Hyperbolic Geodesics

This module implements the abstract base class for geodesics in hyperbolic space of arbitrary dimension. It also contains the implementations for specific models of hyperbolic geometry.

AUTHORS:

• Greg Laun (2013): initial version

EXAMPLES:

We can construct geodesics in the upper half plane model, abbreviated UHP for convenience:

Sage

sage: g = HyperbolicPlane().UHP().get_geodesic(2, 3)
sage: g
Geodesic in UHP from 2 to 3

Python

>>> from sage.all import *
>>> g = HyperbolicPlane().UHP().get_geodesic(Integer(2), Integer(3))
>>> g
Geodesic in UHP from 2 to 3

This geodesic can be plotted using plot(), in this example we will show the axis.

Sage

sage: g.plot(axes=True)                                                             # needs sage.plot
Graphics object consisting of 2 graphics primitives

Python

>>> from sage.all import *
>>> g.plot(axes=True)                                                             # needs sage.plot
Graphics object consisting of 2 graphics primitives

Sage

sage: g = HyperbolicPlane().UHP().get_geodesic(I, 3 + I)
sage: g.length()
arccosh(11/2)
sage: g.plot(axes=True)                                                             # needs sage.plot
Graphics object consisting of 2 graphics primitives

Python

>>> from sage.all import *
>>> g = HyperbolicPlane().UHP().get_geodesic(I, Integer(3) + I)
>>> g.length()
arccosh(11/2)
>>> g.plot(axes=True)                                                             # needs sage.plot
Graphics object consisting of 2 graphics primitives

Geodesics of both types in UHP are supported:

Sage

sage: g = HyperbolicPlane().UHP().get_geodesic(I, 3*I)
sage: g
Geodesic in UHP from I to 3*I
sage: g.plot()                                                                      # needs sage.plot
Graphics object consisting of 2 graphics primitives

Python

>>> from sage.all import *
>>> g = HyperbolicPlane().UHP().get_geodesic(I, Integer(3)*I)
>>> g
Geodesic in UHP from I to 3*I
>>> g.plot()                                                                      # needs sage.plot
Graphics object consisting of 2 graphics primitives

Geodesics are oriented, which means that two geodesics with the same graph will only be equal if their starting and ending points are the same:

Sage

sage: g1 = HyperbolicPlane().UHP().get_geodesic(1,2)
sage: g2 = HyperbolicPlane().UHP().get_geodesic(2,1)
sage: g1 == g2
False

Python

>>> from sage.all import *
>>> g1 = HyperbolicPlane().UHP().get_geodesic(Integer(1),Integer(2))
>>> g2 = HyperbolicPlane().UHP().get_geodesic(Integer(2),Integer(1))
>>> g1 == g2
False

Todo

Implement a parent for all geodesics of the hyperbolic plane? Or implement geodesics as a parent in the subobjects category?

class sage.geometry.hyperbolic_space.hyperbolic_geodesic.HyperbolicGeodesic(model, start, end, **graphics_options)

Bases: SageObject

Abstract base class for oriented geodesics that are not necessarily complete.

INPUT:

• start – a HyperbolicPoint or coordinates of a point in hyperbolic space representing the start of the geodesic

• end – a HyperbolicPoint or coordinates of a point in hyperbolic space representing the end of the geodesic

EXAMPLES:

We can construct a hyperbolic geodesic in any model:

Sage

sage: HyperbolicPlane().UHP().get_geodesic(1, 0)
Geodesic in UHP from 1 to 0
sage: HyperbolicPlane().PD().get_geodesic(1, 0)
Geodesic in PD from 1 to 0
sage: HyperbolicPlane().KM().get_geodesic((0,1/2), (1/2, 0))
Geodesic in KM from (0, 1/2) to (1/2, 0)
sage: HyperbolicPlane().HM().get_geodesic((0,0,1), (0,1, sqrt(2)))
Geodesic in HM from (0, 0, 1) to (0, 1, sqrt(2))

Python

>>> from sage.all import *
>>> HyperbolicPlane().UHP().get_geodesic(Integer(1), Integer(0))
Geodesic in UHP from 1 to 0
>>> HyperbolicPlane().PD().get_geodesic(Integer(1), Integer(0))
Geodesic in PD from 1 to 0
>>> HyperbolicPlane().KM().get_geodesic((Integer(0),Integer(1)/Integer(2)), (Integer(1)/Integer(2), Integer(0)))
Geodesic in KM from (0, 1/2) to (1/2, 0)
>>> HyperbolicPlane().HM().get_geodesic((Integer(0),Integer(0),Integer(1)), (Integer(0),Integer(1), sqrt(Integer(2))))
Geodesic in HM from (0, 0, 1) to (0, 1, sqrt(2))

angle(other)

Return the angle between any two given geodesics if they intersect.

INPUT:

• other – a hyperbolic geodesic in the same model as self

OUTPUT:

• the angle in radians between the two given geodesics

EXAMPLES:

Sage

sage: PD = HyperbolicPlane().PD()
sage: g = PD.get_geodesic(3/5*I + 4/5, 15/17*I + 8/17)
sage: h = PD.get_geodesic(4/5*I + 3/5, I)
sage: g.angle(h)
1/2*pi

Python

>>> from sage.all import *
>>> PD = HyperbolicPlane().PD()
>>> g = PD.get_geodesic(Integer(3)/Integer(5)*I + Integer(4)/Integer(5), Integer(15)/Integer(17)*I + Integer(8)/Integer(17))
>>> h = PD.get_geodesic(Integer(4)/Integer(5)*I + Integer(3)/Integer(5), I)
>>> g.angle(h)
1/2*pi

common_perpendicula(other)

Return the unique hyperbolic geodesic perpendicular to two given geodesics, if such a geodesic exists. If none exists, raise a ValueError.

INPUT:

• other – a hyperbolic geodesic in the same model as self

OUTPUT:

• a hyperbolic geodesic

EXAMPLES:

Sage

sage: g = HyperbolicPlane().UHP().get_geodesic(2,3)
sage: h = HyperbolicPlane().UHP().get_geodesic(4,5)
sage: g.common_perpendicular(h)
Geodesic in UHP from 1/2*sqrt(3) + 7/2 to -1/2*sqrt(3) + 7/2

Python

>>> from sage.all import *
>>> g = HyperbolicPlane().UHP().get_geodesic(Integer(2),Integer(3))
>>> h = HyperbolicPlane().UHP().get_geodesic(Integer(4),Integer(5))
>>> g.common_perpendicular(h)
Geodesic in UHP from 1/2*sqrt(3) + 7/2 to -1/2*sqrt(3) + 7/2

It is an error to ask for the common perpendicular of two intersecting geodesics:

Sage

sage: g = HyperbolicPlane().UHP().get_geodesic(2,4)
sage: h = HyperbolicPlane().UHP().get_geodesic(3, infinity)
sage: g.common_perpendicular(h)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: geodesics intersect; no common perpendicular exists

Python

>>> from sage.all import *
>>> g = HyperbolicPlane().UHP().get_geodesic(Integer(2),Integer(4))
>>> h = HyperbolicPlane().UHP().get_geodesic(Integer(3), infinity)
>>> g.common_perpendicular(h)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: geodesics intersect; no common perpendicular exists

complete()

Return the geodesic with ideal endpoints in bounded models. Raise a NotImplementedError in models that are not bounded. In the following examples we represent complete geodesics by a dashed line.

EXAMPLES:

Sage

sage: H = HyperbolicPlane()
sage: UHP = H.UHP()
sage: UHP.get_geodesic(1 + I, 1 + 3*I).complete()
Geodesic in UHP from 1 to +Infinity

Python

>>> from sage.all import *
>>> H = HyperbolicPlane()
>>> UHP = H.UHP()
>>> UHP.get_geodesic(Integer(1) + I, Integer(1) + Integer(3)*I).complete()
Geodesic in UHP from 1 to +Infinity

Sage

sage: PD = H.PD()
sage: PD.get_geodesic(0, I/2).complete()
Geodesic in PD from -I to I
sage: PD.get_geodesic(0.25*(-1-I),0.25*(1-I)).complete()
Geodesic in PD from -0.895806416477617 - 0.444444444444444*I to 0.895806416477617 - 0.444444444444444*I

Python

>>> from sage.all import *
>>> PD = H.PD()
>>> PD.get_geodesic(Integer(0), I/Integer(2)).complete()
Geodesic in PD from -I to I
>>> PD.get_geodesic(RealNumber('0.25')*(-Integer(1)-I),RealNumber('0.25')*(Integer(1)-I)).complete()
Geodesic in PD from -0.895806416477617 - 0.444444444444444*I to 0.895806416477617 - 0.444444444444444*I

Sage

sage: KM = H.KM()
sage: KM.get_geodesic((0,0), (0,1/2)).complete()
Geodesic in KM from (0, -1) to (0, 1)

Python

>>> from sage.all import *
>>> KM = H.KM()
>>> KM.get_geodesic((Integer(0),Integer(0)), (Integer(0),Integer(1)/Integer(2))).complete()
Geodesic in KM from (0, -1) to (0, 1)

Sage

sage: KM.get_geodesic(-I, 1).complete()
Geodesic in KM from -I to 1

Python

>>> from sage.all import *
>>> KM.get_geodesic(-I, Integer(1)).complete()
Geodesic in KM from -I to 1

Sage

sage: HM = H.HM()
sage: HM.get_geodesic((0,0,1), (1, 0, sqrt(2))).complete()
Geodesic in HM from (0, 0, 1) to (1, 0, sqrt(2))

Python

>>> from sage.all import *
>>> HM = H.HM()
>>> HM.get_geodesic((Integer(0),Integer(0),Integer(1)), (Integer(1), Integer(0), sqrt(Integer(2)))).complete()
Geodesic in HM from (0, 0, 1) to (1, 0, sqrt(2))

Sage

sage: g = HM.get_geodesic((0,0,1), (1, 0, sqrt(2))).complete()
sage: g.is_complete()
True

Python

>>> from sage.all import *
>>> g = HM.get_geodesic((Integer(0),Integer(0),Integer(1)), (Integer(1), Integer(0), sqrt(Integer(2)))).complete()
>>> g.is_complete()
True

dist(other)

Return the hyperbolic distance from a given hyperbolic geodesic to another geodesic or point.

INPUT:

• other – a hyperbolic geodesic or hyperbolic point in the same model

OUTPUT:

• the hyperbolic distance

EXAMPLES:

Sage

sage: g = HyperbolicPlane().UHP().get_geodesic(2, 4.0)
sage: h = HyperbolicPlane().UHP().get_geodesic(5, 7.0)
sage: bool(abs(g.dist(h).n() - 1.92484730023841) < 10**-9)
True

Python

>>> from sage.all import *
>>> g = HyperbolicPlane().UHP().get_geodesic(Integer(2), RealNumber('4.0'))
>>> h = HyperbolicPlane().UHP().get_geodesic(Integer(5), RealNumber('7.0'))
>>> bool(abs(g.dist(h).n() - RealNumber('1.92484730023841')) < Integer(10)**-Integer(9))
True

If the second object is a geodesic ultraparallel to the first, or if it is a point on the boundary that is not one of the first object’s endpoints, then return +infinity

Sage

sage: g = HyperbolicPlane().UHP().get_geodesic(2, 2+I)
sage: p = HyperbolicPlane().UHP().get_point(5)
sage: g.dist(p)
+Infinity

Python

>>> from sage.all import *
>>> g = HyperbolicPlane().UHP().get_geodesic(Integer(2), Integer(2)+I)
>>> p = HyperbolicPlane().UHP().get_point(Integer(5))
>>> g.dist(p)
+Infinity

end()

Return the starting point of the geodesic.

EXAMPLES:

Sage

sage: g = HyperbolicPlane().UHP().get_geodesic(I, 3*I)
sage: g.end()
Point in UHP 3*I

Python

>>> from sage.all import *
>>> g = HyperbolicPlane().UHP().get_geodesic(I, Integer(3)*I)
>>> g.end()
Point in UHP 3*I

endpoints()

Return a list containing the start and endpoints.

EXAMPLES:

Sage

sage: g = HyperbolicPlane().UHP().get_geodesic(I, 3*I)
sage: g.endpoints()
[Point in UHP I, Point in UHP 3*I]

Python

>>> from sage.all import *
>>> g = HyperbolicPlane().UHP().get_geodesic(I, Integer(3)*I)
>>> g.endpoints()
[Point in UHP I, Point in UHP 3*I]

graphics_options()

Return the graphics options of self.

EXAMPLES:

Sage

sage: g = HyperbolicPlane().UHP().get_geodesic(I, 2*I, color="red")
sage: g.graphics_options()
{'color': 'red'}

Python

>>> from sage.all import *
>>> g = HyperbolicPlane().UHP().get_geodesic(I, Integer(2)*I, color="red")
>>> g.graphics_options()
{'color': 'red'}

ideal_endpoints()

Return the ideal endpoints in bounded models. Raise a NotImplementedError in models that are not bounded.

EXAMPLES:

Sage

sage: H = HyperbolicPlane()
sage: UHP = H.UHP()
sage: UHP.get_geodesic(1 + I, 1 + 3*I).ideal_endpoints()
[Boundary point in UHP 1, Boundary point in UHP +Infinity]

sage: PD = H.PD()
sage: PD.get_geodesic(0, I/2).ideal_endpoints()
[Boundary point in PD -I, Boundary point in PD I]

sage: KM = H.KM()
sage: KM.get_geodesic((0,0), (0, 1/2)).ideal_endpoints()
[Boundary point in KM (0, -1), Boundary point in KM (0, 1)]

sage: HM = H.HM()
sage: HM.get_geodesic((0,0,1), (1, 0, sqrt(2))).ideal_endpoints()
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
NotImplementedError: boundary points are not implemented in
 the HM model

Python

>>> from sage.all import *
>>> H = HyperbolicPlane()
>>> UHP = H.UHP()
>>> UHP.get_geodesic(Integer(1) + I, Integer(1) + Integer(3)*I).ideal_endpoints()
[Boundary point in UHP 1, Boundary point in UHP +Infinity]

>>> PD = H.PD()
>>> PD.get_geodesic(Integer(0), I/Integer(2)).ideal_endpoints()
[Boundary point in PD -I, Boundary point in PD I]

>>> KM = H.KM()
>>> KM.get_geodesic((Integer(0),Integer(0)), (Integer(0), Integer(1)/Integer(2))).ideal_endpoints()
[Boundary point in KM (0, -1), Boundary point in KM (0, 1)]

>>> HM = H.HM()
>>> HM.get_geodesic((Integer(0),Integer(0),Integer(1)), (Integer(1), Integer(0), sqrt(Integer(2)))).ideal_endpoints()
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
NotImplementedError: boundary points are not implemented in
 the HM model

intersection(other)

Return the point of intersection of two geodesics (if such a point exists).

INPUT:

• other – a hyperbolic geodesic in the same model as self

OUTPUT:

• a hyperbolic point or geodesic

EXAMPLES:

Sage

sage: PD = HyperbolicPlane().PD()

Python

>>> from sage.all import *
>>> PD = HyperbolicPlane().PD()

is_asymptotically_parallel(other)

Return True if self and other are asymptotically parallel and False otherwise.

INPUT:

• other – a hyperbolic geodesic

EXAMPLES:

Sage

sage: g = HyperbolicPlane().UHP().get_geodesic(-2,5)
sage: h = HyperbolicPlane().UHP().get_geodesic(-2,4)
sage: g.is_asymptotically_parallel(h)
True

Python

>>> from sage.all import *
>>> g = HyperbolicPlane().UHP().get_geodesic(-Integer(2),Integer(5))
>>> h = HyperbolicPlane().UHP().get_geodesic(-Integer(2),Integer(4))
>>> g.is_asymptotically_parallel(h)
True

Ultraparallel geodesics are not asymptotically parallel:

Sage

sage: g = HyperbolicPlane().UHP().get_geodesic(-2,5)
sage: h = HyperbolicPlane().UHP().get_geodesic(-1,4)
sage: g.is_asymptotically_parallel(h)
False

Python

>>> from sage.all import *
>>> g = HyperbolicPlane().UHP().get_geodesic(-Integer(2),Integer(5))
>>> h = HyperbolicPlane().UHP().get_geodesic(-Integer(1),Integer(4))
>>> g.is_asymptotically_parallel(h)
False

No hyperbolic geodesic is asymptotically parallel to itself:

Sage

sage: g = HyperbolicPlane().UHP().get_geodesic(-2,5)
sage: g.is_asymptotically_parallel(g)
False

Python

>>> from sage.all import *
>>> g = HyperbolicPlane().UHP().get_geodesic(-Integer(2),Integer(5))
>>> g.is_asymptotically_parallel(g)
False

is_complete()

Return True if self is a complete geodesic (that is, both endpoints are on the ideal boundary) and False otherwise.

If we represent complete geodesics using green color and incomplete using red colors we have the following graphic:

Notice, that there is no visual indication that the vertical geodesic is complete

EXAMPLES:

Sage

sage: UHP = HyperbolicPlane().UHP()
sage: UHP.get_geodesic(1.5*I, 2.5*I).is_complete()
False
sage: UHP.get_geodesic(0, I).is_complete()
False
sage: UHP.get_geodesic(3, infinity).is_complete()
True
sage: UHP.get_geodesic(2,5).is_complete()
True

Python

>>> from sage.all import *
>>> UHP = HyperbolicPlane().UHP()
>>> UHP.get_geodesic(RealNumber('1.5')*I, RealNumber('2.5')*I).is_complete()
False
>>> UHP.get_geodesic(Integer(0), I).is_complete()
False
>>> UHP.get_geodesic(Integer(3), infinity).is_complete()
True
>>> UHP.get_geodesic(Integer(2),Integer(5)).is_complete()
True

is_parallel(other)

Return True if the two given hyperbolic geodesics are either ultra parallel or asymptotically parallel and``False`` otherwise.

INPUT:

• other – a hyperbolic geodesic in any model

OUTPUT:

True if the given geodesics are either ultra parallel or asymptotically parallel, False if not.

EXAMPLES:

Sage

sage: g = HyperbolicPlane().UHP().get_geodesic(-2,5)
sage: h = HyperbolicPlane().UHP().get_geodesic(5,12)
sage: g.is_parallel(h)
True

Python

>>> from sage.all import *
>>> g = HyperbolicPlane().UHP().get_geodesic(-Integer(2),Integer(5))
>>> h = HyperbolicPlane().UHP().get_geodesic(Integer(5),Integer(12))
>>> g.is_parallel(h)
True

Sage

sage: g = HyperbolicPlane().UHP().get_geodesic(-2,5)
sage: h = HyperbolicPlane().UHP().get_geodesic(-2,4)
sage: g.is_parallel(h)
True

Python

>>> from sage.all import *
>>> g = HyperbolicPlane().UHP().get_geodesic(-Integer(2),Integer(5))
>>> h = HyperbolicPlane().UHP().get_geodesic(-Integer(2),Integer(4))
>>> g.is_parallel(h)
True

Sage

sage: g = HyperbolicPlane().UHP().get_geodesic(-2,2)
sage: h = HyperbolicPlane().UHP().get_geodesic(-1,4)
sage: g.is_parallel(h)
False

Python

>>> from sage.all import *
>>> g = HyperbolicPlane().UHP().get_geodesic(-Integer(2),Integer(2))
>>> h = HyperbolicPlane().UHP().get_geodesic(-Integer(1),Integer(4))
>>> g.is_parallel(h)
False

No hyperbolic geodesic is either ultra parallel or asymptotically parallel to itself:

Sage

sage: g = HyperbolicPlane().UHP().get_geodesic(-2,5)
sage: g.is_parallel(g)
False

Python

>>> from sage.all import *
>>> g = HyperbolicPlane().UHP().get_geodesic(-Integer(2),Integer(5))
>>> g.is_parallel(g)
False

is_ultra_parallel(other)

Return True if self and other are ultra parallel and False otherwise.

INPUT:

• other – a hyperbolic geodesic

EXAMPLES:

Sage

sage: from sage.geometry.hyperbolic_space.hyperbolic_geodesic \
....:   import *
sage: g = HyperbolicPlane().UHP().get_geodesic(0,1)
sage: h = HyperbolicPlane().UHP().get_geodesic(-3,-1)
sage: g.is_ultra_parallel(h)
True

Python

>>> from sage.all import *
>>> from sage.geometry.hyperbolic_space.hyperbolic_geodesic   import *
>>> g = HyperbolicPlane().UHP().get_geodesic(Integer(0),Integer(1))
>>> h = HyperbolicPlane().UHP().get_geodesic(-Integer(3),-Integer(1))
>>> g.is_ultra_parallel(h)
True

Sage

sage: g = HyperbolicPlane().UHP().get_geodesic(-2,5)
sage: h = HyperbolicPlane().UHP().get_geodesic(2,6)
sage: g.is_ultra_parallel(h)
False

Python

>>> from sage.all import *
>>> g = HyperbolicPlane().UHP().get_geodesic(-Integer(2),Integer(5))
>>> h = HyperbolicPlane().UHP().get_geodesic(Integer(2),Integer(6))
>>> g.is_ultra_parallel(h)
False

Sage

sage: g = HyperbolicPlane().UHP().get_geodesic(-2,5)
sage: g.is_ultra_parallel(g)
False

Python

>>> from sage.all import *
>>> g = HyperbolicPlane().UHP().get_geodesic(-Integer(2),Integer(5))
>>> g.is_ultra_parallel(g)
False

length()

Return the Hyperbolic length of the hyperbolic line segment.

EXAMPLES:

Sage

sage: g = HyperbolicPlane().UHP().get_geodesic(2 + I, 3 + I/2)
sage: g.length()
arccosh(9/4)

Python

>>> from sage.all import *
>>> g = HyperbolicPlane().UHP().get_geodesic(Integer(2) + I, Integer(3) + I/Integer(2))
>>> g.length()
arccosh(9/4)

midpoint()

Return the (hyperbolic) midpoint of a hyperbolic line segment.

EXAMPLES:

Sage

sage: g = HyperbolicPlane().UHP().random_geodesic()
sage: m = g.midpoint()
sage: end1, end2 = g.endpoints()
sage: bool(abs(m.dist(end1) - m.dist(end2)) < 10**-9)
True

Python

>>> from sage.all import *
>>> g = HyperbolicPlane().UHP().random_geodesic()
>>> m = g.midpoint()
>>> end1, end2 = g.endpoints()
>>> bool(abs(m.dist(end1) - m.dist(end2)) < Integer(10)**-Integer(9))
True

Complete geodesics have no midpoint:

Sage

sage: HyperbolicPlane().UHP().get_geodesic(0,2).midpoint()
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: the length must be finite

Python

>>> from sage.all import *
>>> HyperbolicPlane().UHP().get_geodesic(Integer(0),Integer(2)).midpoint()
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: the length must be finite

model()

Return the model to which the HyperbolicGeodesic belongs.

EXAMPLES:

Sage

sage: UHP = HyperbolicPlane().UHP()
sage: UHP.get_geodesic(I, 2*I).model()
Hyperbolic plane in the Upper Half Plane Model

sage: PD = HyperbolicPlane().PD()
sage: PD.get_geodesic(0, I/2).model()
Hyperbolic plane in the Poincare Disk Model

sage: KM = HyperbolicPlane().KM()
sage: KM.get_geodesic((0, 0), (0, 1/2)).model()
Hyperbolic plane in the Klein Disk Model

sage: HM = HyperbolicPlane().HM()
sage: HM.get_geodesic((0, 0, 1), (0, 1, sqrt(2))).model()
Hyperbolic plane in the Hyperboloid Model

Python

>>> from sage.all import *
>>> UHP = HyperbolicPlane().UHP()
>>> UHP.get_geodesic(I, Integer(2)*I).model()
Hyperbolic plane in the Upper Half Plane Model

>>> PD = HyperbolicPlane().PD()
>>> PD.get_geodesic(Integer(0), I/Integer(2)).model()
Hyperbolic plane in the Poincare Disk Model

>>> KM = HyperbolicPlane().KM()
>>> KM.get_geodesic((Integer(0), Integer(0)), (Integer(0), Integer(1)/Integer(2))).model()
Hyperbolic plane in the Klein Disk Model

>>> HM = HyperbolicPlane().HM()
>>> HM.get_geodesic((Integer(0), Integer(0), Integer(1)), (Integer(0), Integer(1), sqrt(Integer(2)))).model()
Hyperbolic plane in the Hyperboloid Model

perpendicular_bisector()

Return the perpendicular bisector of self if self has finite length. Here distance is hyperbolic distance.

EXAMPLES:

Sage

sage: PD = HyperbolicPlane().PD()
sage: g = PD.get_geodesic(-0.3+0.4*I,+0.7-0.1*I)
sage: h = g.perpendicular_bisector().complete()
sage: P = g.plot(color='blue')+h.plot(color='orange');P
Graphics object consisting of 4 graphics primitives

Python

>>> from sage.all import *
>>> PD = HyperbolicPlane().PD()
>>> g = PD.get_geodesic(-RealNumber('0.3')+RealNumber('0.4')*I,+RealNumber('0.7')-RealNumber('0.1')*I)
>>> h = g.perpendicular_bisector().complete()
>>> P = g.plot(color='blue')+h.plot(color='orange');P
Graphics object consisting of 4 graphics primitives

Complete geodesics cannot be bisected:

Sage

sage: g = HyperbolicPlane().PD().get_geodesic(0, 1)
sage: g.perpendicular_bisector()
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: the length must be finite

Python

>>> from sage.all import *
>>> g = HyperbolicPlane().PD().get_geodesic(Integer(0), Integer(1))
>>> g.perpendicular_bisector()
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: the length must be finite

reflection_involution()

Return the involution fixing self.

EXAMPLES:

Sage

sage: H = HyperbolicPlane()
sage: gU = H.UHP().get_geodesic(2,4)
sage: RU = gU.reflection_involution(); RU
Isometry in UHP
[ 3 -8]
[ 1 -3]

sage: RU*gU == gU
True

sage: gP = H.PD().get_geodesic(0, I)
sage: RP = gP.reflection_involution(); RP
Isometry in PD
[ 1  0]
[ 0 -1]

sage: RP*gP == gP
True

sage: gK = H.KM().get_geodesic((0,0), (0,1))
sage: RK = gK.reflection_involution(); RK
Isometry in KM
[-1  0  0]
[ 0  1  0]
[ 0  0  1]

sage: RK*gK == gK
True

sage: HM = H.HM()
sage: g = HM.get_geodesic((0,0,1), (1,0, n(sqrt(2))))
sage: A = g.reflection_involution()
sage: B = diagonal_matrix([1, -1, 1])
sage: bool((B - A.matrix()).norm() < 10**-9)
True

Python

>>> from sage.all import *
>>> H = HyperbolicPlane()
>>> gU = H.UHP().get_geodesic(Integer(2),Integer(4))
>>> RU = gU.reflection_involution(); RU
Isometry in UHP
[ 3 -8]
[ 1 -3]

>>> RU*gU == gU
True

>>> gP = H.PD().get_geodesic(Integer(0), I)
>>> RP = gP.reflection_involution(); RP
Isometry in PD
[ 1  0]
[ 0 -1]

>>> RP*gP == gP
True

>>> gK = H.KM().get_geodesic((Integer(0),Integer(0)), (Integer(0),Integer(1)))
>>> RK = gK.reflection_involution(); RK
Isometry in KM
[-1  0  0]
[ 0  1  0]
[ 0  0  1]

>>> RK*gK == gK
True

>>> HM = H.HM()
>>> g = HM.get_geodesic((Integer(0),Integer(0),Integer(1)), (Integer(1),Integer(0), n(sqrt(Integer(2)))))
>>> A = g.reflection_involution()
>>> B = diagonal_matrix([Integer(1), -Integer(1), Integer(1)])
>>> bool((B - A.matrix()).norm() < Integer(10)**-Integer(9))
True

The above tests go through the Upper Half Plane. It remains to test that the matrices in the models do what we intend.

Sage

sage: from sage.geometry.hyperbolic_space.hyperbolic_isometry \
....:   import moebius_transform
sage: R = H.PD().get_geodesic(-1,1).reflection_involution()
sage: bool(moebius_transform(R.matrix(), 0) == 0)
True

Python

>>> from sage.all import *
>>> from sage.geometry.hyperbolic_space.hyperbolic_isometry   import moebius_transform
>>> R = H.PD().get_geodesic(-Integer(1),Integer(1)).reflection_involution()
>>> bool(moebius_transform(R.matrix(), Integer(0)) == Integer(0))
True

start()

Return the starting point of the geodesic.

EXAMPLES:

Sage

sage: g = HyperbolicPlane().UHP().get_geodesic(I, 3*I)
sage: g.start()
Point in UHP I

Python

>>> from sage.all import *
>>> g = HyperbolicPlane().UHP().get_geodesic(I, Integer(3)*I)
>>> g.start()
Point in UHP I

to_model(model)

Convert the current object to image in another model.

INPUT:

• model – the image model

EXAMPLES:

Sage

sage: UHP = HyperbolicPlane().UHP()
sage: PD = HyperbolicPlane().PD()
sage: UHP.get_geodesic(I, 2*I).to_model(PD)
Geodesic in PD from 0 to 1/3*I
sage: UHP.get_geodesic(I, 2*I).to_model('PD')
Geodesic in PD from 0 to 1/3*I

Python

>>> from sage.all import *
>>> UHP = HyperbolicPlane().UHP()
>>> PD = HyperbolicPlane().PD()
>>> UHP.get_geodesic(I, Integer(2)*I).to_model(PD)
Geodesic in PD from 0 to 1/3*I
>>> UHP.get_geodesic(I, Integer(2)*I).to_model('PD')
Geodesic in PD from 0 to 1/3*I

update_graphics(update=False, **options)

Update the graphics options of self.

INPUT:

• update – if True, the original option are updated rather than overwritten

EXAMPLES:

Sage

sage: g = HyperbolicPlane().UHP().get_geodesic(I, 2*I)
sage: g.graphics_options()
{}

sage: g.update_graphics(color = "red"); g.graphics_options()
{'color': 'red'}

sage: g.update_graphics(color = "blue"); g.graphics_options()
{'color': 'blue'}

sage: g.update_graphics(True, size = 20); g.graphics_options()
{'color': 'blue', 'size': 20}

Python

>>> from sage.all import *
>>> g = HyperbolicPlane().UHP().get_geodesic(I, Integer(2)*I)
>>> g.graphics_options()
{}

>>> g.update_graphics(color = "red"); g.graphics_options()
{'color': 'red'}

>>> g.update_graphics(color = "blue"); g.graphics_options()
{'color': 'blue'}

>>> g.update_graphics(True, size = Integer(20)); g.graphics_options()
{'color': 'blue', 'size': 20}

class sage.geometry.hyperbolic_space.hyperbolic_geodesic.HyperbolicGeodesicHM(model, start, end, **graphics_options)

Bases: HyperbolicGeodesic

A geodesic in the hyperboloid model.

Valid points in the hyperboloid model satisfy \(x^2 + y^2 - z^2 = -1\)

INPUT:

• start – a HyperbolicPoint in hyperbolic space representing the start of the geodesic

• end – a HyperbolicPoint in hyperbolic space representing the end of the geodesic

EXAMPLES:

Sage

sage: HM = HyperbolicPlane().HM()
sage: p1 = HM.get_point((4, -4, sqrt(33)))
sage: p2 = HM.get_point((-3,-3,sqrt(19)))
sage: g = HM.get_geodesic(p1, p2)
sage: g = HM.get_geodesic((4, -4, sqrt(33)), (-3, -3, sqrt(19)))

Python

>>> from sage.all import *
>>> HM = HyperbolicPlane().HM()
>>> p1 = HM.get_point((Integer(4), -Integer(4), sqrt(Integer(33))))
>>> p2 = HM.get_point((-Integer(3),-Integer(3),sqrt(Integer(19))))
>>> g = HM.get_geodesic(p1, p2)
>>> g = HM.get_geodesic((Integer(4), -Integer(4), sqrt(Integer(33))), (-Integer(3), -Integer(3), sqrt(Integer(19))))

plot(show_hyperboloid=True, **graphics_options)

Plot self.

EXAMPLES:

Sage

sage: from sage.geometry.hyperbolic_space.hyperbolic_geodesic \
....:    import *
sage: g = HyperbolicPlane().HM().random_geodesic()
sage: g.plot()                                                              # needs sage.plot
Graphics3d Object

Python

>>> from sage.all import *
>>> from sage.geometry.hyperbolic_space.hyperbolic_geodesic    import *
>>> g = HyperbolicPlane().HM().random_geodesic()
>>> g.plot()                                                              # needs sage.plot
Graphics3d Object

class sage.geometry.hyperbolic_space.hyperbolic_geodesic.HyperbolicGeodesicKM(model, start, end, **graphics_options)

Bases: HyperbolicGeodesic

A geodesic in the Klein disk model.

Geodesics are represented by the chords, straight line segments with ideal endpoints on the boundary circle.

INPUT:

• start – a HyperbolicPoint in hyperbolic space representing the start of the geodesic

• end – a HyperbolicPoint in hyperbolic space representing the end of the geodesic

EXAMPLES:

Sage

sage: KM = HyperbolicPlane().KM()
sage: g = KM.get_geodesic((0.1,0.9),(-0.1,-0.9))
sage: h = KM.get_geodesic((-0.707106781,-0.707106781),(0.707106781,-0.707106781))
sage: P = g.plot(color='orange')+h.plot(); P                                    # needs sage.plot
Graphics object consisting of 4 graphics primitives

Python

>>> from sage.all import *
>>> KM = HyperbolicPlane().KM()
>>> g = KM.get_geodesic((RealNumber('0.1'),RealNumber('0.9')),(-RealNumber('0.1'),-RealNumber('0.9')))
>>> h = KM.get_geodesic((-RealNumber('0.707106781'),-RealNumber('0.707106781')),(RealNumber('0.707106781'),-RealNumber('0.707106781')))
>>> P = g.plot(color='orange')+h.plot(); P                                    # needs sage.plot
Graphics object consisting of 4 graphics primitives

plot(boundary=True, **options)

Plot self.

EXAMPLES:

Sage

sage: HyperbolicPlane().KM().get_geodesic(0, 1).plot()                      # needs sage.plot
Graphics object consisting of 2 graphics primitives

Python

>>> from sage.all import *
>>> HyperbolicPlane().KM().get_geodesic(Integer(0), Integer(1)).plot()                      # needs sage.plot
Graphics object consisting of 2 graphics primitives

class sage.geometry.hyperbolic_space.hyperbolic_geodesic.HyperbolicGeodesicPD(model, start, end, **graphics_options)

Bases: HyperbolicGeodesic

A geodesic in the Poincaré disk model.

Geodesics in this model are represented by segments of circles contained within the unit disk that are orthogonal to the boundary of the disk, plus all diameters of the disk.

INPUT:

• start – a HyperbolicPoint in hyperbolic space representing the start of the geodesic

• end – a HyperbolicPoint in hyperbolic space representing the end of the geodesic

EXAMPLES:

Sage

sage: PD = HyperbolicPlane().PD()
sage: g = PD.get_geodesic(PD.get_point(I), PD.get_point(-I/2))
sage: g = PD.get_geodesic(I,-I/2)
sage: h = PD.get_geodesic(-1/2+I/2,1/2+I/2)

Python

>>> from sage.all import *
>>> PD = HyperbolicPlane().PD()
>>> g = PD.get_geodesic(PD.get_point(I), PD.get_point(-I/Integer(2)))
>>> g = PD.get_geodesic(I,-I/Integer(2))
>>> h = PD.get_geodesic(-Integer(1)/Integer(2)+I/Integer(2),Integer(1)/Integer(2)+I/Integer(2))

plot(boundary=True, **options)

Plot self.

EXAMPLES:

First some lines:

Sage

sage: PD = HyperbolicPlane().PD()
sage: PD.get_geodesic(0, 1).plot()                                          # needs sage.plot
Graphics object consisting of 2 graphics primitives

Python

>>> from sage.all import *
>>> PD = HyperbolicPlane().PD()
>>> PD.get_geodesic(Integer(0), Integer(1)).plot()                                          # needs sage.plot
Graphics object consisting of 2 graphics primitives

Sage

sage: PD.get_geodesic(0, 0.3+0.8*I).plot()                                  # needs sage.plot
Graphics object consisting of 2 graphics primitives

Python

>>> from sage.all import *
>>> PD.get_geodesic(Integer(0), RealNumber('0.3')+RealNumber('0.8')*I).plot()                                  # needs sage.plot
Graphics object consisting of 2 graphics primitives

Then some generic geodesics:

Sage

sage: PD.get_geodesic(-0.5, 0.3+0.4*I).plot()                               # needs sage.plot
Graphics object consisting of 2 graphics primitives
sage: g = PD.get_geodesic(-1, exp(3*I*pi/7))
sage: G = g.plot(linestyle="dashed",color="red"); G                         # needs sage.plot
Graphics object consisting of 2 graphics primitives
sage: h = PD.get_geodesic(exp(2*I*pi/11), exp(1*I*pi/11))
sage: H = h.plot(thickness=6, color="orange"); H                            # needs sage.plot
Graphics object consisting of 2 graphics primitives
sage: show(G+H)                                                             # needs sage.plot

Python

>>> from sage.all import *
>>> PD.get_geodesic(-RealNumber('0.5'), RealNumber('0.3')+RealNumber('0.4')*I).plot()                               # needs sage.plot
Graphics object consisting of 2 graphics primitives
>>> g = PD.get_geodesic(-Integer(1), exp(Integer(3)*I*pi/Integer(7)))
>>> G = g.plot(linestyle="dashed",color="red"); G                         # needs sage.plot
Graphics object consisting of 2 graphics primitives
>>> h = PD.get_geodesic(exp(Integer(2)*I*pi/Integer(11)), exp(Integer(1)*I*pi/Integer(11)))
>>> H = h.plot(thickness=Integer(6), color="orange"); H                            # needs sage.plot
Graphics object consisting of 2 graphics primitives
>>> show(G+H)                                                             # needs sage.plot

class sage.geometry.hyperbolic_space.hyperbolic_geodesic.HyperbolicGeodesicUHP(model, start, end, **graphics_options)

Bases: HyperbolicGeodesic

Create a geodesic in the upper half plane model.

The geodesics in this model are represented by circular arcs perpendicular to the real axis (half-circles whose origin is on the real axis) and straight vertical lines ending on the real axis.

INPUT:

• start – a HyperbolicPoint in hyperbolic space representing the start of the geodesic

• end – a HyperbolicPoint in hyperbolic space representing the end of the geodesic

EXAMPLES:

Sage

sage: UHP = HyperbolicPlane().UHP()
sage: g = UHP.get_geodesic(UHP.get_point(I), UHP.get_point(2 + I))
sage: g = UHP.get_geodesic(I, 2 + I)
sage: h = UHP.get_geodesic(-1, -1+2*I)

Python

>>> from sage.all import *
>>> UHP = HyperbolicPlane().UHP()
>>> g = UHP.get_geodesic(UHP.get_point(I), UHP.get_point(Integer(2) + I))
>>> g = UHP.get_geodesic(I, Integer(2) + I)
>>> h = UHP.get_geodesic(-Integer(1), -Integer(1)+Integer(2)*I)

angle(other)

Return the angle between the completions of any two given geodesics if they intersect.

INPUT:

• other – a hyperbolic geodesic in the UHP model

OUTPUT:

• the angle in radians between the two given geodesics

EXAMPLES:

Sage

sage: UHP = HyperbolicPlane().UHP()
sage: g = UHP.get_geodesic(2, 4)
sage: h = UHP.get_geodesic(3, 3 + I)
sage: g.angle(h)
1/2*pi
sage: numerical_approx(g.angle(h))
1.57079632679490

Python

>>> from sage.all import *
>>> UHP = HyperbolicPlane().UHP()
>>> g = UHP.get_geodesic(Integer(2), Integer(4))
>>> h = UHP.get_geodesic(Integer(3), Integer(3) + I)
>>> g.angle(h)
1/2*pi
>>> numerical_approx(g.angle(h))
1.57079632679490

If the geodesics are identical, return angle 0:

Sage

sage: g.angle(g)
0

Python

>>> from sage.all import *
>>> g.angle(g)
0

It is an error to ask for the angle of two geodesics that do not intersect:

Sage

sage: g = UHP.get_geodesic(2, 4)
sage: h = UHP.get_geodesic(5, 7)
sage: g.angle(h)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: geodesics do not intersect

Python

>>> from sage.all import *
>>> g = UHP.get_geodesic(Integer(2), Integer(4))
>>> h = UHP.get_geodesic(Integer(5), Integer(7))
>>> g.angle(h)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: geodesics do not intersect

common_perpendicular(other)

Return the unique hyperbolic geodesic perpendicular to self and other, if such a geodesic exists; otherwise raise a ValueError.

INPUT:

• other – a hyperbolic geodesic in current model

OUTPUT:

• a hyperbolic geodesic

EXAMPLES:

Sage

sage: UHP = HyperbolicPlane().UHP()
sage: g = UHP.get_geodesic(2, 3)
sage: h = UHP.get_geodesic(4, 5)
sage: g.common_perpendicular(h)
Geodesic in UHP from 1/2*sqrt(3) + 7/2 to -1/2*sqrt(3) + 7/2

Python

>>> from sage.all import *
>>> UHP = HyperbolicPlane().UHP()
>>> g = UHP.get_geodesic(Integer(2), Integer(3))
>>> h = UHP.get_geodesic(Integer(4), Integer(5))
>>> g.common_perpendicular(h)
Geodesic in UHP from 1/2*sqrt(3) + 7/2 to -1/2*sqrt(3) + 7/2

It is an error to ask for the common perpendicular of two intersecting geodesics:

Sage

sage: g = UHP.get_geodesic(2, 4)
sage: h = UHP.get_geodesic(3, infinity)
sage: g.common_perpendicular(h)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: geodesics intersect; no common perpendicular exists

Python

>>> from sage.all import *
>>> g = UHP.get_geodesic(Integer(2), Integer(4))
>>> h = UHP.get_geodesic(Integer(3), infinity)
>>> g.common_perpendicular(h)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: geodesics intersect; no common perpendicular exists

ideal_endpoints()

Determine the ideal (boundary) endpoints of the complete hyperbolic geodesic corresponding to self.

OUTPUT:

• a list of 2 boundary points

EXAMPLES:

Sage

sage: UHP = HyperbolicPlane().UHP()
sage: UHP.get_geodesic(I, 2*I).ideal_endpoints()
[Boundary point in UHP 0,
 Boundary point in UHP +Infinity]
sage: UHP.get_geodesic(1 + I, 2 + 4*I).ideal_endpoints()
[Boundary point in UHP -sqrt(65) + 9,
 Boundary point in UHP sqrt(65) + 9]

Python

>>> from sage.all import *
>>> UHP = HyperbolicPlane().UHP()
>>> UHP.get_geodesic(I, Integer(2)*I).ideal_endpoints()
[Boundary point in UHP 0,
 Boundary point in UHP +Infinity]
>>> UHP.get_geodesic(Integer(1) + I, Integer(2) + Integer(4)*I).ideal_endpoints()
[Boundary point in UHP -sqrt(65) + 9,
 Boundary point in UHP sqrt(65) + 9]

intersection(other)

Return the point of intersection of self and other (if such a point exists).

INPUT:

• other – a hyperbolic geodesic in the current model

OUTPUT:

• a list of hyperbolic points or a hyperbolic geodesic

EXAMPLES:

Sage

sage: UHP = HyperbolicPlane().UHP()
sage: g = UHP.get_geodesic(3, 5)
sage: h = UHP.get_geodesic(4, 7)
sage: g.intersection(h)
[Point in UHP 2/3*sqrt(-2) + 13/3]

Python

>>> from sage.all import *
>>> UHP = HyperbolicPlane().UHP()
>>> g = UHP.get_geodesic(Integer(3), Integer(5))
>>> h = UHP.get_geodesic(Integer(4), Integer(7))
>>> g.intersection(h)
[Point in UHP 2/3*sqrt(-2) + 13/3]

If the given geodesics do not intersect, the function returns an empty list:

Sage

sage: g = UHP.get_geodesic(4, 5)
sage: h = UHP.get_geodesic(6, 7)
sage: g.intersection(h)
[]

Python

>>> from sage.all import *
>>> g = UHP.get_geodesic(Integer(4), Integer(5))
>>> h = UHP.get_geodesic(Integer(6), Integer(7))
>>> g.intersection(h)
[]

If the given geodesics are asymptotically parallel, the function returns the common boundary point:

Sage

sage: g = UHP.get_geodesic(4, 5)
sage: h = UHP.get_geodesic(5, 7)
sage: g.intersection(h)
[Boundary point in UHP 5.00000000000000]

Python

>>> from sage.all import *
>>> g = UHP.get_geodesic(Integer(4), Integer(5))
>>> h = UHP.get_geodesic(Integer(5), Integer(7))
>>> g.intersection(h)
[Boundary point in UHP 5.00000000000000]

If the given geodesics are identical, return that geodesic:

Sage

sage: g = UHP.get_geodesic(4 + I, 18*I)
sage: h = UHP.get_geodesic(4 + I, 18*I)
sage: g.intersection(h)
Geodesic in UHP from I + 4 to 18*I

Python

>>> from sage.all import *
>>> g = UHP.get_geodesic(Integer(4) + I, Integer(18)*I)
>>> h = UHP.get_geodesic(Integer(4) + I, Integer(18)*I)
>>> g.intersection(h)
Geodesic in UHP from I + 4 to 18*I

midpoint()

Return the (hyperbolic) midpoint of self if it exists.

EXAMPLES:

Sage

sage: UHP = HyperbolicPlane().UHP()
sage: g = UHP.random_geodesic()
sage: m = g.midpoint()
sage: d1 = UHP.dist(m, g.start())
sage: d2 = UHP.dist(m, g.end())
sage: bool(abs(d1 - d2) < 10**-9)
True

Python

>>> from sage.all import *
>>> UHP = HyperbolicPlane().UHP()
>>> g = UHP.random_geodesic()
>>> m = g.midpoint()
>>> d1 = UHP.dist(m, g.start())
>>> d2 = UHP.dist(m, g.end())
>>> bool(abs(d1 - d2) < Integer(10)**-Integer(9))
True

Infinite geodesics have no midpoint:

Sage

sage: UHP.get_geodesic(0, 2).midpoint()
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: the length must be finite

Python

>>> from sage.all import *
>>> UHP.get_geodesic(Integer(0), Integer(2)).midpoint()
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: the length must be finite

perpendicular_bisector()

Return the perpendicular bisector of the hyperbolic geodesic self if that geodesic has finite length.

EXAMPLES:

Sage

sage: UHP = HyperbolicPlane().UHP()
sage: g = UHP.random_geodesic()
sage: h = g.perpendicular_bisector().complete()
sage: c = lambda x: x.coordinates()
sage: bool(c(g.intersection(h)[0]) - c(g.midpoint()) < 10**-9)
True

Python

>>> from sage.all import *
>>> UHP = HyperbolicPlane().UHP()
>>> g = UHP.random_geodesic()
>>> h = g.perpendicular_bisector().complete()
>>> c = lambda x: x.coordinates()
>>> bool(c(g.intersection(h)[Integer(0)]) - c(g.midpoint()) < Integer(10)**-Integer(9))
True

Sage

sage: UHP = HyperbolicPlane().UHP()
sage: g = UHP.get_geodesic(1+I,2+0.5*I)
sage: h = g.perpendicular_bisector().complete()
sage: show(g.plot(color='blue')+h.plot(color='orange'))

Python

>>> from sage.all import *
>>> UHP = HyperbolicPlane().UHP()
>>> g = UHP.get_geodesic(Integer(1)+I,Integer(2)+RealNumber('0.5')*I)
>>> h = g.perpendicular_bisector().complete()
>>> show(g.plot(color='blue')+h.plot(color='orange'))

Infinite geodesics cannot be bisected:

Sage

sage: UHP.get_geodesic(0, 1).perpendicular_bisector()
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: the length must be finite

Python

>>> from sage.all import *
>>> UHP.get_geodesic(Integer(0), Integer(1)).perpendicular_bisector()
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: the length must be finite

plot(boundary=True, **options)

Plot self.

EXAMPLES:

Sage

sage: UHP = HyperbolicPlane().UHP()
sage: UHP.get_geodesic(0, 1).plot()                                         # needs sage.plot
Graphics object consisting of 2 graphics primitives

Python

>>> from sage.all import *
>>> UHP = HyperbolicPlane().UHP()
>>> UHP.get_geodesic(Integer(0), Integer(1)).plot()                                         # needs sage.plot
Graphics object consisting of 2 graphics primitives

Sage

sage: UHP.get_geodesic(I, 3+4*I).plot(linestyle="dashed", color="brown")    # needs sage.plot
Graphics object consisting of 2 graphics primitives

Python

>>> from sage.all import *
>>> UHP.get_geodesic(I, Integer(3)+Integer(4)*I).plot(linestyle="dashed", color="brown")    # needs sage.plot
Graphics object consisting of 2 graphics primitives

Sage

sage: UHP.get_geodesic(1, infinity).plot(color='orange')                    # needs sage.plot
Graphics object consisting of 2 graphics primitives

Python

>>> from sage.all import *
>>> UHP.get_geodesic(Integer(1), infinity).plot(color='orange')                    # needs sage.plot
Graphics object consisting of 2 graphics primitives

reflection_involution()

Return the isometry of the involution fixing the geodesic self.

EXAMPLES:

Sage

sage: UHP = HyperbolicPlane().UHP()
sage: g1 = UHP.get_geodesic(0, 1)
sage: g1.reflection_involution()
Isometry in UHP
[ 1  0]
[ 2 -1]
sage: UHP.get_geodesic(I, 2*I).reflection_involution()
Isometry in UHP
[ 1  0]
[ 0 -1]

Python

>>> from sage.all import *
>>> UHP = HyperbolicPlane().UHP()
>>> g1 = UHP.get_geodesic(Integer(0), Integer(1))
>>> g1.reflection_involution()
Isometry in UHP
[ 1  0]
[ 2 -1]
>>> UHP.get_geodesic(I, Integer(2)*I).reflection_involution()
Isometry in UHP
[ 1  0]
[ 0 -1]