# Ring $$\ZZ/n\ZZ$$ of integers modulo $$n$$#

EXAMPLES:

sage: R = Integers(97)
sage: a = R(5)
sage: a**100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
61


This example illustrates the relation between $$\ZZ/p\ZZ$$ and $$\GF{p}$$. In particular, there is a canonical map to $$\GF{p}$$, but not in the other direction.

sage: r = Integers(7)
sage: s = GF(7)
sage: r.has_coerce_map_from(s)
False
sage: s.has_coerce_map_from(r)
True
sage: s(1) + r(1)
2
sage: parent(s(1) + r(1))
Finite Field of size 7
sage: parent(r(1) + s(1))
Finite Field of size 7


We list the elements of $$\ZZ/3\ZZ$$:

sage: R = Integers(3)
sage: list(R)
[0, 1, 2]


AUTHORS:

• William Stein (initial code)

• David Joyner (2005-12-22): most examples

• Robert Bradshaw (2006-08-24): convert to SageX (Cython)

• William Stein (2007-04-29): square_roots_of_one

• Simon King (2011-04-21): allow to prescribe a category

• Simon King (2013-09): Only allow to prescribe the category of fields

class sage.rings.finite_rings.integer_mod_ring.IntegerModFactory#

Return the quotient ring $$\ZZ / n\ZZ$$.

INPUT:

• order – integer (default: 0); positive or negative

• is_field – bool (default: False); assert that the order is prime and hence the quotient ring belongs to the category of fields

• category (optional) - the category that the quotient ring belongs to.

Note

The optional argument is_field is not part of the cache key. Hence, this factory will create precisely one instance of $$\ZZ / n\ZZ$$. However, if is_field is true, then a previously created instance of the quotient ring will be updated to be in the category of fields.

Use with care! Erroneously putting $$\ZZ / n\ZZ$$ into the category of fields may have consequences that can compromise a whole Sage session, so that a restart will be needed.

EXAMPLES:

sage: IntegerModRing(15)
Ring of integers modulo 15
sage: IntegerModRing(7)
Ring of integers modulo 7
sage: IntegerModRing(-100)
Ring of integers modulo 100


Note that you can also use Integers, which is a synonym for IntegerModRing.

sage: Integers(18)
Ring of integers modulo 18
sage: Integers() is Integers(0) is ZZ
True


Note

Testing whether a quotient ring $$\ZZ / n\ZZ$$ is a field can of course be very costly. By default, it is not tested whether $$n$$ is prime or not, in contrast to GF(). If the user is sure that the modulus is prime and wants to avoid a primality test, (s)he can provide category=Fields() when constructing the quotient ring, and then the result will behave like a field. If the category is not provided during initialisation, and it is found out later that the ring is in fact a field, then the category will be changed at runtime, having the same effect as providing Fields() during initialisation.

EXAMPLES:

sage: R = IntegerModRing(5)
sage: R.category()
Join of Category of finite commutative rings
and Category of subquotients of monoids
and Category of quotients of semigroups
and Category of finite enumerated sets
sage: R in Fields()
True
sage: R.category()
Join of Category of finite enumerated fields
and Category of subquotients of monoids
and Category of quotients of semigroups
sage: S = IntegerModRing(5, is_field=True)
sage: S is R
True


Warning

If the optional argument is_field was used by mistake, there is currently no way to revert its impact, even though IntegerModRing_generic.is_field() with the optional argument proof=True would return the correct answer. So, prescribe is_field=True only if you know what your are doing!

EXAMPLES:

sage: R = IntegerModRing(33, is_field=True)
sage: R in Fields()
True
sage: R.is_field()
True


If the optional argument $$proof=True$$ is provided, primality is tested and the mistaken category assignment is reported:

sage: R.is_field(proof=True)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: THIS SAGE SESSION MIGHT BE SERIOUSLY COMPROMISED!
The order 33 is not prime, but this ring has been put
into the category of fields. This may already have consequences
in other parts of Sage. Either it was a mistake of the user,
or a probabilistic primality test has failed.
In the latter case, please inform the developers.


However, the mistaken assignment is not automatically corrected:

sage: R in Fields()
True


To avoid side-effects of this test on other tests, we clear the cache of the ring factory:

sage: IntegerModRing._cache.clear()

create_key_and_extra_args(order=0, is_field=False, category=None)#

An integer mod ring is specified uniquely by its order.

EXAMPLES:

sage: Zmod.create_key_and_extra_args(7)
(7, {})
sage: Zmod.create_key_and_extra_args(7, True)
(7, {'category': Category of fields})

create_object(version, order, **kwds)#

EXAMPLES:

sage: R = Integers(10)
sage: TestSuite(R).run() # indirect doctest

get_object(version, key, extra_args)#
class sage.rings.finite_rings.integer_mod_ring.IntegerModRing_generic(order, cache=None, category=None)#

Bases: sage.rings.quotient_ring.QuotientRing_generic, sage.rings.abc.IntegerModRing

The ring of integers modulo $$N$$.

INPUT:

• order – an integer

• category – a subcategory of CommutativeRings() (the default)

OUTPUT:

The ring of integers modulo $$N$$.

EXAMPLES:

First we compute with integers modulo $$29$$.

sage: FF = IntegerModRing(29)
sage: FF
Ring of integers modulo 29
sage: FF.category()
Join of Category of finite commutative rings
and Category of subquotients of monoids
and Category of quotients of semigroups
and Category of finite enumerated sets
sage: FF.is_field()
True
sage: FF.characteristic()
29
sage: FF.order()
29
sage: gens = FF.unit_gens()
sage: a = gens[0]
sage: a
2
sage: a.is_square()
False
sage: def pow(i): return a**i
sage: [pow(i) for i in range(16)]
[1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 3, 6, 12, 24, 19, 9, 18, 7, 14, 28, 27]
sage: TestSuite(FF).run()


We have seen above that an integer mod ring is, by default, not initialised as an object in the category of fields. However, one can force it to be. Moreover, testing containment in the category of fields my re-initialise the category of the integer mod ring:

sage: F19 = IntegerModRing(19, is_field=True)
sage: F19.category().is_subcategory(Fields())
True
sage: F23 = IntegerModRing(23)
sage: F23.category().is_subcategory(Fields())
False
sage: F23 in Fields()
True
sage: F23.category().is_subcategory(Fields())
True
sage: TestSuite(F19).run()
sage: TestSuite(F23).run()


By trac ticket #15229, there is a unique instance of the integral quotient ring of a given order. Using the IntegerModRing() factory twice, and using is_field=True the second time, will update the category of the unique instance:

sage: F31a = IntegerModRing(31)
sage: F31a.category().is_subcategory(Fields())
False
sage: F31b = IntegerModRing(31, is_field=True)
sage: F31a is F31b
True
sage: F31a.category().is_subcategory(Fields())
True


Next we compute with the integers modulo $$16$$.

sage: Z16 = IntegerModRing(16)
sage: Z16.category()
Join of Category of finite commutative rings
and Category of subquotients of monoids
and Category of quotients of semigroups
and Category of finite enumerated sets
sage: Z16.is_field()
False
sage: Z16.order()
16
sage: Z16.characteristic()
16
sage: gens = Z16.unit_gens()
sage: gens
(15, 5)
sage: a = gens[0]
sage: b = gens[1]
sage: def powa(i): return a**i
sage: def powb(i): return b**i
sage: gp_exp = FF.unit_group_exponent()
sage: gp_exp
28
sage: [powa(i) for i in range(15)]
[1, 15, 1, 15, 1, 15, 1, 15, 1, 15, 1, 15, 1, 15, 1]
sage: [powb(i) for i in range(15)]
[1, 5, 9, 13, 1, 5, 9, 13, 1, 5, 9, 13, 1, 5, 9]
sage: a.multiplicative_order()
2
sage: b.multiplicative_order()
4
sage: TestSuite(Z16).run()


sage: R = Integers(100000)
sage: TestSuite(R).run()  # long time (17s on sage.math, 2011)


Testing ideals and quotients:

sage: Z10 = Integers(10)
sage: I = Z10.principal_ideal(0)
sage: Z10.quotient(I) == Z10
True
sage: I = Z10.principal_ideal(2)
sage: Z10.quotient(I) == Z10
False
sage: I.is_prime()
True

sage: R = IntegerModRing(97)
sage: a = R(5)
sage: a**(10^62)
61

cardinality()#

Return the cardinality of this ring.

EXAMPLES:

sage: Zmod(87).cardinality()
87

characteristic()#

EXAMPLES:

sage: R = IntegerModRing(18)
sage: FF = IntegerModRing(17)
sage: FF.characteristic()
17
sage: R.characteristic()
18

degree()#

Return 1.

EXAMPLES:

sage: R = Integers(12345678900)
sage: R.degree()
1

extension(poly, name=None, names=None, **kwds)#

Return an algebraic extension of self. See sage.rings.ring.CommutativeRing.extension() for more information.

EXAMPLES:

sage: R.<t> = QQ[]
sage: Integers(8).extension(t^2 - 3)
Univariate Quotient Polynomial Ring in t over Ring of integers modulo 8 with modulus t^2 + 5

factored_order()#

EXAMPLES:

sage: R = IntegerModRing(18)
sage: FF = IntegerModRing(17)
sage: R.factored_order()
2 * 3^2
sage: FF.factored_order()
17

factored_unit_order()#

Return a list of Factorization objects, each the factorization of the order of the units in a $$\ZZ / p^n \ZZ$$ component of this group (using the Chinese Remainder Theorem).

EXAMPLES:

sage: R = Integers(8*9*25*17*29)
sage: R.factored_unit_order()
[2^2, 2 * 3, 2^2 * 5, 2^4, 2^2 * 7]

field()#

If this ring is a field, return the corresponding field as a finite field, which may have extra functionality and structure. Otherwise, raise a ValueError.

EXAMPLES:

sage: R = Integers(7); R
Ring of integers modulo 7
sage: R.field()
Finite Field of size 7
sage: R = Integers(9)
sage: R.field()
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: self must be a field

is_field(proof=None)#

Return True precisely if the order is prime.

INPUT:

• proof (optional bool or None, default None): If False, then test whether the category of the quotient is a subcategory of Fields(), or do a probabilistic primality test. If None, then test the category and then do a primality test according to the global arithmetic proof settings. If True, do a deterministic primality test.

If it is found (perhaps probabilistically) that the ring is a field, then the category of the ring is refined to include the category of fields. This may change the Python class of the ring!

EXAMPLES:

sage: R = IntegerModRing(18)
sage: R.is_field()
False
sage: FF = IntegerModRing(17)
sage: FF.is_field()
True


By trac ticket #15229, the category of the ring is refined, if it is found that the ring is in fact a field:

sage: R = IntegerModRing(127)
sage: R.category()
Join of Category of finite commutative rings
and Category of subquotients of monoids
and Category of quotients of semigroups
and Category of finite enumerated sets
sage: R.is_field()
True
sage: R.category()
Join of Category of finite enumerated fields
and Category of subquotients of monoids
and Category of quotients of semigroups


It is possible to mistakenly put $$\ZZ/n\ZZ$$ into the category of fields. In this case, is_field() will return True without performing a primality check. However, if the optional argument $$proof=True$$ is provided, primality is tested and the mistake is uncovered in a warning message:

sage: R = IntegerModRing(21, is_field=True)
sage: R.is_field()
True
sage: R.is_field(proof=True)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: THIS SAGE SESSION MIGHT BE SERIOUSLY COMPROMISED!
The order 21 is not prime, but this ring has been put
into the category of fields. This may already have consequences
in other parts of Sage. Either it was a mistake of the user,
or a probabilistic primality test has failed.
In the latter case, please inform the developers.


To avoid side-effects of this test on other tests, we clear the cache of the ring factory:

sage: IntegerModRing._cache.clear()

is_integral_domain(proof=None)#

Return True if and only if the order of self is prime.

EXAMPLES:

sage: Integers(389).is_integral_domain()
True
sage: Integers(389^2).is_integral_domain()
False

is_noetherian()#

Check if self is a Noetherian ring.

EXAMPLES:

sage: Integers(8).is_noetherian()
True

is_prime_field()#

Return True if the order is prime.

EXAMPLES:

sage: Zmod(7).is_prime_field()
True
sage: Zmod(8).is_prime_field()
False

is_unique_factorization_domain(proof=None)#

Return True if and only if the order of self is prime.

EXAMPLES:

sage: Integers(389).is_unique_factorization_domain()
True
sage: Integers(389^2).is_unique_factorization_domain()
False

krull_dimension()#

Return the Krull dimension of self.

EXAMPLES:

sage: Integers(18).krull_dimension()
0

list_of_elements_of_multiplicative_group()#

Return a list of all invertible elements, as python ints.

EXAMPLES:

sage: R = Zmod(12)
sage: L = R.list_of_elements_of_multiplicative_group(); L
[1, 5, 7, 11]
sage: type(L[0])
<... 'int'>
sage: Zmod(1).list_of_elements_of_multiplicative_group()
[0]

modulus()#

Return the polynomial $$x - 1$$ over this ring.

Note

This function exists for consistency with the finite-field modulus function.

EXAMPLES:

sage: R = IntegerModRing(18)
sage: R.modulus()
x + 17
sage: R = IntegerModRing(17)
sage: R.modulus()
x + 16

multiplicative_generator()#

Return a generator for the multiplicative group of this ring, assuming the multiplicative group is cyclic.

Use the unit_gens function to obtain generators even in the non-cyclic case.

EXAMPLES:

sage: R = Integers(7); R
Ring of integers modulo 7
sage: R.multiplicative_generator()
3
sage: R = Integers(9)
sage: R.multiplicative_generator()
2
sage: Integers(8).multiplicative_generator()
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: multiplicative group of this ring is not cyclic
sage: Integers(4).multiplicative_generator()
3
sage: Integers(25*3).multiplicative_generator()
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: multiplicative group of this ring is not cyclic
sage: Integers(25*3).unit_gens()
(26, 52)
sage: Integers(162).unit_gens()
(83,)

multiplicative_group_is_cyclic()#

Return True if the multiplicative group of this field is cyclic. This is the case exactly when the order is less than 8, a power of an odd prime, or twice a power of an odd prime.

EXAMPLES:

sage: R = Integers(7); R
Ring of integers modulo 7
sage: R.multiplicative_group_is_cyclic()
True
sage: R = Integers(9)
sage: R.multiplicative_group_is_cyclic()
True
sage: Integers(8).multiplicative_group_is_cyclic()
False
sage: Integers(4).multiplicative_group_is_cyclic()
True
sage: Integers(25*3).multiplicative_group_is_cyclic()
False


We test that trac ticket #5250 is fixed:

sage: Integers(162).multiplicative_group_is_cyclic()
True

multiplicative_subgroups()#

Return generators for each subgroup of $$(\ZZ/N\ZZ)^*$$.

EXAMPLES:

sage: Integers(5).multiplicative_subgroups()
((2,), (4,), ())
sage: Integers(15).multiplicative_subgroups()
((11, 7), (11, 4), (2,), (11,), (14,), (7,), (4,), ())
sage: Integers(2).multiplicative_subgroups()
((),)
sage: len(Integers(341).multiplicative_subgroups())
80

order()#

Return the order of this ring.

EXAMPLES:

sage: Zmod(87).order()
87


Return a quadratic non-residue in self.

EXAMPLES:

sage: R = Integers(17)
3
sage: R(3).is_square()
False

random_element(bound=None)#

Return a random element of this ring.

INPUT:

• bound, a positive integer or None (the default). Is given, return the coercion of an integer in the interval [-bound, bound] into this ring.

EXAMPLES:

sage: R = IntegerModRing(18)
sage: R.random_element().parent() is R
True
sage: found = [False]*18
sage: while not all(found):
....:     found[R.random_element()] = True


We test bound-option:

sage: R.random_element(2) in [R(16), R(17), R(0), R(1), R(2)]
True

square_roots_of_one()#

Return all square roots of 1 in self, i.e., all solutions to $$x^2 - 1 = 0$$.

OUTPUT:

The square roots of 1 in self as a tuple.

EXAMPLES:

sage: R = Integers(2^10)
sage: [x for x in R if x^2 == 1]
[1, 511, 513, 1023]
sage: R.square_roots_of_one()
(1, 511, 513, 1023)

sage: v = Integers(9*5).square_roots_of_one(); v
(1, 19, 26, 44)
sage: [x^2 for x in v]
[1, 1, 1, 1]
sage: v = Integers(9*5*8).square_roots_of_one(); v
(1, 19, 71, 89, 91, 109, 161, 179, 181, 199, 251, 269, 271, 289, 341, 359)
sage: [x^2 for x in v]
[1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1]

unit_gens(**kwds)#

Returns generators for the unit group $$(\ZZ/N\ZZ)^*$$.

We compute the list of generators using a deterministic algorithm, so the generators list will always be the same. For each odd prime divisor of $$N$$ there will be exactly one corresponding generator; if $$N$$ is even there will be 0, 1 or 2 generators according to whether 2 divides $$N$$ to order 1, 2 or $$\geq 3$$.

OUTPUT:

A tuple containing the units of self.

EXAMPLES:

sage: R = IntegerModRing(18)
sage: R.unit_gens()
(11,)
sage: R = IntegerModRing(17)
sage: R.unit_gens()
(3,)
sage: IntegerModRing(next_prime(10^30)).unit_gens()
(5,)


The choice of generators is affected by the optional keyword algorithm; this can be 'sage' (default) or 'pari'. See unit_group() for details.

sage: A = Zmod(55)
sage: A.unit_gens(algorithm='sage')
(12, 46)
sage: A.unit_gens(algorithm='pari')
(2, 21)

unit_group(algorithm='sage')#

Return the unit group of self.

INPUT:

• self – the ring $$\ZZ/n\ZZ$$ for a positive integer $$n$$

• algorithm – either 'sage' (default) or 'pari'

OUTPUT:

The unit group of self. This is a finite Abelian group equipped with a distinguished set of generators, which is computed using a deterministic algorithm depending on the algorithm parameter.

• If algorithm == 'sage', the generators correspond to the prime factors $$p \mid n$$ (one generator for each odd $$p$$; the number of generators for $$p = 2$$ is 0, 1 or 2 depending on the order to which 2 divides $$n$$).

• If algorithm == 'pari', the generators are chosen such that their orders form a decreasing sequence with respect to divisibility.

EXAMPLES:

The output of the algorithms 'sage' and 'pari' can differ in various ways. In the following example, the same cyclic factors are computed, but in a different order:

sage: A = Zmod(15)
sage: G = A.unit_group(); G
Multiplicative Abelian group isomorphic to C2 x C4
sage: G.gens_values()
(11, 7)
sage: H = A.unit_group(algorithm='pari'); H
Multiplicative Abelian group isomorphic to C4 x C2
sage: H.gens_values()
(7, 11)


Here are two examples where the cyclic factors are isomorphic, but are ordered differently and have different generators:

sage: A = Zmod(40)
sage: G = A.unit_group(); G
Multiplicative Abelian group isomorphic to C2 x C2 x C4
sage: G.gens_values()
(31, 21, 17)
sage: H = A.unit_group(algorithm='pari'); H
Multiplicative Abelian group isomorphic to C4 x C2 x C2
sage: H.gens_values()
(17, 31, 21)

sage: A = Zmod(192)
sage: G = A.unit_group(); G
Multiplicative Abelian group isomorphic to C2 x C16 x C2
sage: G.gens_values()
(127, 133, 65)
sage: H = A.unit_group(algorithm='pari'); H
Multiplicative Abelian group isomorphic to C16 x C2 x C2
sage: H.gens_values()
(133, 127, 65)


In the following examples, the cyclic factors are not even isomorphic:

sage: A = Zmod(319)
sage: A.unit_group()
Multiplicative Abelian group isomorphic to C10 x C28
sage: A.unit_group(algorithm='pari')
Multiplicative Abelian group isomorphic to C140 x C2

sage: A = Zmod(30.factorial())
sage: A.unit_group()
Multiplicative Abelian group isomorphic to C2 x C16777216 x C3188646 x C62500 x C2058 x C110 x C156 x C16 x C18 x C22 x C28
sage: A.unit_group(algorithm='pari')
Multiplicative Abelian group isomorphic to C20499647385305088000000 x C55440 x C12 x C12 x C4 x C2 x C2 x C2 x C2 x C2 x C2

unit_group_exponent()#

EXAMPLES:

sage: R = IntegerModRing(17)
sage: R.unit_group_exponent()
16
sage: R = IntegerModRing(18)
sage: R.unit_group_exponent()
6

unit_group_order()#

Return the order of the unit group of this residue class ring.

EXAMPLES:

sage: R = Integers(500)
sage: R.unit_group_order()
200

sage.rings.finite_rings.integer_mod_ring.crt(v)#

INPUT:

• v – (list) a lift of elements of rings.IntegerMod(n), for various coprime moduli n

EXAMPLES:

sage: from sage.rings.finite_rings.integer_mod_ring import crt
sage: crt([mod(3, 8),mod(1,19),mod(7, 15)])
1027

sage.rings.finite_rings.integer_mod_ring.is_IntegerModRing(x)#

Return True if x is an integer modulo ring.

This function is deprecated. Use isinstance() with sage.rings.abc.IntegerModRing instead.

EXAMPLES:

sage: from sage.rings.finite_rings.integer_mod_ring import is_IntegerModRing
sage: R = IntegerModRing(17)
sage: is_IntegerModRing(R)
doctest:warning...
DeprecationWarning: the function is_IntegerModRing is deprecated.