# Univariate Dense Skew Polynomials over a field equipped with a finite order automorphism#

AUTHOR:

- Xavier Caruso (2012-06-29): initial version

• Arpit Merchant (2016-08-04): improved docstrings, fixed doctests and refactored classes and methods

class sage.rings.polynomial.skew_polynomial_finite_order.SkewPolynomial_finite_order_dense#

This method constructs a generic dense skew polynomial over a field equipped with an automorphism of finite order.

INPUT:

• parent – parent of self

• x – list of coefficients from which self can be constructed

• check – flag variable to normalize the polynomial

• construct – boolean (default: False)

bound()#

Return a bound of this skew polynomial (i.e. a multiple of this skew polynomial lying in the center).

Note

Since $$b$$ is central, it divides a skew polynomial on the left iff it divides it on the right

ALGORITHM:

1. Sage first checks whether self is itself in the center. It if is, it returns self

2. If an optimal bound was previously computed and cached, Sage returns it

3. Otherwise, Sage returns the reduced norm of self

As a consequence, the output of this function may depend on previous computations (an example is given below).

EXAMPLES:

sage: k.<t> = GF(5^3)
sage: Frob = k.frobenius_endomorphism()
sage: S.<x> = k['x', Frob]
sage: Z = S.center(); Z
Univariate Polynomial Ring in z over Finite Field of size 5

sage: a = x^2 + (4*t + 2)*x + 4*t^2 + 3
sage: b = a.bound(); b
z^2 + z + 4


We observe that the bound is explicitly given as an element of the center (which is a univariate polynomial ring in the variable $$z$$). We can use conversion to send it in the skew polynomial ring:

sage: S(b)
x^6 + x^3 + 4


We check that $$b$$ is divisible by $$a$$:

sage: S(b).is_right_divisible_by(a)
True
sage: S(b).is_left_divisible_by(a)
True


Actually, $$b$$ is the reduced norm of $$a$$:

sage: b == a.reduced_norm()
True


Now, we compute the optimal bound of $$a$$ and see that it affects the behaviour of bound():

sage: a.optimal_bound()
z + 3
sage: a.bound()
z + 3

is_central()#

Return True if this skew polynomial lies in the center.

EXAMPLES:

sage: k.<t> = GF(5^3)
sage: Frob = k.frobenius_endomorphism()
sage: S.<x> = k['x', Frob]

sage: x.is_central()
False
sage: (t*x^3).is_central()
False
sage: (x^6 + x^3).is_central()
True

optimal_bound()#

Return the optimal bound of this skew polynomial (i.e. the monic multiple of this skew polynomial of minimal degree lying in the center).

Note

The result is cached.

EXAMPLES:

sage: k.<t> = GF(5^3)
sage: Frob = k.frobenius_endomorphism()
sage: S.<x> = k['x', Frob]
sage: Z = S.center(); Z
Univariate Polynomial Ring in z over Finite Field of size 5

sage: a = x^2 + (4*t + 2)*x + 4*t^2 + 3
sage: b = a.optimal_bound(); b
z + 3


We observe that the bound is explicitly given as an element of the center (which is a univariate polynomial ring in the variable $$z$$). We can use conversion to send it in the skew polynomial ring:

sage: S(b)
x^3 + 3


We check that $$b$$ is divisible by $$a$$:

sage: S(b).is_right_divisible_by(a)
True
sage: S(b).is_left_divisible_by(a)
True

reduced_norm(var=None)#

Return the reduced norm of this skew polynomial.

INPUT:

• var – a string or False or None (default: None); the variable name; if False, return the list of coefficients

Note

The result is cached.

EXAMPLES:

sage: k.<t> = GF(5^3)
sage: Frob = k.frobenius_endomorphism()
sage: S.<x> = k['x', Frob]
sage: a = x^3 + (2*t^2 + 3)*x^2 + (4*t^2 + t + 4)*x + 2*t^2 + 2
sage: N = a.reduced_norm(); N
z^3 + 4*z^2 + 4


The reduced norm lies in the center of $$S$$, which is a univariate polynomial ring in the variable $$z = x^3$$ over $$\GF{5}$$:

sage: N.parent()
Univariate Polynomial Ring in z over Finite Field of size 5
sage: N.parent() is S.center()
True


We can use explicit conversion to view N as a skew polynomial:

sage: S(N)
x^9 + 4*x^6 + 4


By default, the name of the central variable is usually z (see center() for more details about this). However, the user can speciify a different variable name if desired:

sage: a.reduced_norm(var='u')
u^3 + 4*u^2 + 4


When passing in var=False, a tuple of coefficients (instead of an actual polynomial) is returned:

sage: a.reduced_norm(var=False)
(4, 0, 4, 1)


ALGORITHM:

If $$r$$ (= the order of the twist map) is small compared to $$d$$ (= the degree of this skew polynomial), the reduced norm is computed as the determinant of the multiplication by $$P$$ (= this skew polynomial) acting on $$K[X,\sigma]$$ (= the underlying skew ring) viewed as a free module of rank $$r$$ over $$K[X^r]$$.

Otherwise, the reduced norm is computed as the characteristic polynomial of the left multiplication by $$X$$ on the quotient $$K[X,\sigma] / K[X,\sigma] P$$ (which is a $$K$$-vector space of dimension $$d$$).

reduced_trace(var=None)#

Return the reduced trace of this skew polynomial.

INPUT:

• var – a string or False or None (default: None); the variable name; if False, return the list of coefficients

EXAMPLES:

sage: k.<t> = GF(5^3)
sage: Frob = k.frobenius_endomorphism()
sage: S.<x> = k['x', Frob]
sage: a = x^3 + (2*t^2 + 3)*x^2 + (4*t^2 + t + 4)*x + 2*t^2 + 2
sage: tr = a.reduced_trace(); tr
3*z + 4


The reduced trace lies in the center of $$S$$, which is a univariate polynomial ring in the variable $$z = x^3$$ over $$\GF{5}$$:

sage: tr.parent()
Univariate Polynomial Ring in z over Finite Field of size 5
sage: tr.parent() is S.center()
True


We can use explicit conversion to view tr as a skew polynomial:

sage: S(tr)
3*x^3 + 4


By default, the name of the central variable is usually z (see center() for more details about this). However, the user can specify a different variable name if desired:

sage: a.reduced_trace(var='u')
3*u + 4


When passing in var=False, a tuple of coefficients (instead of an actual polynomial) is returned:

sage: a.reduced_trace(var=False)
(4, 3)