22(1,1), B22(2,0)]

To reset the order to the default, simply set it to the list of basis element keys:

sage: B22.set_order(B22.basis().keys().list())
sage: [B22(x) for x in B22.get_order()]
[B22(0,0), B22(1,0), B22(0,1), B22(2,0), B22(1,1), B22(0,2)]

The fusion ring has a number of methods that reflect its role as the Grothendieck ring of a modular tensor category (MTC). These include twist methods Element.twist() and Element.ribbon() for its elements related to the ribbon structure, and the S-matrix s_ij().

There are two natural normalizations of the S-matrix. Both are explained in Chapter 3 of [BaKi2001]. The one that is computed by the method s_matrix(), or whose individual entries are computed by s_ij() is denoted \(\tilde{s}\) in [BaKi2001]. It is not unitary.

The unitary S-matrix is \(s=D^{-1/2}\tilde{s}\) where

\[D = \sum_V d_i(V)^2.\]

The sum is over all simple objects \(V\) with \(d_i(V)\) the quantum dimension. We will call quantity \(D\) the global quantum dimension and \(\sqrt{D}\) the total quantum order. They are computed by global_q_dimension() and total_q_order(). The unitary S-matrix \(s\) may be obtained using s_matrix() with the option unitary=True.

Let us check the Verlinde formula, which is [DFMS1996] (16.3). This famous identity states that

\[N^k_{ij} = \sum_l \frac{s(i,\ell)\,s(j,\ell)\,\overline{s(k,\ell)}}{s(I,\ell)},\]

where \(N^k_{ij}\) are the fusion coefficients, i.e. the structure constants of the fusion ring, and I is the unit object. The S-matrix has the property that if \(i*\) denotes the dual object of \(i\), implemented in Sage as i.dual(), then

\[s(i*,j) = s(i,j*) = \overline{s(i,j)}.\]

This is equation (16.5) in [DFMS1996]. Thus with \(N_{ijk}=N^{k*}_{ij}\) the Verlinde formula is equivalent to

\[N_{ijk} = \sum_l \frac{s(i,\ell)\,s(j,\ell)\,s(k,\ell)}{s(I,\ell)},\]

In this formula \(s\) is the normalized unitary S-matrix denoted \(s\) in [BaKi2001]. We may define a function that corresponds to the right-hand side, except using \(\tilde{s}\) instead of \(s\):

sage: def V(i,j,k):
....:     R = i.parent()
....:     return sum(R.s_ij(i,l) * R.s_ij(j,l) * R.s_ij(k,l) / R.s_ij(R.one(),l)
....:                for l in R.basis())

This does not produce self.N_ijk(i,j,k) exactly, because of the missing normalization factor. The following code to check the Verlinde formula takes this into account:

sage: def test_verlinde(R):
....:     b0 = R.one()
....:     c = R.global_q_dimension()
....:     return all(V(i,j,k) == c * R.N_ijk(i,j,k) for i in R.basis()
....:                for j in R.basis() for k in R.basis())

Every fusion ring should pass this test:

sage: test_verlinde(FusionRing("A2",1))
True
sage: test_verlinde(FusionRing("B4",2)) # long time (.56s)
True

As an exercise, the reader may verify the examples in Section 5.3 of [RoStWa2009]. Here we check the example of the Ising modular tensor category, which is related to the BPZ minimal model \(M(4,3)\) or to an \(E_8\) coset model. See [DFMS1996] Sections 7.4.2 and 18.4.1. [RoStWa2009] Example 5.3.4 tells us how to construct it as the conjugate of the \(E_8\) level 2 FusionRing:

sage: I = FusionRing("E8",2,conjugate=True)
sage: I.fusion_labels(["i0","p","s"],inject_variables=True)
sage: b = I.basis().list(); b
[i0, p, s]
sage: [[x*y for x in b] for y in b]
[[i0, p, s], [p, i0, s], [s, s, i0 + p]]
sage: [x.twist() for x in b]
[0, 1, 1/8]
sage: [x.ribbon() for x in b]
[1, -1, zeta128^8]
sage: [I.r_matrix(i, j, k) for (i,j,k) in [(s,s,i0), (p,p,i0), (p,s,s), (s,p,s), (s,s,p)]]
[-zeta128^56, -1, -zeta128^32, -zeta128^32, zeta128^24]
sage: I.r_matrix(s, s, i0) == I.root_of_unity(-1/8)
True
sage: I.global_q_dimension()
4
sage: I.total_q_order()
2
sage: [x.q_dimension()^2 for x in b]
[1, 1, 2]
sage: I.s_matrix()
[                       1                        1 -zeta128^48 + zeta128^16]
[                       1                        1  zeta128^48 - zeta128^16]
[-zeta128^48 + zeta128^16  zeta128^48 - zeta128^16                        0]
sage: I.s_matrix().apply_map(lambda x:x^2)
[1 1 2]
[1 1 2]
[2 2 0]

The term modular tensor category refers to the fact that associated with the category there is a projective representation of the modular group \(SL(2,\ZZ)\). We recall that this group is generated by

\[\begin{split}S = \begin{pmatrix} & -1\\1\end{pmatrix},\qquad T = \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 1\\ &1 \end{pmatrix}\end{split}\]

subject to the relations \((ST)^3 = S^2\), \(S^2T = TS^2\), and \(S^4 = I\). Let \(s\) be the normalized S-matrix, and \(t\) the diagonal matrix whose entries are the twists of the simple objects. Let \(s\) the unitary S-matrix and \(t\) the matrix of twists, and \(C\) the conjugation matrix conj_matrix(). Let

\[D_+ = \sum_i d_i^2 \theta_i, \qquad D_- = d_i^2 \theta_i^{-1},\]

where \(d_i\) and \(\theta_i\) are the quantum dimensions and twists of the simple objects. Let \(c\) be the Virasoro central charge, a rational number that is computed in virasoro_central_charge(). It is known that

\[\sqrt{\frac{D_+}{D_-}} = e^{i\pi c/4}.\]

It is proved in [BaKi2001] Equation (3.1.17) that

\[(st)^3 = e^{i\pi c/4} s^2, \qquad s^2 = C, \qquad C^2 = 1, \qquad Ct = tC.\]

Therefore \(S \mapsto s, T \mapsto t\) is a projective representation of \(SL(2, \ZZ)\). Let us confirm these identities for the Fibonacci MTC FusionRing("G2", 1):

sage: R = FusionRing("G2",1)
sage: S = R.s_matrix(unitary=True)
sage: T = R.twists_matrix()
sage: C = R.conj_matrix()
sage: c = R.virasoro_central_charge(); c
14/5
sage: (S*T)^3 == R.root_of_unity(c/4) * S^2
True
sage: S^2 == C
True
sage: C*T == T*C
True

D_minus()

Return \(\sum d_i^2\theta_i^{-1}\) where \(i\) runs through the simple objects, \(d_i\) is the quantum dimension and \(\theta_i\) is the twist.

This is denoted \(p_-\) in [BaKi2001] Chapter 3.

EXAMPLES:

sage: E83 = FusionRing("E8",3,conjugate=True)
sage: [Dp,Dm] = [E83.D_plus(), E83.D_minus()]
sage: Dp*Dm == E83.global_q_dimension()
True
sage: c = E83.virasoro_central_charge(); c
-248/11
sage: Dp*Dm == E83.global_q_dimension()
True

D_plus()

Return \(\sum d_i^2\theta_i\) where \(i\) runs through the simple objects, \(d_i\) is the quantum dimension and \(\theta_i\) is the twist.

This is denoted \(p_+\) in [BaKi2001] Chapter 3.

EXAMPLES:

sage: B31 = FusionRing("B3",1)
sage: Dp = B31.D_plus(); Dp
2*zeta48^13 - 2*zeta48^5
sage: Dm = B31.D_minus(); Dm
-2*zeta48^3
sage: Dp*Dm == B31.global_q_dimension()
True
sage: c = B31.virasoro_central_charge(); c
7/2
sage: Dp/Dm == B31.root_of_unity(c/2)
True

class Element

Bases: sage.combinat.root_system.weyl_characters.WeylCharacterRing.Element

A class for FusionRing elements.

is_simple_object()

Determine whether self is a simple object of the fusion ring.

EXAMPLES:

sage: A22 = FusionRing("A2", 2)
sage: x = A22(1,0); x
A22(1,0)
sage: x.is_simple_object()
True
sage: x^2
A22(0,1) + A22(2,0)
sage: (x^2).is_simple_object()
False

q_dimension()

Return the quantum dimension as an element of the cyclotomic field of the \(2\ell\)-th roots of unity, where \(l = m (k+h^\vee)\) with \(m=1,2,3\) depending on whether type is simply, doubly or triply laced, \(k\) is the level and \(h^\vee\) is the dual Coxeter number.

EXAMPLES:

sage: B22 = FusionRing("B2",2)
sage: [(b.q_dimension())^2 for b in B22.basis()]
[1, 4, 5, 1, 5, 4]

ribbon()

Return the twist or ribbon element of self.

If \(h\) is the rational number modulo 2 produced by self.twist(), this method produces \(e^{i\pi h}\).

See also

An additive version of this is available as twist().

EXAMPLES:

sage: F = FusionRing("A1",3)
sage: [x.twist() for x in F.basis()]
[0, 3/10, 4/5, 3/2]
sage: [x.ribbon() for x in F.basis()]
[1, zeta40^6, zeta40^12 - zeta40^8 + zeta40^4 - 1, -zeta40^10]
sage: [F.root_of_unity(x) for x in [0, 3/10, 4/5, 3/2]]
[1, zeta40^6, zeta40^12 - zeta40^8 + zeta40^4 - 1, -zeta40^10]

twist(reduced=True)

Return a rational number \(h\) such that \(\theta = e^{i \pi h}\) is the twist of self. The quantity \(e^{i \pi h}\) is also available using ribbon().

This method is only available for simple objects. If \(\lambda\) is the weight of the object, then \(h = \langle \lambda, \lambda+2\rho \rangle\), where \(\rho\) is half the sum of the positive roots. As in [Row2006], this requires normalizing the invariant bilinear form so that \(\langle \alpha, \alpha \rangle = 2\) for short roots.

INPUT:

• reduced – (default: True) boolean; if True then return the twist reduced modulo 2

EXAMPLES:

sage: G21 = FusionRing("G2", 1)
sage: [x.twist() for x in G21.basis()]
[0, 4/5]
sage: [G21.root_of_unity(x.twist()) for x in G21.basis()]
[1, zeta60^14 - zeta60^4]
sage: zeta60 = G21.field().gen()
sage: zeta60^((4/5)*(60/2))
zeta60^14 - zeta60^4

sage: F42 = FusionRing("F4", 2)
sage: [x.twist() for x in F42.basis()]
[0, 18/11, 2/11, 12/11, 4/11]

sage: E62 = FusionRing("E6", 2)
sage: [x.twist() for x in E62.basis()]
[0, 26/21, 12/7, 8/21, 8/21, 26/21, 2/3, 4/7, 2/3]

weight()

Return the parametrizing dominant weight in the level \(k\) alcove.

This method is only available for basis elements.

EXAMPLES:

sage: A21 = FusionRing("A2",1)
sage: [x.weight() for x in A21.basis().list()]
[(0, 0, 0), (2/3, -1/3, -1/3), (1/3, 1/3, -2/3)]

N_ijk(elt_i, elt_j, elt_k)

Return the symmetric fusion coefficient \(N_{ijk}\).

INPUT:

• elt_i, elt_j, elt_k – elements of the fusion basis

This is the same as \(N_{ij}^{k\ast}\), where \(N_{ij}^k\) are the structure coefficients of the ring (see Nk_ij()), and \(k\ast\) denotes the dual element. The coefficient \(N_{ijk}\) is unchanged under permutations of the three basis vectors.

EXAMPLES:

sage: G23 = FusionRing("G2", 3)
sage: G23.fusion_labels("g")
sage: b = G23.basis().list(); b
[g0, g1, g2, g3, g4, g5]
sage: [(x,y,z) for x in b for y in b for z in b if G23.N_ijk(x,y,z) > 1]
[(g3, g3, g3), (g3, g3, g4), (g3, g4, g3), (g4, g3, g3)]
sage: all(G23.N_ijk(x,y,z)==G23.N_ijk(y,z,x) for x in b for y in b for z in b)
True
sage: all(G23.N_ijk(x,y,z)==G23.N_ijk(y,x,z) for x in b for y in b for z in b)
True

Nk_ij(elt_i, elt_j, elt_k)

Return the fusion coefficient \(N^k_{ij}\).

These are the structure coefficients of the fusion ring, so

\[i * j = \sum_{k} N_{ij}^k k.\]

EXAMPLES:

sage: A22 = FusionRing("A2", 2)
sage: b = A22.basis().list()
sage: all(x*y == sum(A22.Nk_ij(x,y,k)*k for k in b) for x in b for y in b)
True

conj_matrix()

Return the conjugation matrix, which is the permutation matrix for the conjugation (dual) operation on basis elements.

EXAMPLES:

sage: FusionRing("A2",1).conj_matrix()
[1 0 0]
[0 0 1]
[0 1 0]

field()

Return a cyclotomic field large enough to contain the \(2 \ell\)-th roots of unity, as well as all the S-matrix entries.

EXAMPLES:

sage: FusionRing("A2",2).field()
Cyclotomic Field of order 60 and degree 16
sage: FusionRing("B2",2).field()
Cyclotomic Field of order 40 and degree 16

fusion_l()

Return the product \(\ell = m_g(k + h^\vee)\), where \(m_g\) denotes the square of the ratio of the lengths of long to short roots of the underlying Lie algebra, \(k\) denotes the level of the FusionRing, and \(h^\vee\) denotes the dual Coxeter number of the underlying Lie algebra.

This value is used to define the associated root \(2\ell\)-th of unity \(q = e^{i\pi/\ell}\).

EXAMPLES:

sage: B22 = FusionRing('B2',2)
sage: B22.fusion_l()
10
sage: D52 = FusionRing('D5',2)
sage: D52.fusion_l()
10

fusion_labels(labels=None, inject_variables=False)

Set the labels of the basis.

INPUT:

• labels – (default: None) a list of strings or string

• inject_variables – (default: False) if True, then inject the variable names into the global namespace; note that this could override objects already defined

If labels is a list, the length of the list must equal the number of basis elements. These become the names of the basis elements.

If labels is a string, this is treated as a prefix and a list of names is generated.

If labels is None, then this resets the labels to the default.

EXAMPLES:

sage: A13 = FusionRing("A1", 3)
sage: A13.fusion_labels("x")
sage: fb = list(A13.basis()); fb
[x0, x1, x2, x3]
sage: Matrix([[x*y for y in A13.basis()] for x in A13.basis()])
[     x0      x1      x2      x3]
[     x1 x0 + x2 x1 + x3      x2]
[     x2 x1 + x3 x0 + x2      x1]
[     x3      x2      x1      x0]

We give an example where the variables are injected into the global namespace:

sage: A13.fusion_labels("y", inject_variables=True)
sage: y0
y0
sage: y0.parent() is A13
True

We reset the labels to the default:

sage: A13.fusion_labels()
sage: fb
[A13(0), A13(1), A13(2), A13(3)]
sage: y0
A13(0)

fusion_level()

Return the level \(k\) of self.

EXAMPLES:

sage: B22 = FusionRing('B2',2)
sage: B22.fusion_level()
2

get_order()

Return the weights of the basis vectors in a fixed order.

You may change the order of the basis using CombinatorialFreeModule.set_order()

EXAMPLES:

sage: A14 = FusionRing("A1",4)
sage: w = A14.get_order(); w
[(0, 0), (1/2, -1/2), (1, -1), (3/2, -3/2), (2, -2)]
sage: A14.set_order([w[k] for k in [0,4,1,3,2]])
sage: [A14(x) for x in A14.get_order()]
[A14(0), A14(4), A14(1), A14(3), A14(2)]

Warning

This duplicates get_order() from CombinatorialFreeModule except the result is not cached. Caching of CombinatorialFreeModule.get_order() causes inconsistent results after calling CombinatorialFreeModule.set_order().

global_q_dimension()

Return \(\sum d_i^2\), where the sum is over all simple objects and \(d_i\) is the quantum dimension. It is a positive real number.

EXAMPLES:

sage: FusionRing("E6",1).global_q_dimension()
3

r_matrix(i, j, k)

Return the R-matrix entry corresponding to the subobject k in the tensor product of i with j.

Warning

This method only gives complete information when \(N_{ij}^k = 1\) (an important special case). Tables of MTC including R-matrices may be found in Section 5.3 of [RoStWa2009] and in [Bond2007].

The R-matrix is a homomorphism \(i \otimes j \rightarrow j \otimes i\). This may be hard to describe since the object \(i \otimes j\) may be reducible. However if \(k\) is a simple subobject of \(i \otimes j\) it is also a subobject of \(j \otimes i\). If we fix embeddings \(k \rightarrow i \otimes j\), \(k \rightarrow j \otimes i\) we may ask for the scalar automorphism of \(k\) induced by the R-matrix. This method computes that scalar. It is possible to adjust the set of embeddings \(k \rightarrow i \otimes j\) (called a gauge) so that this scalar equals

\[\pm \sqrt{\frac{ \theta_k }{ \theta_i \theta_j }}.\]

If \(i \neq j\), the gauge may be used to control the sign of the square root. But if \(i = j\) then we must be careful about the sign. These cases are computed by a formula of [BDGRTW2019], Proposition 2.3.

EXAMPLES:

sage: I = FusionRing("E8", 2, conjugate=True)  # Ising MTC
sage: I.fusion_labels(["i0","p","s"], inject_variables=True)
sage: I.r_matrix(s,s,i0) == I.root_of_unity(-1/8)
True
sage: I.r_matrix(p,p,i0)
-1
sage: I.r_matrix(p,s,s) == I.root_of_unity(-1/2)
True
sage: I.r_matrix(s,p,s) == I.root_of_unity(-1/2)
True
sage: I.r_matrix(s,s,p) == I.root_of_unity(3/8)
True

root_of_unity(r)

Return \(e^{i\pi r}\) as an element of self.field() if possible.

INPUT:

• r – a rational number

EXAMPLES:

sage: A11 = FusionRing("A1",1)
sage: A11.field()
Cyclotomic Field of order 24 and degree 8
sage: [A11.root_of_unity(2/x) for x in [1..7]]
[1, -1, zeta24^4 - 1, zeta24^6, None, zeta24^4, None]

s_ij(elt_i, elt_j)

Return the element of the S-matrix of this fusion ring corresponding to the given elements.

This is computed using the formula

\[s_{i,j} = \frac{1}{\theta_i\theta_j} \sum_k N_{ik}^j d_k \theta_k,\]

where \(\theta_k\) is the twist and \(d_k\) is the quantum dimension. See [Row2006] Equation (2.2) or [EGNO2015] Proposition 8.13.8.

INPUT:

• elt_i, elt_j – elements of the fusion basis

EXAMPLES:

sage: G21 = FusionRing("G2", 1)
sage: b = G21.basis()
sage: [G21.s_ij(x, y) for x in b for y in b]
[1, -zeta60^14 + zeta60^6 + zeta60^4, -zeta60^14 + zeta60^6 + zeta60^4, -1]

s_matrix(unitary=False)

Return the S-matrix of this fusion ring.

OPTIONAL:

• unitary – (default: False) set to True to obtain the unitary S-matrix

Without the unitary parameter, this is the matrix denoted \(\widetilde{s}\) in [BaKi2001].

EXAMPLES:

sage: D91 = FusionRing("D9", 1)
sage: D91.s_matrix()
[          1           1           1           1]
[          1           1          -1          -1]
[          1          -1 -zeta136^34  zeta136^34]
[          1          -1  zeta136^34 -zeta136^34]
sage: S = D91.s_matrix(unitary=True); S
[            1/2             1/2             1/2             1/2]
[            1/2             1/2            -1/2            -1/2]
[            1/2            -1/2 -1/2*zeta136^34  1/2*zeta136^34]
[            1/2            -1/2  1/2*zeta136^34 -1/2*zeta136^34]
sage: S*S.conjugate()
[1 0 0 0]
[0 1 0 0]
[0 0 1 0]
[0 0 0 1]

some_elements()

Return some elements of self.

EXAMPLES:

sage: D41 = FusionRing('D4', 1)
sage: D41.some_elements()
[D41(1,0,0,0), D41(0,0,1,0), D41(0,0,0,1)]

total_q_order()

Return the positive square root of self.global_q_dimension() as an element of self.field().

EXAMPLES:

sage: F = FusionRing("G2",1)
sage: tqo=F.total_q_order(); tqo
zeta60^15 - zeta60^11 - zeta60^9 + 2*zeta60^3 + zeta60
sage: tqo.is_real_positive()
True
sage: tqo^2 == F.global_q_dimension()
True

twists_matrix()

Return a diagonal matrix describing the twist corresponding to each simple object in the FusionRing.

EXAMPLES:

sage: B21=FusionRing("B2",1)
sage: [x.twist() for x in B21.basis().list()]
[0, 1, 5/8]
sage: [B21.root_of_unity(x.twist()) for x in B21.basis().list()]
[1, -1, zeta32^10]
sage: B21.twists_matrix()
[        1         0         0]
[        0        -1         0]
[        0         0 zeta32^10]

virasoro_central_charge()

Return the Virasoro central charge of the WZW conformal field theory associated with the Fusion Ring.

If \(\mathfrak{g}\) is the corresponding semisimple Lie algebra, this is

\[\frac{k\dim\mathfrak{g}}{k+h^\vee},\]

where \(k\) is the level and \(h^\vee\) is the dual Coxeter number. See [DFMS1996] Equation (15.61).

Let \(d_i\) and \(\theta_i\) be the quantum dimensions and twists of the simple objects. By Proposition 2.3 in [RoStWa2009], there exists a rational number \(c\) such that \(D_+ / \sqrt{D} = e^{i\pi c/4}\), where \(D_+ = \sum d_i^2 \theta_i\) is computed in D_plus() and \(D = \sum d_i^2 > 0\) is computed by global_q_dimension(). Squaring this identity and remembering that \(D_+ D_- = D\) gives

\[D_+ / D_- = e^{i\pi c/2}.\]

EXAMPLES:

sage: R = FusionRing("A1", 2)
sage: c = R.virasoro_central_charge(); c
3/2
sage: Dp = R.D_plus(); Dp
2*zeta32^6
sage: Dm = R.D_minus(); Dm
-2*zeta32^10
sage: Dp / Dm == R.root_of_unity(c/2)
True