Dynamical systems on projective schemes¶

A dynamical system of projective schemes determined by homogeneous polynomials functions that define what the morphism does on points in the ambient projective space.

The main constructor functions are given by DynamicalSystem and DynamicalSystem_projective. The constructors function can take either polynomials or a morphism from which to construct a dynamical system. If the domain is not specified, it is constructed. However, if you plan on working with points or subvarieties in the domain, it recommended to specify the domain.

The initialization checks are always performed by the constructor functions. It is possible, but not recommended, to skip these checks by calling the class initialization directly.

AUTHORS:

• David Kohel, William Stein

• William Stein (2006-02-11): fixed bug where P(0,0,0) was allowed as a projective point.

• Volker Braun (2011-08-08): Renamed classes, more documentation, misc cleanups.

• Ben Hutz (2013-03) iteration functionality and new directory structure for affine/projective, height functionality

• Brian Stout, Ben Hutz (Nov 2013) - added minimal model functionality

• Dillon Rose (2014-01): Speed enhancements

• Ben Hutz (2015-11): iteration of subschemes

• Ben Hutz (2017-7): relocate code and create class

class sage.dynamics.arithmetic_dynamics.projective_ds.DynamicalSystem_projective(polys, domain)

A dynamical system of projective schemes determined by homogeneous polynomials that define what the morphism does on points in the ambient projective space.

Warning

You should not create objects of this class directly because no type or consistency checking is performed. The preferred method to construct such dynamical systems is to use DynamicalSystem_projective() function

INPUT:

• morphism_or_polys – a SchemeMorphism, a polynomial, a rational function, or a list or tuple of homogeneous polynomials.

• domain – optional projective space or projective subscheme.

• names – optional tuple of strings to be used as coordinate names for a projective space that is constructed; defaults to 'X','Y'.

The following combinations of morphism_or_polys and domain are meaningful:

• morphism_or_polys is a SchemeMorphism; domain is ignored in this case.

• morphism_or_polys is a list of homogeneous polynomials that define a rational endomorphism of domain.

• morphism_or_polys is a list of homogeneous polynomials and domain is unspecified; domain is then taken to be the projective space of appropriate dimension over the common base ring, if one exists, of the elements of morphism_or_polys.

• morphism_or_polys is a single polynomial or rational function; domain is ignored and taken to be a 1-dimensional projective space over the base ring of morphism_or_polys with coordinate names given by names.

EXAMPLES:

sage: P1.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(QQ,1)
sage: DynamicalSystem_projective([y, 2*x])
Dynamical System of Projective Space of dimension 1 over Rational Field
Defn: Defined on coordinates by sending (x : y) to
(y : 2*x)


We can define dynamical systems on $$P^1$$ by giving a polynomial or rational function:

sage: R.<t> = QQ[]
sage: DynamicalSystem_projective(t^2 - 3)
Dynamical System of Projective Space of dimension 1 over Rational Field
Defn: Defined on coordinates by sending (X : Y) to
(X^2 - 3*Y^2 : Y^2)
sage: DynamicalSystem_projective(1/t^2)
Dynamical System of Projective Space of dimension 1 over Rational Field
Defn: Defined on coordinates by sending (X : Y) to
(Y^2 : X^2)

sage: R.<x> = PolynomialRing(QQ,1)
sage: DynamicalSystem_projective(x^2, names=['a','b'])
Dynamical System of Projective Space of dimension 1 over Rational Field
Defn: Defined on coordinates by sending (a : b) to
(a^2 : b^2)


Symbolic Ring elements are not allowed:

sage: x,y = var('x,y')
sage: DynamicalSystem_projective([x^2,y^2])
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: [x^2, y^2] must be elements of a polynomial ring

sage: R.<x> = PolynomialRing(QQ,1)
sage: DynamicalSystem_projective(x^2)
Dynamical System of Projective Space of dimension 1 over Rational Field
Defn: Defined on coordinates by sending (X : Y) to
(X^2 : Y^2)

sage: R.<t> = PolynomialRing(QQ)
sage: P.<x,y,z> = ProjectiveSpace(R, 2)
sage: X = P.subscheme([x])
sage: DynamicalSystem_projective([x^2, t*y^2, x*z], domain=X)
Dynamical System of Closed subscheme of Projective Space of dimension
2 over Univariate Polynomial Ring in t over Rational Field defined by:
x
Defn: Defined on coordinates by sending (x : y : z) to
(x^2 : t*y^2 : x*z)


When elements of the quotient ring are used, they are reduced:

sage: P.<x,y,z> = ProjectiveSpace(CC, 2)
sage: X = P.subscheme([x-y])
sage: u,v,w = X.coordinate_ring().gens()
sage: DynamicalSystem_projective([u^2, v^2, w*u], domain=X)
Dynamical System of Closed subscheme of Projective Space of dimension
2 over Complex Field with 53 bits of precision defined by:
x - y
Defn: Defined on coordinates by sending (x : y : z) to
(y^2 : y^2 : y*z)


We can also compute the forward image of subschemes through elimination. In particular, let $$X = V(h_1,\ldots, h_t)$$ and define the ideal $$I = (h_1,\ldots,h_t,y_0-f_0(\bar{x}), \ldots, y_n-f_n(\bar{x}))$$. Then the elimination ideal $$I_{n+1} = I \cap K[y_0,\ldots,y_n]$$ is a homogeneous ideal and $$f(X) = V(I_{n+1})$$:

sage: P.<x,y,z> = ProjectiveSpace(QQ, 2)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([(x-2*y)^2, (x-2*z)^2, x^2])
sage: X = P.subscheme(y-z)
sage: f(f(f(X)))
Closed subscheme of Projective Space of dimension 2 over Rational Field
defined by:
y - z

sage: P.<x,y,z,w> = ProjectiveSpace(QQ, 3)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([(x-2*y)^2, (x-2*z)^2, (x-2*w)^2, x^2])
sage: f(P.subscheme([x,y,z]))
Closed subscheme of Projective Space of dimension 3 over Rational Field
defined by:
w,
y,
x

sage: T.<x,y,z,w,u> = ProductProjectiveSpaces([2, 1], QQ)
sage: DynamicalSystem_projective([x^2*u, y^2*w, z^2*u, w^2, u^2], domain=T)
Dynamical System of Product of projective spaces P^2 x P^1 over Rational Field
Defn: Defined by sending (x : y : z , w : u) to
(x^2*u : y^2*w : z^2*u , w^2 : u^2).

sage: K.<v> = QuadraticField(-7)
sage: P.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(K, 1)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem([x^3 + v*x*y^2, y^3])
sage: fbar = f.change_ring(QQbar)
sage: fbar.is_postcritically_finite()
False

affine_preperiodic_model(m, n, return_conjugation=False)

Return a dynamical system conjugate to this one with affine (n, m) preperiodic points.

If the base ring of this dynamical system is finite, there may not be a model with affine preperiodic points, in which case a ValueError is thrown.

INPUT:

• m – the preperiod of the preperiodic points to make affine.

• n – the period of the preperiodic points to make affine.

• return_conjugation – (default: False) If True, return a tuple (g, phi) where g is a model with affine (n, m) preperiodic points and phi is the matrix that moves f to g.

OUTPUT: a dynamical system conjugate to this one.

EXAMPLES:

sage: P.<x,y,z> = ProjectiveSpace(QQ, 2)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([x^2, y^2, z^2])
sage: g = f.affine_preperiodic_model(0, 1); g
Dynamical System of Projective Space of dimension 2 over Rational Field
Defn: Defined on coordinates by sending (x : y : z) to
(-x^2 : 2*x^2 + 2*x*y + y^2 : 2*x^2 + 2*x*y + 2*y^2 - 2*y*z + z^2)


We can check that g has affine fixed points:

sage: g.periodic_points(1)
[(-1 : 1 : 1), (-1/2 : 1/2 : 1), (-1/2 : 1 : 1), (-1/3 : 2/3 : 1), (0 : 0 : 1),
(0 : 1/2 : 1), (0 : 1 : 1)]

sage: P.<x,y,z> = ProjectiveSpace(GF(9), 2)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([x^2, y^2, z^2])
sage: f.affine_preperiodic_model(0, 1)
Dynamical System of Projective Space of dimension 2 over Finite Field in z2 of size 3^2
Defn: Defined on coordinates by sending (x : y : z) to
((z2 + 1)*x^2 : (z2 + 1)*x^2 + (z2 + 1)*x*y + (-z2 - 1)*y^2 :
(z2 - 1)*x^2 + (z2 - 1)*x*y - y^2 + (-z2)*y*z + z^2)

sage: R.<c> = GF(3)[]
sage: P.<x,y,z> = ProjectiveSpace(R, 2)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([x^2, y^2, z^2])
sage: f.affine_preperiodic_model(0, 1) # long time
Dynamical System of Projective Space of dimension 2 over
Univariate Polynomial Ring in c over Finite Field of size 3
Defn: Defined on coordinates by sending (x : y : z) to
((2*c^4 + c^3)*x^2 : (2*c^4 + c^3)*x^2 + (2*c^4 + c^3)*x*y + (c^4 + 2*c^3)*y^2 :
c^3*x^2 + c^3*x*y + (2*c^3 + 2*c^2)*y^2 + (c^3 + 2*c^2)*y*z + (2*c^4 + 2*c^3 +
2*c^2)*z^2)

sage: K.<k> = CyclotomicField(3)
sage: P.<x,y,z> = ProjectiveSpace(K, 2)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([x^2 + k*x*y + y^2, z^2, y^2])
sage: f.affine_preperiodic_model(1, 1)
Dynamical System of Projective Space of dimension 2
over Cyclotomic Field of order 3 and degree 2
Defn: Defined on coordinates by sending (x : y : z) to
(x^2 + y^2 + (-k + 2)*x*z - 2*y*z + (-k + 3)*z^2 :
-2*x^2 + (k - 4)*x*z + (k - 3)*z^2 : -x^2 + (k - 2)*x*z + (k - 2)*z^2)

sage: P.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(QQ, 1)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([x^2 + y^2, y^2])
sage: g, mat = f.affine_preperiodic_model(0, 1, return_conjugation=True)
sage: g == f.conjugate(mat)
True

sage: P.<x,y,z> = ProjectiveSpace(QQ, 2)
sage: X = P.subscheme(2*y - z)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([x^2 + y^2, z^2 + y^2, z^2], domain=X)
sage: f.affine_preperiodic_model(0, 1)
Dynamical System of Closed subscheme of Projective Space of dimension 2 over Rational Field defined by:
2*y - z
Defn: Defined on coordinates by sending (x : y : z) to
(2*x^2 + y^2 + 4*x*z - 2*y*z + 4*z^2 : -x^2 - y^2 - 2*x*z + 2*y*z - 3*z^2 :
-x^2 - 2*x*z - 2*z^2)

all_minimal_models(return_transformation=False, prime_list=None, algorithm=None, check_minimal=True)

Determine a representative in each $$SL(2,\ZZ)$$-orbit of this map.

This can be done either with the Bruin-Molnar algorithm or the Hutz-Stoll algorithm. The Hutz-Stoll algorithm requires the map to have minimal resultant and then finds representatives in orbits with minimal resultant. The Bruin-Molnar algorithm finds representatives with the same resultant (up to sign) of the given map.

Bruin-Molnar does not work for polynomials and is more efficient for large primes.

INPUT:

• return_transformation – (default: False) boolean; this signals a return of the $$PGL_2$$ transformation to conjugate this map to the calculated models

• prime_list – (optional) a list of primes, in case one only wants to determine minimality at those specific primes

• algorithm – (optional) string; can be one of the following:

• 'BM' - the Bruin-Molnar algorithm [BM2012]

• 'HS' - for the Hutz-Stoll algorithm [HS2018]

if not specified, properties of the map are utilized to choose

• check_minimal – (optional) boolean; to first check if the map is minimal and if not, compute a minimal model before computing for orbit representatives

OUTPUT:

A list of pairs $$(F,m)$$, where $$F$$ is dynamical system on the projective line and $$m$$ is the associated $$PGL(2,\QQ)$$ element. Or just a list of dynamical systems if not returning the conjugation.

EXAMPLES:

sage: P.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(QQ, 1)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem([2*x^2, 3*y^2])
sage: f.all_minimal_models()
[Dynamical System of Projective Space of dimension 1 over Rational Field
Defn: Defined on coordinates by sending (x : y) to
(x^2 : y^2)]

sage: P.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(QQ, 1)
sage: c = 2*3^6
sage: f = DynamicalSystem([x^3 - c^2*y^3, x*y^2])
sage: len(f.all_minimal_models(algorithm='HS'))
14
sage: len(f.all_minimal_models(prime_list=[2], algorithm='HS'))
2

sage: P.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(QQ, 1)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem([237568*x^3 + 1204224*x^2*y + 2032560*x*y^2
....:     + 1142289*y^3, -131072*x^3 - 663552*x^2*y - 1118464*x*y^2
....:     - 627664*y^3])
sage: len(f.all_minimal_models(algorithm='BM'))
2


REFERENCES:

automorphism_group(**kwds)

Calculates the subgroup of $$PGL2$$ that is the automorphism group of this dynamical system.

The automorphism group is the set of $$PGL(2)$$ elements that fixes this map under conjugation.

INPUT:

keywords:

• starting_prime – (default: 5) the first prime to use for CRT

• algorithm– (optional) can be one of the following:

• 'CRT' - Chinese Remainder Theorem

• 'fixed_points' - fixed points algorithm

• return_functions– (default: False) boolean; True returns elements as linear fractional transformations and False returns elements as $$PGL2$$ matrices

• iso_type – (default: False) boolean; True returns the isomorphism type of the automorphism group

OUTPUT: a list of elements in the automorphism group

AUTHORS:

• Original algorithm written by Xander Faber, Michelle Manes, Bianca Viray

• Modified by Joao Alberto de Faria, Ben Hutz, Bianca Thompson

REFERENCES:

EXAMPLES:

sage: R.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(QQ,1)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([x^2-y^2, x*y])
sage: f.automorphism_group(return_functions=True)
[x, -x]

sage: R.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(QQ,1)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([x^2 + 5*x*y + 5*y^2, 5*x^2 + 5*x*y + y^2])
sage: f.automorphism_group()
[
[1 0]  [0 2]
[0 1], [2 0]
]

sage: R.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(QQ,1)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([x^2-2*x*y-2*y^2, -2*x^2-2*x*y+y^2])
sage: f.automorphism_group(return_functions=True)
[x, 1/x, -x - 1, -x/(x + 1), (-x - 1)/x, -1/(x + 1)]

sage: R.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(QQ,1)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([3*x^2*y - y^3, x^3 - 3*x*y^2])
sage: lst, label = f.automorphism_group(algorithm='CRT', return_functions=True, iso_type=True)
sage: sorted(lst), label
([-1/x, 1/x, (-x - 1)/(x - 1), (-x + 1)/(x + 1), (x - 1)/(x + 1),
(x + 1)/(x - 1), -x, x], 'Dihedral of order 8')

sage: A.<z> = AffineSpace(QQ,1)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_affine([1/z^3])
sage: F = f.homogenize(1)
sage: F.automorphism_group()
[
[1 0]  [0 2]  [-1  0]  [ 0 -2]
[0 1], [2 0], [ 0  1], [ 2  0]
]

sage: P.<x,y,z> = ProjectiveSpace(QQ,2)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([x**2 + x*z, y**2, z**2])
sage: f.automorphism_group() # long time
[
[1 0 0]
[0 1 0]
[0 0 1]
]

sage: K.<w> = CyclotomicField(3)
sage: P.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(K, 1)
sage: D6 = DynamicalSystem_projective([y^2,x^2])
sage: sorted(D6.automorphism_group())
[
[-w - 1      0]  [     0 -w - 1]  [w 0]  [0 w]  [0 1]  [1 0]
[     0      1], [     1      0], [0 1], [1 0], [1 0], [0 1]
]

canonical_height(P, **kwds)

Evaluate the (absolute) canonical height of P with respect to this dynamical system.

Must be over number field or order of a number field. Specify either the number of terms of the series to evaluate or the error bound required.

ALGORITHM:

The sum of the Green’s function at the archimedean places and the places of bad reduction.

If function is defined over $$\QQ$$ uses Wells’ Algorithm, which allows us to not have to factor the resultant.

INPUT:

• P – a projective point

kwds:

• badprimes – (optional) a list of primes of bad reduction

• N – (default: 10) positive integer. number of terms of the series to use in the local green functions

• prec – (default: 100) positive integer, float point or $$p$$-adic precision

• error_bound – (optional) a positive real number

OUTPUT: a real number

EXAMPLES:

sage: P.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(ZZ,1)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([x^2+y^2, 2*x*y]);
sage: f.canonical_height(P.point([5,4]), error_bound=0.001)
2.1970553519503404898926835324
sage: f.canonical_height(P.point([2,1]), error_bound=0.001)
1.0984430632822307984974382955


Notice that preperiodic points may not return exactly 0:

sage: R.<X> = PolynomialRing(QQ)
sage: K.<a> = NumberField(X^2 + X - 1)
sage: P.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(K,1)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([x^2-2*y^2, y^2])
sage: Q = P.point([a,1])
sage: f.canonical_height(Q, error_bound=0.000001) # Answer only within error_bound of 0
5.7364919788790160119266380480e-8
sage: f.nth_iterate(Q,2) == Q # but it is indeed preperiodic
True

sage: P.<x,y,z> = ProjectiveSpace(QQ,2)
sage: X = P.subscheme(x^2-y^2);
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([x^2,y^2, 4*z^2], domain=X);
sage: Q = X([4,4,1])
0.0013538030870311431824555314882

sage: P.<x,y,z> = ProjectiveSpace(QQ,2)
sage: X = P.subscheme(x^2-y^2);
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([x^2,y^2, 30*z^2], domain=X)
sage: Q = X([4, 4, 1])
2.7054056208276961889784303469356774912979228770208655455481

sage: P.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(QQ, 1)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([1000*x^2-29*y^2, 1000*y^2])
sage: Q = P(-1/4, 1)
sage: f.canonical_height(Q, error_bound=0.01)
3.7996079979254623065837411853

sage: RSA768 = 123018668453011775513049495838496272077285356959533479219732245215\
....: 1726400507263657518745202199786469389956474942774063845925192557326303453731548\
....: 2685079170261221429134616704292143116022212404792747377940806653514195974598569\
....: 02143413
sage: P.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(QQ,1)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([RSA768*x^2 + y^2, x*y])
sage: Q = P(RSA768,1)
sage: f.canonical_height(Q, error_bound=0.00000000000000001)
931.18256422718241278672729195

sage: P.<x,y>=ProjectiveSpace(QQ, 1)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem([2*( -2*x^3 + 3*(x^2*y)) + 3*y^3,3*y^3])
sage: f.canonical_height(P(1,0))
0.00000000000000000000000000000


Conjugate this dynamical system by M, i.e. $$M^{-1} \circ f \circ M$$.

If possible the new map will be defined over the same space. Otherwise, will try to coerce to the base ring of M.

INPUT:

• M – a square invertible matrix

• adjugate – (default: False) boolean, also classically called adjoint, takes a square matrix M and finds the transpose of its cofactor matrix. Used for conjugation in place of inverse when specified 'True'. Functionality is the same in projective space.

• normalize – (default: False) boolean, if normalize is 'True', then the function normalize_coordinates is called.

OUTPUT: a dynamical system

EXAMPLES:

sage: P.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(ZZ,1)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([x^2+y^2, y^2])
sage: f.conjugate(matrix([[1,2], [0,1]]))
Dynamical System of Projective Space of dimension 1 over Integer Ring
Defn: Defined on coordinates by sending (x : y) to
(x^2 + 4*x*y + 3*y^2 : y^2)

sage: R.<x> = PolynomialRing(QQ)
sage: K.<i> = NumberField(x^2+1)
sage: P.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(ZZ,1)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([x^3+y^3, y^3])
sage: f.conjugate(matrix([[i,0], [0,-i]]))
Dynamical System of Projective Space of dimension 1 over Integer Ring
Defn: Defined on coordinates by sending (x : y) to
(-x^3 + y^3 : -y^3)

sage: P.<x,y,z> = ProjectiveSpace(ZZ,2)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([x^2+y^2 ,y^2, y*z])
sage: f.conjugate(matrix([[1,2,3], [0,1,2], [0,0,1]]))
Dynamical System of Projective Space of dimension 2 over Integer Ring
Defn: Defined on coordinates by sending (x : y : z) to
(x^2 + 4*x*y + 3*y^2 + 6*x*z + 9*y*z + 7*z^2 : y^2 + 2*y*z : y*z + 2*z^2)

sage: P.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(ZZ,1)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([x^2+y^2, y^2])
sage: f.conjugate(matrix([[2,0], [0,1/2]]))
Dynamical System of Projective Space of dimension 1 over Rational Field
Defn: Defined on coordinates by sending (x : y) to
(2*x^2 + 1/8*y^2 : 1/2*y^2)

sage: R.<x> = PolynomialRing(QQ)
sage: K.<i> = NumberField(x^2+1)
sage: P.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(QQ,1)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([1/3*x^2+1/2*y^2, y^2])
sage: f.conjugate(matrix([[i,0], [0,-i]]))
Dynamical System of Projective Space of dimension 1 over Number Field in i with defining polynomial x^2 + 1
Defn: Defined on coordinates by sending (x : y) to
((1/3*i)*x^2 + (1/2*i)*y^2 : (-i)*y^2)


Todo

Use the left and right action functionality to replace the code below with #return DynamicalSystem_projective(M.inverse()*self*M, domain=self.codomain()) once there is a function to pass to the smallest field of definition.

critical_height(**kwds)

Compute the critical height of this dynamical system.

The critical height is defined by J. Silverman as the sum of the canonical heights of the critical points. This must be dimension 1 and defined over a number field or number field order.

The computations can be done either over the algebraic closure of the base field or over the minimal extension of the base field that contains the critical points.

INPUT:

kwds:

• badprimes – (optional) a list of primes of bad reduction

• N – (default: 10) positive integer; number of terms of the series to use in the local green functions

• prec – (default: 100) positive integer, float point or $$p$$-adic precision

• error_bound – (optional) a positive real number

• use_algebraic_closure – boolean (default: True) – If True uses the algebraic closure. If False, uses the smallest extension of the base field containing all the critical points.

OUTPUT: real number

EXAMPLES:

sage: P.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(QQ,1)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([x^3+7*y^3, 11*y^3])
sage: f.critical_height()
1.1989273321156851418802151128

sage: K.<w> = QuadraticField(2)
sage: P.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(K,1)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([x^2+w*y^2, y^2])
sage: f.critical_height()
0.16090842452312941163719755472


Postcritically finite maps have critical height 0:

sage: P.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(QQ,1)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([x^3-3/4*x*y^2 + 3/4*y^3, y^3])
sage: f.critical_height(error_bound=0.0001)
0.00000000000000000000000000000

sage: P.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(QQ,1)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([x^3+3*x*y^2, y^3])
sage: f.critical_height(use_algebraic_closure=False)
0.000023477016733897112886491967991
sage: f.critical_height()
0.000023477016733897112886491967991

critical_point_portrait(check=True, use_algebraic_closure=True)

If this dynamical system is post-critically finite, return its critical point portrait.

This is the directed graph of iterates starting with the critical points. Must be dimension 1. If check is True, then the map is first checked to see if it is postcritically finite.

The computations can be done either over the algebraic closure of the base field or over the minimal extension of the base field that contains the critical points.

INPUT:

• check – boolean (default: True)

• use_algebraic_closure – boolean (default: True) – If True uses the algebraic closure. If False, uses the smallest extension of the base field containing all the critical points.

OUTPUT: a digraph

EXAMPLES:

sage: R.<z> = QQ[]
sage: K.<v> = NumberField(z^6 + 2*z^5 + 2*z^4 + 2*z^3 + z^2 + 1)
sage: PS.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(K,1)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([x^2+v*y^2, y^2])
sage: f.critical_point_portrait(check=False) # long time
Looped digraph on 6 vertices

sage: P.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(QQ,1)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([x^5 + 5/4*x*y^4, y^5])
sage: f.critical_point_portrait(check=False)
Looped digraph on 5 vertices

sage: P.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(QQ,1)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([x^2 + 2*y^2, y^2])
sage: f.critical_point_portrait()
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
TypeError: map must be post-critically finite

sage: R.<t> = QQ[]
sage: K.<v> = NumberField(t^3 + 2*t^2 + t + 1)
sage: phi = K.embeddings(QQbar)[0]
sage: P.<x, y> = ProjectiveSpace(K, 1)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([x^2 + v*y^2, y^2])
sage: f.change_ring(phi).critical_point_portrait()
Looped digraph on 4 vertices

sage: P.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(QQ,1)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([8*x^4 - 8*x^2*y^2 + y^4, y^4])
sage: f.critical_point_portrait(use_algebraic_closure=False) #long time
Looped digraph on 6 vertices

sage: P.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(QQbar,1)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([8*x^4 - 8*x^2*y^2 + y^4, y^4])
sage: f.critical_point_portrait() #long time
Looped digraph on 6 vertices

sage: P.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(GF(3),1)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([x^2 + x*y - y^2, x*y])
sage: f.critical_point_portrait(use_algebraic_closure=False)
Looped digraph on 6 vertices
sage: f.critical_point_portrait() #long time
Looped digraph on 6 vertices

critical_points(R=None)

Return the critical points of this dynamical system defined over the ring R or the base ring of this map.

Must be dimension 1.

INPUT:

• R – (optional) a ring

OUTPUT: a list of projective space points defined over R

EXAMPLES:

sage: set_verbose(None)
sage: P.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(QQ,1)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([x^3-2*x*y^2 + 2*y^3, y^3])
sage: f.critical_points()
[(1 : 0)]
sage: f.critical_points(K)
[(-1/3*w : 1), (1/3*w : 1), (1 : 0)]

sage: set_verbose(None)
sage: P.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(QQ,1)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([2*x^2-y^2, x*y])
sage: f.critical_points(QQbar)
[(-0.7071067811865475?*I : 1), (0.7071067811865475?*I : 1)]

critical_subscheme()

Return the critical subscheme of this dynamical system.

OUTPUT: projective subscheme

EXAMPLES:

sage: set_verbose(None)
sage: P.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(QQ,1)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([x^3-2*x*y^2 + 2*y^3, y^3])
sage: f.critical_subscheme()
Closed subscheme of Projective Space of dimension 1 over Rational Field
defined by:
9*x^2*y^2 - 6*y^4

sage: set_verbose(None)
sage: P.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(QQ,1)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([2*x^2-y^2, x*y])
sage: f.critical_subscheme()
Closed subscheme of Projective Space of dimension 1 over Rational Field
defined by:
4*x^2 + 2*y^2

sage: P.<x,y,z> = ProjectiveSpace(QQ,2)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([2*x^2-y^2, x*y, z^2])
sage: f.critical_subscheme()
Closed subscheme of Projective Space of dimension 2 over Rational Field
defined by:
8*x^2*z + 4*y^2*z

sage: P.<x,y,z,w> = ProjectiveSpace(GF(81),3)
sage: g = DynamicalSystem_projective([x^3+y^3, y^3+z^3, z^3+x^3, w^3])
sage: g.critical_subscheme()
Closed subscheme of Projective Space of dimension 3 over Finite Field in
z4 of size 3^4 defined by:
0

sage: P.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(QQ,1)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([x^2,x*y])
sage: f.critical_subscheme()
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
TypeError: the function is not a morphism

degree_sequence(iterates=2)

Return sequence of degrees of normalized iterates starting with the degree of this dynamical system.

INPUT: iterates – (default: 2) positive integer

OUTPUT: list of integers

EXAMPLES:

sage: P2.<X,Y,Z> = ProjectiveSpace(QQ, 2)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([Z^2, X*Y, Y^2])
sage: f.degree_sequence(15)
[2, 3, 5, 8, 11, 17, 24, 31, 45, 56, 68, 91, 93, 184, 275]

sage: F.<t> = PolynomialRing(QQ)
sage: P2.<X,Y,Z> = ProjectiveSpace(F, 2)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([Y*Z, X*Y, Y^2 + t*X*Z])
sage: f.degree_sequence(5)
[2, 3, 5, 8, 13]

sage: P2.<X,Y,Z> = ProjectiveSpace(QQ, 2)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([X^2, Y^2, Z^2])
sage: f.degree_sequence(10)
[2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256, 512, 1024]

sage: P2.<X,Y,Z> = ProjectiveSpace(ZZ, 2)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([X*Y, Y*Z+Z^2, Z^2])
sage: f.degree_sequence(10)
[2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11]

dehomogenize(n)

Return the standard dehomogenization at the n[0] coordinate for the domain and the n[1] coordinate for the codomain.

Note that the new function is defined over the fraction field of the base ring of this map.

INPUT:

• n – a tuple of nonnegative integers; if n is an integer, then the two values of the tuple are assumed to be the same

OUTPUT:

If the dehomogenizing indices are the same for the domain and codomain, then a DynamicalSystem_affine given by dehomogenizing the source and target of $$self$$ with respect to the given indices is returned. If the dehomogenizing indices for the domain and codomain are different then the resulting affine patches are different and a scheme morphism is returned.

EXAMPLES:

sage: P.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(ZZ,1)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([x^2+y^2, y^2])
sage: f.dehomogenize(0)
Dynamical System of Affine Space of dimension 1 over Integer Ring
Defn: Defined on coordinates by sending (y) to
(y^2/(y^2 + 1))
sage: f.dehomogenize((0, 1))
Scheme morphism:
From: Affine Space of dimension 1 over Integer Ring
To:   Affine Space of dimension 1 over Integer Ring
Defn: Defined on coordinates by sending (y) to
((y^2 + 1)/y^2)

dynamical_degree(N=3, prec=53)

Return an approximation to the dynamical degree of this dynamical system. The dynamical degree is defined as $$\lim_{n \to \infty} \sqrt[n]{\deg(f^n)}$$.

INPUT:

• N – (default: 3) positive integer, iterate to use for approximation

• prec – (default: 53) positive integer, real precision to use when computing root

OUTPUT: real number

EXAMPLES:

sage: P.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(QQ, 1)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([x^2 + (x*y), y^2])
sage: f.dynamical_degree()
2.00000000000000

sage: P2.<X,Y,Z> = ProjectiveSpace(ZZ, 2)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([X*Y, Y*Z+Z^2, Z^2])
sage: f.dynamical_degree(N=5, prec=100)
1.4309690811052555010452244131

dynatomic_polynomial(period)

For a dynamical system of $$\mathbb{P}^1$$ compute the dynatomic polynomial.

The dynatomic polynomial is the analog of the cyclotomic polynomial and its roots are the points of formal period $$period$$. If possible the division is done in the coordinate ring of this map and a polynomial is returned. In rings where that is not possible, a FractionField element will be returned. In certain cases, when the conversion back to a polynomial fails, a SymbolRing element will be returned.

ALGORITHM:

For a positive integer $$n$$, let $$[F_n,G_n]$$ be the coordinates of the $$nth$$ iterate of $$f$$. Then construct

$\Phi^{\ast}_n(f)(x,y) = \sum_{d \mid n} (yF_d(x,y) - xG_d(x,y))^{\mu(n/d)},$

where $$\mu$$ is the Möbius function.

For a pair $$[m,n]$$, let $$f^m = [F_m,G_m]$$. Compute

$\Phi^{\ast}_{m,n}(f)(x,y) = \Phi^{\ast}_n(f)(F_m,G_m) / \Phi^{\ast}_n(f)(F_{m-1},G_{m-1})$

REFERENCES:

INPUT:

• period – a positive integer or a list/tuple $$[m,n]$$ where $$m$$ is the preperiod and $$n$$ is the period

OUTPUT:

If possible, a two variable polynomial in the coordinate ring of this map. Otherwise a fraction field element of the coordinate ring of this map. Or, a SymbolicRing element.

Todo

• Do the division when the base ring is $$p$$-adic so that the output is a polynomial.

• Convert back to a polynomial when the base ring is a function field (not over $$\QQ$$ or $$F_p$$).

EXAMPLES:

sage: P.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(QQ,1)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([x^2 + y^2, y^2])
sage: f.dynatomic_polynomial(2)
x^2 + x*y + 2*y^2

sage: P.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(ZZ,1)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([x^2 + y^2, x*y])
sage: f.dynatomic_polynomial(4)
2*x^12 + 18*x^10*y^2 + 57*x^8*y^4 + 79*x^6*y^6 + 48*x^4*y^8 + 12*x^2*y^10 + y^12

sage: P.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(CC,1)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([x^2 + y^2, 3*x*y])
sage: f.dynatomic_polynomial(3)
13.0000000000000*x^6 + 117.000000000000*x^4*y^2 +
78.0000000000000*x^2*y^4 + y^6

sage: P.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(QQ,1)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([x^2 - 10/9*y^2, y^2])
sage: f.dynatomic_polynomial([2,1])
x^4*y^2 - 11/9*x^2*y^4 - 80/81*y^6

sage: P.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(QQ,1)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([x^2 - 29/16*y^2, y^2])
sage: f.dynatomic_polynomial([2,3])
x^12 - 95/8*x^10*y^2 + 13799/256*x^8*y^4 - 119953/1024*x^6*y^6 +
8198847/65536*x^4*y^8 - 31492431/524288*x^2*y^10 +
172692729/16777216*y^12

sage: P.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(ZZ,1)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([x^2 - y^2, y^2])
sage: f.dynatomic_polynomial([1,2])
x^2 - x*y

sage: P.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(QQ,1)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([x^3 - y^3, 3*x*y^2])
sage: f.dynatomic_polynomial([0,4])==f.dynatomic_polynomial(4)
True

sage: P.<x,y,z> = ProjectiveSpace(QQ,2)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([x^2 + y^2, x*y, z^2])
sage: f.dynatomic_polynomial(2)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
TypeError: does not make sense in dimension >1

sage: P.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(Qp(5),1)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([x^2 + y^2, y^2])
sage: f.dynatomic_polynomial(2)
(x^4*y + (2 + O(5^20))*x^2*y^3 - x*y^4 + (2 + O(5^20))*y^5)/(x^2*y -
x*y^2 + y^3)

sage: L.<t> = PolynomialRing(QQ)
sage: P.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(L,1)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([x^2 + t*y^2, y^2])
sage: f.dynatomic_polynomial(2)
x^2 + x*y + (t + 1)*y^2

sage: K.<c> = PolynomialRing(ZZ)
sage: P.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(K,1)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([x^2 + c*y^2, y^2])
sage: f.dynatomic_polynomial([1, 2])
x^2 - x*y + (c + 1)*y^2

sage: P.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(QQ,1)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([x^2 + y^2, y^2])
sage: f.dynatomic_polynomial(2)
x^2 + x*y + 2*y^2
sage: R.<X> = PolynomialRing(QQ)
sage: K.<c> = NumberField(X^2 + X + 2)
sage: PP = P.change_ring(K)
sage: ff = f.change_ring(K)
sage: p = PP((c, 1))
sage: ff(ff(p)) == p
True

sage: P.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(QQ,1)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([x^2 + y^2, x*y])
sage: f.dynatomic_polynomial([2, 2])
x^4 + 4*x^2*y^2 + y^4
sage: R.<X> = PolynomialRing(QQ)
sage: K.<c> = NumberField(X^4 + 4*X^2 + 1)
sage: PP = P.change_ring(K)
sage: ff = f.change_ring(K)
sage: p = PP((c, 1))
sage: ff.nth_iterate(p, 4) == ff.nth_iterate(p, 2)
True

sage: P.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(CC, 1)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([x^2 - CC.0/3*y^2, y^2])
sage: f.dynatomic_polynomial(2)
(x^4*y + (-0.666666666666667*I)*x^2*y^3 - x*y^4 + (-0.111111111111111 - 0.333333333333333*I)*y^5)/(x^2*y - x*y^2 + (-0.333333333333333*I)*y^3)

sage: P.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(CC, 1)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([x^2-CC.0/5*y^2, y^2])
sage: f.dynatomic_polynomial(2)
x^2 + x*y + (1.00000000000000 - 0.200000000000000*I)*y^2

sage: L.<t> = PolynomialRing(QuadraticField(2).maximal_order())
sage: P.<x, y> = ProjectiveSpace(L.fraction_field() , 1)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([x^2 + (t^2 + 1)*y^2 , y^2])
sage: f.dynatomic_polynomial(2)
x^2 + x*y + (t^2 + 2)*y^2

sage: P.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(ZZ, 1)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([x^2 - 5*y^2, y^2])
sage: f.dynatomic_polynomial([3,0 ])
0

green_function(P, v, **kwds)

Evaluate the local Green’s function at the place v for P with N terms of the series or to within a given error bound.

Must be over a number field or order of a number field. Note that this is the absolute local Green’s function so is scaled by the degree of the base field.

Use v=0 for the archimedean place over $$\QQ$$ or field embedding. Non-archimedean places are prime ideals for number fields or primes over $$\QQ$$.

ALGORITHM:

See Exercise 5.29 and Figure 5.6 of [Sil2007].

INPUT:

• P – a projective point

• v – non-negative integer. a place, use 0 for the archimedean place

kwds:

• N – (optional - default: 10) positive integer. number of terms of the series to use

• prec – (default: 100) positive integer, float point or $$p$$-adic precision

• error_bound – (optional) a positive real number

OUTPUT: a real number

EXAMPLES:

sage: P.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(QQ,1)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([x^2+y^2, x*y]);
sage: Q = P(5, 1)
sage: f.green_function(Q, 0, N=30)
1.6460930159932946233759277576

sage: P.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(QQ,1)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([x^2+y^2, x*y]);
sage: Q = P(5, 1)
sage: f.green_function(Q, 0, N=200, prec=200)
1.6460930160038721802875250367738355497198064992657997569827

sage: K.<w> = QuadraticField(3)
sage: P.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(K,1)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([17*x^2+1/7*y^2, 17*w*x*y])
sage: f.green_function(P.point([w, 2], False), K.places()[1])
1.7236334013785676107373093775
sage: f.green_function(P([2, 1]), K.ideal(7), N=7)
0.48647753726382832627633818586
sage: f.green_function(P([w, 1]), K.ideal(17), error_bound=0.001)
-0.70813041039490996737374178059

sage: P.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(QQ,1)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([x^2+y^2, x*y])
sage: f.green_function(P.point([5,2], False), 0, N=30)
1.7315451844777407992085512000
sage: f.green_function(P.point([2,1], False), 0, N=30)
0.86577259223181088325226209926
sage: f.green_function(P.point([1,1], False), 0, N=30)
0.43288629610862338612700146098

height_difference_bound(prec=None)

Return an upper bound on the different between the canonical height of a point with respect to this dynamical system and the absolute height of the point.

This map must be a morphism.

ALGORITHM:

Uses a Nullstellensatz argument to compute the constant. For details: see [Hutz2015].

INPUT:

• prec – (default: RealField default) positive integer, float point precision

OUTPUT: a real number

EXAMPLES:

sage: P.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(QQ,1)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([x^2+y^2, x*y])
sage: f.height_difference_bound()
1.38629436111989


This function does not automatically normalize.

sage: P.<x,y,z> = ProjectiveSpace(ZZ,2)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([4*x^2+100*y^2, 210*x*y, 10000*z^2])
sage: f.height_difference_bound()
11.0020998412042
sage: f.normalize_coordinates()
sage: f.height_difference_bound()
10.3089526606443


A number field example:

    sage: R.<x> = QQ[]
sage: K.<c> = NumberField(x^3 - 2)
sage: P.<x,y,z> = ProjectiveSpace(K,2)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([1/(c+1)*x^2+c*y^2, 210*x*y, 10000*z^2])
sage: f.height_difference_bound()
11.0020998412042

::

sage: P.<x,y,z> = ProjectiveSpace(QQbar,2)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([x^2, QQbar(sqrt(-1))*y^2, QQbar(sqrt(3))*z^2])
sage: f.height_difference_bound()
3.43967790223022

is_PGL_minimal(prime_list=None)

Check if this dynamical system is a minimal model in its conjugacy class.

See [BM2012] and [Mol2015] for a description of the algorithm. For polynomial maps it uses [HS2018].

INPUT:

• prime_list – (optional) list of primes to check minimality

OUTPUT: boolean

EXAMPLES:

sage: PS.<X,Y> = ProjectiveSpace(QQ,1)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([X^2+3*Y^2, X*Y])
sage: f.is_PGL_minimal()
True

sage: PS.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(QQ,1)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([6*x^2+12*x*y+7*y^2, 12*x*y])
sage: f.is_PGL_minimal()
False

sage: PS.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(QQ,1)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([6*x^2+12*x*y+7*y^2, y^2])
sage: f.is_PGL_minimal()
False

is_postcritically_finite(err=0.01, use_algebraic_closure=True)

Determine if this dynamical system is post-critically finite.

Only for endomorphisms of $$\mathbb{P}^1$$. It checks if each critical point is preperiodic. The optional parameter err is passed into is_preperiodic() as part of the preperiodic check.

The computations can be done either over the algebraic closure of the base field or over the minimal extension of the base field that contains the critical points.

INPUT:

• err – (default: 0.01) positive real number

• use_algebraic_closure – boolean (default: True) – If True uses the algebraic closure. If False, uses the smallest extension of the base field containing all the critical points.

OUTPUT: boolean

EXAMPLES:

sage: P.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(QQ,1)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([x^2 - y^2, y^2])
sage: f.is_postcritically_finite()
True

sage: P.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(QQ,1)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([x^3- y^3, y^3])
sage: f.is_postcritically_finite()
False

sage: R.<z> = QQ[]
sage: K.<v> = NumberField(z^8 + 3*z^6 + 3*z^4 + z^2 + 1)
sage: PS.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(K,1)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([x^3+v*y^3, y^3])
sage: f.is_postcritically_finite() # long time
True

sage: P.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(QQ,1)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([6*x^2+16*x*y+16*y^2, -3*x^2-4*x*y-4*y^2])
sage: f.is_postcritically_finite()
True

sage: K = UniversalCyclotomicField()
sage: P.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(K,1)
sage: F = DynamicalSystem_projective([x^2 - y^2, y^2], domain=P)
sage: F.is_postcritically_finite()
True

sage: P.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(QQ,1)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([8*x^4 - 8*x^2*y^2 + y^4, y^4])
sage: f.is_postcritically_finite(use_algebraic_closure=False) #long time
True

sage: P.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(QQ,1)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([x^4 - x^2*y^2 + y^4, y^4])
sage: f.is_postcritically_finite(use_algebraic_closure=False)
False

sage: P.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(QQbar,1)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([x^4 - x^2*y^2, y^4])
sage: f.is_postcritically_finite()
False

minimal_model(return_transformation=False, prime_list=None, algorithm=None, check_primes=True)

Determine if this dynamical system is minimal.

This dynamical system must be defined over the projective line over the rationals. In particular, determine if this map is affine minimal, which is enough to decide if it is minimal or not. See Proposition 2.10 in [BM2012].

INPUT:

• return_transformation – (default: False) boolean; this signals a return of the $$PGL_2$$ transformation to conjugate this map to the calculated minimal model

• prime_list – (optional) a list of primes, in case one only wants to determine minimality at those specific primes

• algorithm – (optional) string; can be one of the following:

• check_primes – (optional) boolean: this signals whether to

check whether each element in prime_list is a prime

• 'BM' - the Bruin-Molnar algorithm [BM2012]

• 'HS' - the Hutz-Stoll algorithm [HS2018]

OUTPUT:

• a dynamical system on the projective line which is a minimal model of this map

• a $$PGL(2,\QQ)$$ element which conjugates this map to a minimal model

EXAMPLES:

sage: PS.<X,Y> = ProjectiveSpace(QQ,1)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([X^2+3*Y^2, X*Y])
sage: f.minimal_model(return_transformation=True)
(
Dynamical System of Projective Space of dimension 1 over Rational
Field
Defn: Defined on coordinates by sending (X : Y) to
(X^2 + 3*Y^2 : X*Y)
,
[1 0]
[0 1]
)

sage: PS.<X,Y> = ProjectiveSpace(QQ,1)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([7365/2*X^4 + 6282*X^3*Y + 4023*X^2*Y^2 + 1146*X*Y^3 + 245/2*Y^4,
....:                                 -12329/2*X^4 - 10506*X^3*Y - 6723*X^2*Y^2 - 1914*X*Y^3 - 409/2*Y^4])
sage: f.minimal_model(return_transformation=True)
(
Dynamical System of Projective Space of dimension 1 over Rational Field
Defn: Defined on coordinates by sending (X : Y) to
(9847*X^4 + 28088*X^3*Y + 30048*X^2*Y^2 + 14288*X*Y^3 + 2548*Y^4
: -12329*X^4 - 35164*X^3*Y - 37614*X^2*Y^2 - 17884*X*Y^3 - 3189*Y^4),

[2 1]
[0 1]
)

sage: PS.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(QQ,1)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([6*x^2+12*x*y+7*y^2, 12*x*y])
sage: f.minimal_model()
Dynamical System of Projective Space of dimension 1 over Rational
Field
Defn: Defined on coordinates by sending (x : y) to
(x^2 + 12*x*y + 42*y^2 : 2*x*y)

sage: PS.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(ZZ,1)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([6*x^2+12*x*y+7*y^2, 12*x*y + 42*y^2])
sage: g,M = f.minimal_model(return_transformation=True, algorithm='BM')
sage: f.conjugate(M) == g
True

sage: P.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(QQ, 1)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem([2*x^2, y^2])
sage: f.minimal_model(return_transformation=True)
(
Dynamical System of Projective Space of dimension 1 over Rational Field
Defn: Defined on coordinates by sending (x : y) to
(x^2 : y^2)                                                    ,
[1 0]
[0 2]
)
sage: f.minimal_model(prime_list=[3])
Dynamical System of Projective Space of dimension 1 over Rational Field
Defn: Defined on coordinates by sending (x : y) to
(2*x^2 : y^2)


REFERENCES:

multiplier(P, n, check=True)

Return the multiplier of the point P of period n with respect to this dynamical system.

INPUT:

• P – a point on domain of this map

• n – a positive integer, the period of P

• check – (default: True) boolean; verify that P has period n

OUTPUT:

A square matrix of size self.codomain().dimension_relative() in the base_ring of this dynamical system.

EXAMPLES:

sage: P.<x,y,z> = ProjectiveSpace(QQ,2)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([x^2,y^2, 4*z^2]);
sage: Q = P.point([4,4,1], False);
sage: f.multiplier(Q,1)
[2 0]
[0 2]

sage: P.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(QQ,1)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([7*x^2 - 28*y^2, 24*x*y])
sage: f.multiplier(P(2,5), 4)
[231361/20736]

sage: P.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(CC,1)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([x^3 - 25*x*y^2 + 12*y^3, 12*y^3])
sage: f.multiplier(P(1,1), 5)
[0.389017489711934]

sage: P.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(RR,1)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([x^2-2*y^2, y^2])
sage: f.multiplier(P(2,1), 1)
[4.00000000000000]

sage: P.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(Qp(13),1)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([x^2-29/16*y^2, y^2])
sage: f.multiplier(P(5,4), 3)
[6 + 8*13 + 13^2 + 8*13^3 + 13^4 + 8*13^5 + 13^6 + 8*13^7 + 13^8 +
8*13^9 + 13^10 + 8*13^11 + 13^12 + 8*13^13 + 13^14 + 8*13^15 + 13^16 +
8*13^17 + 13^18 + 8*13^19 + O(13^20)]

sage: P.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(QQ,1)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([x^2-y^2, y^2])
sage: f.multiplier(P(0,1), 1)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: (0 : 1) is not periodic of period 1

multiplier_spectra(n, formal=False, type='point', use_algebraic_closure=True)

Computes the n multiplier spectra of this dynamical system.

This is the set of multipliers of the periodic points of formal period n included with the appropriate multiplicity. User can also specify to compute the n multiplier spectra instead which includes the multipliers of all periodic points of period n. The map must be defined over projective space of dimension 1 over a number field or finite field.

The computations can be done either over the algebraic closure of the base field or over the minimal extension of the base field that contains the critical points.

INPUT:

• n – a positive integer, the period

• formal – (default: False) boolean; True specifies to find the formal n multiplier spectra of this map and False specifies to find the n multiplier spectra

• type – (default: 'point') string; either 'point' or 'cycle' depending on whether you compute one multiplier per point or one per cycle

• use_algebraic_closure – boolean (default: True) – If True uses the

algebraic closure. If False, uses the smallest extension of the base field containing all the critical points.

OUTPUT: a list of field elements

EXAMPLES:

sage: P.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(QQ,1)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([4608*x^10 - 2910096*x^9*y + 325988068*x^8*y^2 + 31825198932*x^7*y^3 - 4139806626613*x^6*y^4\
- 44439736715486*x^5*y^5 + 2317935971590902*x^4*y^6 - 15344764859590852*x^3*y^7 + 2561851642765275*x^2*y^8\
+ 113578270285012470*x*y^9 - 150049940203963800*y^10, 4608*y^10])
sage: sorted(f.multiplier_spectra(1))
[-119820502365680843999,
-7198147681176255644585/256,
-3086380435599991/9,
-3323781962860268721722583135/35184372088832,
-4290991994944936653/2097152,
0,
529278480109921/256,
1061953534167447403/19683,
848446157556848459363/19683,
82911372672808161930567/8192,
3553497751559301575157261317/8192]

sage: set_verbose(None)
sage: z = QQ['z'].0
sage: K.<w> = NumberField(z^4 - 4*z^2 + 1,'z')
sage: P.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(K,1)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([x^2 - w/4*y^2, y^2])
sage: sorted(f.multiplier_spectra(2, formal=False, type='cycle'))
[0,
0.0681483474218635? - 1.930649271699173?*I,
0.0681483474218635? + 1.930649271699173?*I,
5.931851652578137? + 0.?e-49*I]

sage: P.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(QQ,1)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([x^2 - 3/4*y^2, y^2])
sage: sorted(f.multiplier_spectra(2, formal=False, type='cycle'))
[0, 1, 1, 9]
sage: sorted(f.multiplier_spectra(2, formal=False, type='point'))
[0, 1, 1, 1, 9]

sage: P.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(QQ,1)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([x^2 - 7/4*y^2, y^2])
sage: f.multiplier_spectra(3, formal=True, type='cycle')
[1, 1]
sage: f.multiplier_spectra(3, formal=True, type='point')
[1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1]

sage: P.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(QQ,1)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([x^4 + 3*y^4, 4*x^2*y^2])
sage: f.multiplier_spectra(1, use_algebraic_closure=False)
[0,
-1,
1/128*a^5 - 13/384*a^4 + 5/96*a^3 + 1/16*a^2 + 43/128*a + 303/128,
-1/288*a^5 + 1/96*a^4 + 1/24*a^3 - 1/3*a^2 + 5/32*a - 115/32,
-5/1152*a^5 + 3/128*a^4 - 3/32*a^3 + 13/48*a^2 - 63/128*a - 227/128]
sage: f.multiplier_spectra(1)
[0,
-1,
1.951373035591442?,
-2.475686517795721? - 0.730035681602057?*I,
-2.475686517795721? + 0.730035681602057?*I]

sage: P.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(GF(5),1)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([x^4 + 2*y^4, 4*x^2*y^2])
sage: f.multiplier_spectra(1, use_algebraic_closure=False)
[0, 3*a + 3, 2*a + 1, 1, 1]
sage: f.multiplier_spectra(1)
[0, 2*z2 + 1, 3*z2 + 3, 1, 1]

sage: P.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(QQbar,1)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([x^5 + 3*y^5, 4*x^3*y^2])
sage: f.multiplier_spectra(1)
[0,
-4.106544657178796?,
-7/4,
1.985176555073911?,
-3.064315948947558? - 1.150478041113253?*I,
-3.064315948947558? + 1.150478041113253?*I]

sage: K = GF(3).algebraic_closure()
sage: P.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(K,1)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([x^5 + 2*y^5, 4*x^3*y^2])
sage: f.multiplier_spectra(1)
[0, z3 + 2, z3 + 1, z3, 1, 1]

nth_iterate(P, n, **kwds)

Return the n-th iterate of the point P by this dynamical system.

If normalize is True, then the coordinates are automatically normalized.

Todo

Is there a more efficient way to do this?

INPUT:

• P – a point in this map’s domain

• n – a positive integer

kwds:

• normalize – (default: False) boolean

OUTPUT: a point in this map’s codomain

EXAMPLES:

sage: P.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(ZZ,1)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([x^2+y^2, 2*y^2])
sage: Q = P(1,1)
sage: f.nth_iterate(Q,4)
(32768 : 32768)

sage: P.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(ZZ,1)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([x^2+y^2, 2*y^2])
sage: Q = P(1,1)
sage: f.nth_iterate(Q, 4, normalize=True)
(1 : 1)

sage: P.<x,y,z> = ProjectiveSpace(QQ,2)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([x^2, 2*y^2, z^2-x^2])
sage: Q = P(2,7,1)
sage: f.nth_iterate(Q,2)
(-16/7 : -2744 : 1)

sage: R.<t> = PolynomialRing(QQ)
sage: P.<x,y,z> = ProjectiveSpace(R,2)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([x^2+t*y^2, (2-t)*y^2, z^2])
sage: Q = P(2+t,7,t)
sage: f.nth_iterate(Q,2)
(t^4 + 2507*t^3 - 6787*t^2 + 10028*t + 16 : -2401*t^3 + 14406*t^2 -
28812*t + 19208 : t^4)

sage: P.<x,y,z> = ProjectiveSpace(ZZ,2)
sage: X = P.subscheme(x^2-y^2)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([x^2, y^2, z^2], domain=X)
sage: f.nth_iterate(X(2,2,3), 3)
(256 : 256 : 6561)

sage: K.<c> = FunctionField(QQ)
sage: P.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(K,1)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([x^3 - 2*x*y^2 - c*y^3, x*y^2])
sage: f.nth_iterate(P(c,1), 2)
((c^6 - 9*c^4 + 25*c^2 - c - 21)/(c^2 - 3) : 1)

sage: P.<x,y,z> = ProjectiveSpace(QQ,2)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([x^2+3*y^2, 2*y^2,z^2])
sage: f.nth_iterate(P(2, 7, 1), -2)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
TypeError: must be a forward orbit

sage: P.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(QQ, 1)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([x^3, x*y^2], domain=P)
sage: f.nth_iterate(P(0, 1), 3, check=False)
(0 : 0)
sage: f.nth_iterate(P(0, 1), 3)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: [0, 0] does not define a valid point since all entries are 0

sage: P.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(ZZ, 1)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([x^3, x*y^2], domain=P)
sage: f.nth_iterate(P(2,1), 3, normalize=False)
(134217728 : 524288)
sage: f.nth_iterate(P(2,1), 3, normalize=True)
(256 : 1)

sage: P.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(QQ,1)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem([x+y,y])
sage: Q = (3,1)
sage: f.nth_iterate(Q,0)
(3 : 1)

nth_iterate_map(n, normalize=False)

Return the n-th iterate of this dynamical system.

ALGORITHM:

Uses a form of successive squaring to reducing computations.

Todo

This could be improved.

INPUT:

• n – positive integer

• normalize – boolean; remove gcd’s during iteration

OUTPUT: a projective dynamical system

EXAMPLES:

sage: P.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(QQ,1)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([x^2+y^2, y^2])
sage: f.nth_iterate_map(2)
Dynamical System of Projective Space of dimension 1 over Rational
Field
Defn: Defined on coordinates by sending (x : y) to
(x^4 + 2*x^2*y^2 + 2*y^4 : y^4)

sage: P.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(CC,1)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([x^2-y^2, x*y])
sage: f.nth_iterate_map(3)
Dynamical System of Projective Space of dimension 1 over Complex
Field with 53 bits of precision
Defn: Defined on coordinates by sending (x : y) to
(x^8 + (-7.00000000000000)*x^6*y^2 + 13.0000000000000*x^4*y^4 +
(-7.00000000000000)*x^2*y^6 + y^8 : x^7*y + (-4.00000000000000)*x^5*y^3
+ 4.00000000000000*x^3*y^5 - x*y^7)

sage: P.<x,y,z> = ProjectiveSpace(ZZ,2)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([x^2-y^2, x*y, z^2+x^2])
sage: f.nth_iterate_map(2)
Dynamical System of Projective Space of dimension 2 over Integer Ring
Defn: Defined on coordinates by sending (x : y : z) to
(x^4 - 3*x^2*y^2 + y^4 : x^3*y - x*y^3 : 2*x^4 - 2*x^2*y^2 + y^4
+ 2*x^2*z^2 + z^4)

sage: P.<x,y,z> = ProjectiveSpace(QQ,2)
sage: X = P.subscheme(x*z-y^2)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([x^2, x*z, z^2], domain=X)
sage: f.nth_iterate_map(2)
Dynamical System of Closed subscheme of Projective Space of dimension
2 over Rational Field defined by:
-y^2 + x*z
Defn: Defined on coordinates by sending (x : y : z) to
(x^4 : x^2*z^2 : z^4)

sage: P.<x,y,z> = ProjectiveSpace(QQ, 2)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([y^2 * z^3, y^3 * z^2, x^5])
sage: f.nth_iterate_map( 5, normalize=True)
Dynamical System of Projective Space of dimension 2 over Rational
Field
Defn: Defined on coordinates by sending (x : y : z) to
(y^202*z^443 : x^140*y^163*z^342 : x^645)

nth_preimage_tree(Q, n, **kwds)

Return the n-th pre-image tree rooted at Q.

This map must be an endomorphism of the projective line defined over a number field, algebraic field, or finite field.

INPUT:

• Q – a point in the domain of this map

• n – a positive integer, the depth of the pre-image tree

kwds:

• return_points – (default: False) boolean; if True, return a list of lists where the index i is the level of the tree and the elements of the list at that index are the i-th preimage points as an algebraic element of the splitting field of the polynomial f^n - Q = 0

• numerical – (default: False) boolean; calculate pre-images numerically. Note if this is set to True, preimage points are displayed as complex numbers

• prec – (default: 100) positive integer; the precision of the ComplexField if we compute the preimage points numerically

• display_labels – (default: True) boolean; whether to display vertex labels. Since labels can be very cluttered, can set display_labels to False and use return_points to get a hold of the points themselves, either as algebraic or complex numbers

• display_complex – (default: False) boolean; display vertex labels as complex numbers. Note if this option is chosen that we must choose an embedding from the splitting field field_def of the nth-preimage equation into C. We make the choice of the first embedding returned by field_def.embeddings(ComplexField())

• digits – a positive integer, the number of decimal digits to display for complex numbers. This only applies if display_complex is set to True

OUTPUT:

If return_points is False, a GraphPlot object representing the n-th pre-image tree. If return_points is True, a tuple (GP, points), where GP is a GraphPlot object, and points is a list of lists as described above under return_points.

EXAMPLES:

sage: P.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(QQ,1)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([x^2 + y^2, y^2])
sage: Q = P(0,1)
sage: f.nth_preimage_tree(Q, 2)
GraphPlot object for Digraph on 7 vertices

sage: P.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(GF(3),1)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([x^2 + x*y + y^2, y^2])
sage: Q = P(0,1)
sage: f.nth_preimage_tree(Q, 2, return_points=True)
(GraphPlot object for Digraph on 4 vertices,
[[(0 : 1)], [(1 : 1)], [(0 : 1), (2 : 1)]])

orbit(P, N, **kwds)

Return the orbit of the point P by this dynamical system.

Let $$F$$ be this dynamical system. If N is an integer return $$[P,F(P),\ldots,F^N(P)]$$. If N is a list or tuple $$N=[m,k]$$ return $$[F^m(P),\ldots,F^k(P)]$$. Automatically normalize the points if normalize=True. Perform the checks on point initialization if check=True.

INPUT:

• P – a point in this dynamical system’s domain

• n – a non-negative integer or list or tuple of two non-negative integers

kwds:

• check – (default: True) boolean

• normalize – (default: False) boolean

OUTPUT: a list of points in this dynamical system’s codomain

EXAMPLES:

sage: P.<x,y,z> = ProjectiveSpace(ZZ,2)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([x^2+y^2, y^2-z^2, 2*z^2])
sage: f.orbit(P(1,2,1), 3)
[(1 : 2 : 1), (5 : 3 : 2), (34 : 5 : 8), (1181 : -39 : 128)]

sage: P.<x,y,z> = ProjectiveSpace(ZZ,2)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([x^2+y^2, y^2-z^2, 2*z^2])
sage: f.orbit(P(1,2,1), [2,4])
[(34 : 5 : 8), (1181 : -39 : 128), (1396282 : -14863 : 32768)]

sage: P.<x,y,z> = ProjectiveSpace(ZZ,2)
sage: X = P.subscheme(x^2-y^2)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([x^2, y^2, x*z], domain=X)
sage: f.orbit(X(2,2,3), 3, normalize=True)
[(2 : 2 : 3), (2 : 2 : 3), (2 : 2 : 3), (2 : 2 : 3)]

sage: P.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(QQ,1)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([x^2+y^2, y^2])
sage: f.orbit(P.point([1,2],False), 4, check=False)
[(1 : 2), (5 : 4), (41 : 16), (1937 : 256), (3817505 : 65536)]

sage: K.<c> = FunctionField(QQ)
sage: P.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(K,1)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([x^2+c*y^2, y^2])
sage: f.orbit(P(0,1), 3)
[(0 : 1), (c : 1), (c^2 + c : 1), (c^4 + 2*c^3 + c^2 + c : 1)]

sage: P.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(QQ,1)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([x^2+y^2,y^2], domain=P)
sage: f.orbit(P.point([1, 2], False), 4, check=False)
[(1 : 2), (5 : 4), (41 : 16), (1937 : 256), (3817505 : 65536)]

sage: P.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(QQ,1)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([x^2, 2*y^2], domain=P)
sage: f.orbit(P(2, 1),[-1, 4])
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
TypeError: orbit bounds must be non-negative
sage: f.orbit(P(2, 1), 0.1)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
TypeError: Attempt to coerce non-integral RealNumber to Integer

sage: P.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(QQ,1)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([x^3, x*y^2], domain=P)
sage: f.orbit(P(0, 1), 3)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: [0, 0] does not define a valid point since all entries are 0
sage: f.orbit(P(0, 1), 3, check=False)
[(0 : 1), (0 : 0), (0 : 0), (0 : 0)]

sage: P.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(ZZ, 1)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([x^3, x*y^2], domain=P)
sage: f.orbit(P(2,1), 3, normalize=False)
[(2 : 1), (8 : 2), (512 : 32), (134217728 : 524288)]
sage: f.orbit(P(2, 1), 3, normalize=True)
[(2 : 1), (4 : 1), (16 : 1), (256 : 1)]

sage: P.<x,y,z> = ProjectiveSpace(QQ,2)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([x^2, y^2, x*z])
sage: f.orbit((2/3,1/3), 3)
[(2/3 : 1/3 : 1), (2/3 : 1/6 : 1), (2/3 : 1/24 : 1), (2/3 : 1/384 : 1)]

periodic_points(n, minimal=True, formal=False, R=None, algorithm='variety', return_scheme=False)

Computes the periodic points of period n of this dynamical system defined over the ring R or the base ring of the map.

This can be done either by finding the rational points on the variety defining the points of period n, or, for finite fields, finding the cycle of appropriate length in the cyclegraph. For small cardinality fields, the cyclegraph algorithm is effective for any map and length cycle, but is slow when the cyclegraph is large. The variety algorithm is good for small period, degree, and dimension, but is slow as the defining equations of the variety get more complicated.

For rational maps, where there are potentially infinitely many periodic points of a given period, you must use the return_scheme option. Note that this scheme will include the indeterminacy locus.

INPUT:

• n - a positive integer

• minimal – (default: True) boolean; True specifies to find only the periodic points of minimal period n and False specifies to find all periodic points of period n

• formal – (default: False) boolean; True specifies to find the formal periodic points only. The formal periodic points are the points in the support of the dynatomic cycle.

• R – (optional) a commutative ring. Defaults to the base ring of this map.

• algorithm – (default: 'variety') must be one of the following:

• 'variety' - find the rational points on the appropriate variety

• 'cyclegraph' - find the cycles from the cycle graph

• return_scheme – return a subscheme of the ambient space that defines the n th periodic points

OUTPUT:

A list of periodic points of this map or the subscheme defining the periodic points.

EXAMPLES:

sage: set_verbose(None)
sage: P.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(QQbar, 1)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([x^2 - x*y + y^2, x^2 - y^2 + x*y])
sage: f.periodic_points(1)
[(-0.50000000000000000? - 0.866025403784439?*I : 1),
(-0.50000000000000000? + 0.866025403784439?*I : 1),
(1 : 1)]

sage: P.<x,y,z> = ProjectiveSpace(QuadraticField(5,'t'), 2)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([x^2 - 21/16*z^2, y^2 - z^2, z^2])
sage: f.periodic_points(2)
[(-5/4 : -1 : 1), (-5/4 : -1/2*t + 1/2 : 1), (-5/4 : 0 : 1),
(-5/4 : 1/2*t + 1/2 : 1), (-3/4 : -1 : 1), (-3/4 : 0 : 1),
(1/4 : -1 : 1), (1/4 : -1/2*t + 1/2 : 1), (1/4 : 0 : 1),
(1/4 : 1/2*t + 1/2 : 1), (7/4 : -1 : 1), (7/4 : 0 : 1)]

sage: P.<x,y,z> = ProjectiveSpace(QQ, 2)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([x^2 - 3/4*y^2, y^2 , z^2])
sage: f.periodic_points(2, formal=True)
[(-1/2 : 1 : 0), (-1/2 : 1 : 1)]

sage: w = QQ['w'].0
sage: K = NumberField(w^6 - 3*w^5 + 5*w^4 - 5*w^3 + 5*w^2 - 3*w + 1,'s')
sage: P.<x,y,z> = ProjectiveSpace(K, 2)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([x^2 + z^2, y^2 + x^2, z^2 + y^2])
sage: sorted(f.periodic_points(1), key=str)
[(-2*s^5 + 4*s^4 - 5*s^3 + 3*s^2 - 4*s : -2*s^5 + 5*s^4 - 7*s^3 + 6*s^2 - 7*s + 3 : 1),
(-s^5 + 3*s^4 - 4*s^3 + 4*s^2 - 4*s + 2 : -s^5 + 2*s^4 - 2*s^3 + s^2 - s : 1),
(-s^5 + 3*s^4 - 5*s^3 + 4*s^2 - 3*s + 1 : s^5 - 2*s^4 + 3*s^3 - 3*s^2 + 4*s - 1 : 1),
(1 : 1 : 1),
(2*s^5 - 6*s^4 + 9*s^3 - 8*s^2 + 7*s - 4 : 2*s^5 - 5*s^4 + 7*s^3 - 5*s^2 + 6*s - 2 : 1),
(s^5 - 2*s^4 + 2*s^3 + s : s^5 - 3*s^4 + 4*s^3 - 3*s^2 + 2*s - 1 : 1),
(s^5 - 2*s^4 + 3*s^3 - 3*s^2 + 3*s - 1 : -s^5 + 3*s^4 - 5*s^3 + 4*s^2 - 4*s + 2 : 1)]

sage: P.<x,y,z> = ProjectiveSpace(QQ, 2)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([x^2 - 21/16*z^2, y^2 - 2*z^2, z^2])
sage: f.periodic_points(2, False)
[(-5/4 : -1 : 1), (-5/4 : 2 : 1), (-3/4 : -1 : 1),
(-3/4 : 2 : 1), (0 : 1 : 0), (1/4 : -1 : 1), (1/4 : 2 : 1),
(1 : 0 : 0), (1 : 1 : 0), (7/4 : -1 : 1), (7/4 : 2 : 1)]

sage: P.<x,y,z> = ProjectiveSpace(QQ, 2)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([x^2 - 21/16*z^2, y^2 - 2*z^2, z^2])
sage: f.periodic_points(2)
[(-5/4 : -1 : 1), (-5/4 : 2 : 1), (1/4 : -1 : 1), (1/4 : 2 : 1)]

sage: set_verbose(None)
sage: P.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(ZZ, 1)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([x^2 + y^2, y^2])
sage: f.periodic_points(2, R=QQbar, minimal=False)
[(-0.50000000000000000? - 1.322875655532296?*I : 1),
(-0.50000000000000000? + 1.322875655532296?*I : 1),
(0.50000000000000000? - 0.866025403784439?*I : 1),
(0.50000000000000000? + 0.866025403784439?*I : 1),
(1 : 0)]

sage: P.<x,y,z> = ProjectiveSpace(QQ, 2)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([x^2 - 3/4*z^2, y^2 - 3/4*z^2, z^2])
sage: f.periodic_points(2, formal=True)
[(-1/2 : -1/2 : 1), (-1/2 : 3/2 : 1), (3/2 : -1/2 : 1)]

sage: P.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(GF(307), 1)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([x^10 + y^10, y^10])
sage: f.periodic_points(16, minimal=True, algorithm='cyclegraph')
[(69 : 1), (185 : 1), (120 : 1), (136 : 1), (97 : 1), (183 : 1),
(170 : 1), (105 : 1), (274 : 1), (275 : 1), (154 : 1), (156 : 1),
(87 : 1), (95 : 1), (161 : 1), (128 : 1)]

sage: P.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(GF(13^2, 't'), 1)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([x^3 + 3*y^3, x^2*y])
sage: f.periodic_points(30, minimal=True, algorithm='cyclegraph')
[(t + 3 : 1), (6*t + 6 : 1), (7*t + 1 : 1), (2*t + 8 : 1),
(3*t + 4 : 1), (10*t + 12 : 1), (8*t + 10 : 1), (5*t + 11 : 1),
(7*t + 4 : 1), (4*t + 8 : 1), (9*t + 1 : 1), (2*t + 2 : 1),
(11*t + 9 : 1), (5*t + 7 : 1), (t + 10 : 1), (12*t + 4 : 1),
(7*t + 12 : 1), (6*t + 8 : 1), (11*t + 10 : 1), (10*t + 7 : 1),
(3*t + 9 : 1), (5*t + 5 : 1), (8*t + 3 : 1), (6*t + 11 : 1),
(9*t + 12 : 1), (4*t + 10 : 1), (11*t + 4 : 1), (2*t + 7 : 1),
(8*t + 12 : 1), (12*t + 11 : 1)]

sage: P.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(QQ, 1)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([3*x^2 + 5*y^2, y^2])
sage: f.periodic_points(2, R=GF(3), minimal=False)
[(2 : 1)]
sage: f.periodic_points(2, R=GF(7))
[]

sage: P.<x,y,z> = ProjectiveSpace(QQ, 2)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([x^2, x*y, z^2])
sage: f.periodic_points(1)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
TypeError: use return_scheme=True

sage: R.<x> = QQ[]
sage: K.<u> = NumberField(x^2 - x + 3)
sage: P.<x,y,z> = ProjectiveSpace(K, 2)
sage: X = P.subscheme(2*x - y)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([x^2 - y^2, 2*(x^2 - y^2), y^2 - z^2], domain=X)
sage: f.periodic_points(2)
[(-1/5*u - 1/5 : -2/5*u - 2/5 : 1), (1/5*u - 2/5 : 2/5*u - 4/5 : 1)]

sage: P.<x,y,z> = ProjectiveSpace(QQ, 2)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([x^2 - y^2, x^2 - z^2, y^2 - z^2])
sage: f.periodic_points(1)
[(-1 : 0 : 1)]
sage: f.periodic_points(1, return_scheme=True)
Closed subscheme of Projective Space of dimension 2 over Rational Field
defined by:
-x^3 + x^2*y - y^3 + x*z^2,
-x*y^2 + x^2*z - y^2*z + x*z^2,
-y^3 + x^2*z + y*z^2 - z^3

sage: P.<x,y>=ProjectiveSpace(GF(3), 1)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([x^2 - 2*y^2, y^2])
sage: f.periodic_points(2, R=GF(3^2,'t'))
[(t + 2 : 1), (2*t : 1)]

sage: S.<c> = QQ[]
sage: R.<x,y> = PolynomialRing(S, 2)
sage: P = ProjectiveSpace(R)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([x^2 + c*y^2, y^2])
sage: f.periodic_points(2, return_scheme=True)
Closed subscheme of Projective Space of dimension 1 over Univariate
Polynomial Ring in c over Rational Field defined by:
x^2 + x*y + (c + 1)*y^2

sage: P.<x,y,z> = ProjectiveSpace(ZZ, 2)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem([x^2 - 2*y^2, y^2, z^2])
sage: X = f.periodic_points(2, minimal=False, formal=True, return_scheme=True)
sage: len(X.defining_polynomials())
19

possible_periods(**kwds)

Return the set of possible periods for rational periodic points of this dynamical system.

Must be defined over $$\ZZ$$ or $$\QQ$$.

ALGORITHM:

Calls self.possible_periods() modulo all primes of good reduction in range prime_bound. Return the intersection of those lists.

INPUT:

kwds:

• prime_bound – (default: [1, 20]) a list or tuple of

two positive integers or an integer for the upper bound

• bad_primes – (optional) a list or tuple of integer primes, the primes of bad reduction

• ncpus – (default: all cpus) number of cpus to use in parallel

OUTPUT: a list of positive integers

EXAMPLES:

sage: P.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(QQ,1)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([x^2-29/16*y^2, y^2])
sage: f.possible_periods(ncpus=1)
[1, 3]

sage: PS.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(1,QQ)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([5*x^3 - 53*x*y^2 + 24*y^3, 24*y^3])
sage: f.possible_periods(prime_bound=[1,5])
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: no primes of good reduction in that range
sage: f.possible_periods(prime_bound=[1,10])
[1, 4, 12]
sage: f.possible_periods(prime_bound=[1,20])
[1, 4]

sage: P.<x,y,z> = ProjectiveSpace(ZZ,2)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([2*x^3 - 50*x*z^2 + 24*z^3,
....:                                 5*y^3 - 53*y*z^2 + 24*z^3, 24*z^3])
sage: f.possible_periods(prime_bound=10)
[1, 2, 6, 20, 42, 60, 140, 420]
sage: f.possible_periods(prime_bound=20) # long time
[1, 20]

preperiodic_points(m, n, **kwds)

Computes the preperiodic points of period m, n of this dynamical system defined over the ring R or the base ring of the map.

This is done by finding the rational points on the variety defining the points of period m, n.

For rational maps, where there are potentially infinitely many periodic points of a given period, you must use the return_scheme option. Note that this scheme will include the indeterminacy locus.

INPUT:

• n - a positive integer, the period

• m - a non negative integer, the preperiod

kwds:

• minimal – (default: True) boolean; True specifies to find only the preperiodic points of minimal period m,n and False specifies to find all preperiodic points of period m, n

• formal – (default: False) boolean; True specifies to find the formal periodic points only. The formal periodic points are the points in the support of the dynatomic cycle.

• R – (default: the base ring of the dynamical system) a commutative ring over which to find the preperiodic points

• return_scheme – (default: False) boolean; return a subscheme of the ambient space that defines the m,n th preperiodic points

OUTPUT:

A list of preperiodic points of this map or the subscheme defining the preperiodic points.

EXAMPLES:

sage: P.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(QQbar, 1)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([x^2 - y^2, y^2])
sage: f.preperiodic_points(0, 1)
[(-0.618033988749895? : 1), (1 : 0), (1.618033988749895? : 1)]

sage: P.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(QQ, 1)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([x^2 - 29/16*y^2, y^2])
sage: f.preperiodic_points(1, 3)
[(-5/4 : 1), (1/4 : 1), (7/4 : 1)]

sage: P.<x,y,z> = ProjectiveSpace(QQ, 2)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([x^2 - 3/4*y^2, y^2 , z^2])
sage: f.preperiodic_points(0, 2, formal=True)
[(-1/2 : 1 : 0), (-1/2 : 1 : 1)]

sage: P.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(QQbar, 1)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([x^2 - x*y + 2*y^2, x^2 - y^2])
sage: f.preperiodic_points(1, 2, minimal=False)
[(-3.133185666641252? : 1),
(-1 : 1),
(-0.3478103847799310? - 1.028852254136693?*I : 1),
(-0.3478103847799310? + 1.028852254136693?*I : 1),
(0.8165928333206258? - 0.6710067557437100?*I : 1),
(0.8165928333206258? + 0.6710067557437100?*I : 1),
(1 : 0),
(1 : 1),
(1.695620769559862? : 1),
(3 : 1)]

sage: R.<w> = QQ[]
sage: K.<s> = NumberField(w^6 - 3*w^5 + 5*w^4 - 5*w^3 + 5*w^2 - 3*w + 1)
sage: P.<x,y,z> = ProjectiveSpace(K, 2)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([x^2 + z^2, y^2 + x^2, z^2 + y^2])
sage: sorted(f.preperiodic_points(0, 1), key=str)
[(-2*s^5 + 4*s^4 - 5*s^3 + 3*s^2 - 4*s : -2*s^5 + 5*s^4 - 7*s^3 + 6*s^2 - 7*s + 3 : 1),
(-s^5 + 3*s^4 - 4*s^3 + 4*s^2 - 4*s + 2 : -s^5 + 2*s^4 - 2*s^3 + s^2 - s : 1),
(-s^5 + 3*s^4 - 5*s^3 + 4*s^2 - 3*s + 1 : s^5 - 2*s^4 + 3*s^3 - 3*s^2 + 4*s - 1 : 1),
(1 : 1 : 1),
(2*s^5 - 6*s^4 + 9*s^3 - 8*s^2 + 7*s - 4 : 2*s^5 - 5*s^4 + 7*s^3 - 5*s^2 + 6*s - 2 : 1),
(s^5 - 2*s^4 + 2*s^3 + s : s^5 - 3*s^4 + 4*s^3 - 3*s^2 + 2*s - 1 : 1),
(s^5 - 2*s^4 + 3*s^3 - 3*s^2 + 3*s - 1 : -s^5 + 3*s^4 - 5*s^3 + 4*s^2 - 4*s + 2 : 1)]

sage: P.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(QQ, 1)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([x^2 + 1/4*y^2, y^2])
sage: f.preperiodic_points(1, 1, formal=True)
[(-1/2 : 1), (1 : 0)]

sage: P.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(QQ, 1)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([x^2 - 3/4*y^2, y^2])
sage: f.preperiodic_points(0, 2, formal=True)
[(-1/2 : 1)]

sage: P.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(QQ, 1)
sage: phi = QQ.embeddings(K)[0]
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([x^2 - y^2, y^2])
sage: f.preperiodic_points(1, 1, R=phi)
[(-1/2*v - 1/2 : 1), (1/2*v - 1/2 : 1)]

sage: P.<x,y,z> = ProjectiveSpace(QQ, 2)
sage: X = P.subscheme(2*x - y)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([x^2 - y^2, 2*(x^2 - y^2), y^2 - z^2], domain=X)
sage: f.preperiodic_points(1, 1)
[(-1/4 : -1/2 : 1), (1 : 2 : 1)]

sage: P.<x,y,z> = ProjectiveSpace(QQ, 2)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([x^2 - 3/4*y^2, z^2, y^2])
sage: f.preperiodic_points(1, 1)
[(-3/2 : -1 : 1), (-3/2 : 1 : 1), (-1/2 : -1 : 1), (1/2 : -1 : 1),
(1/2 : 1 : 1), (3/2 : -1 : 1)]

sage: P.<x,y,z> = ProjectiveSpace(GF(5), 2)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([x^2, y^2, z^2])
sage: sorted(f.preperiodic_points(2, 1))
[(0 : 2 : 1), (0 : 3 : 1), (1 : 2 : 1), (1 : 3 : 1), (2 : 0 : 1), (2 : 1 : 0),
(2 : 1 : 1), (2 : 2 : 1), (2 : 3 : 1), (2 : 4 : 1), (3 : 0 : 1), (3 : 1 : 0),
(3 : 1 : 1), (3 : 2 : 1), (3 : 3 : 1), (3 : 4 : 1), (4 : 2 : 1), (4 : 3 : 1)]

sage: P.<x,y,z> = ProjectiveSpace(GF(5), 2)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([x^2, x*y, z^2])
sage: f.preperiodic_points(2, 1, return_scheme=True, minimal=False)
Closed subscheme of Projective Space of dimension 2 over Finite Field of size 5 defined by:
0,
x^8*z^4 - x^4*z^8,
x^7*y*z^4 - x^3*y*z^8


When the ring over which to find the preperiodic points is a number field, the ordering of the preperiodic points might depend on the architecture (32 or 64 bits):

sage: P.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(QQ, 1)
sage: R.<z> = QQ[]
sage: K.<v> = NumberField(z^4 - z^2 - 1)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([x^2 - y^2, y^2])
sage: sorted(f.preperiodic_points(2, 1, R=K), key=str)
[(-v : 1), (v : 1)]

sage: P.<x,y,z> = ProjectiveSpace(QQ, 2)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([x^2 - 3/4*y^2, y^2, z^2])
sage: f.preperiodic_points(0, 2, formal=True)
[(-1/2 : 1 : 0), (-1/2 : 1 : 1)]

sage: S.<c> = QQ[]
sage: R.<x,y> = PolynomialRing(S, 2)
sage: P = ProjectiveSpace(R)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([x^2 + c*y^2, y^2])
sage: f.preperiodic_points(1, 2, return_scheme=True)
Closed subscheme of Projective Space of dimension 1 over Univariate
Polynomial Ring in c over Rational Field defined by:
x^2 - x*y + (c + 1)*y^2


Determine the primes of bad reduction for this dynamical system.

Must be defined over a number field.

If check is True, each prime is verified to be of bad reduction.

ALGORITHM:

$$p$$ is a prime of bad reduction if and only if the defining polynomials of self have a common zero. Or stated another way, $$p$$ is a prime of bad reduction if and only if the radical of the ideal defined by the defining polynomials of self is not $$(x_0,x_1,\ldots,x_N)$$. This happens if and only if some power of each $$x_i$$ is not in the ideal defined by the defining polynomials of self. This last condition is what is checked. The lcm of the coefficients of the monomials $$x_i$$ in a Groebner basis is computed. This may return extra primes.

INPUT:

• check – (default: True) boolean

OUTPUT: a list of primes

EXAMPLES:

sage: P.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(QQ,1)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([1/3*x^2+1/2*y^2, y^2])
[2, 3]

sage: P.<x,y,z,w> = ProjectiveSpace(QQ,3)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([12*x*z-7*y^2, 31*x^2-y^2, 26*z^2, 3*w^2-z*w])
[2, 3, 7, 13, 31]


A number field example:

sage: R.<z> = QQ[]
sage: K.<a> = NumberField(z^2 - 2)
sage: P.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(K,1)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([1/3*x^2+1/a*y^2, y^2])
[Fractional ideal (a), Fractional ideal (3)]


This is an example where check = False returns extra primes:

sage: P.<x,y,z> = ProjectiveSpace(ZZ,2)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([3*x*y^2 + 7*y^3 - 4*y^2*z + 5*z^3,
....:                                 -5*x^3 + x^2*y + y^3 + 2*x^2*z,
....:                                 -2*x^2*y + x*y^2 + y^3 - 4*y^2*z + x*z^2])
[2, 5, 37, 2239, 304432717]
[5, 37, 2239, 304432717]

ramification_type(R=None, stable=True)

Return the ramification type of endomorphisms of $$\mathbb{P}^1$$.

Only branch points defined over the ring R contribute to the ramification type if specified, otherwise R is the ring of definition for self.

Note that branch points defined over R may not be geometric points if stable not set to True.

If R is specified, stable is ignored.

If stable, then this will return the ramification type over an extension which splits the Galois orbits of critical points.

INPUT:

• R – ring or morphism (optional)

• split – boolean (optional)

OUTPUT:

list of lists, each term being the list of ramification indices in the pre-images of one critical value

EXAMPLES:

sage: P.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(QQ, 1)
sage: F = DynamicalSystem_projective([x^4, y^4])
sage: F.ramification_type()
[[4], [4]]

sage: P.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(QQ, 1)
sage: F = DynamicalSystem_projective([x^3, 4*y^3 - 3*x^2*y])
sage: F.ramification_type()
[[2], [2], [3]]

sage: P.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(QQ, 1)
sage: F = DynamicalSystem_projective([(x + y)^4, 16*x*y*(x-y)^2])
sage: F.ramification_type()
[[2], [2, 2], [4]]

sage: P.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(QQ, 1)
sage: F = DynamicalSystem_projective([(x + y)*(x - y)^3, y*(2*x+y)^3])
sage: F.ramification_type()
[[3], [3], [3]]

sage: F = DynamicalSystem_projective([x^3-2*x*y^2 + 2*y^3, y^3])
sage: F.ramification_type()
[[2], [2], [3]]
sage: F.ramification_type(R=F.base_ring())
[[2], [3]]

reduced_form(**kwds)

Return reduced form of this dynamical system.

The reduced form is the $$SL(2, \ZZ)$$ equivalent morphism obtained by applying the binary form reduction algorithm from Stoll and Cremona [CS2003] to the homogeneous polynomial defining the periodic points (the dynatomic polynomial). The smallest period $$n$$ with enough periodic points is used and without roots of too large multiplicity.

This should also minimize the size of the coefficients, but this is not always the case. By default the coefficient minimizing algorithm in [HS2018] is applied.

See sage.rings.polynomial.multi_polynomial.reduced_form() for the information on binary form reduction.

Implemented by Rebecca Lauren Miller as part of GSOC 2016. Minimal height added by Ben Hutz July 2018.

INPUT:

keywords:

• prec – (default: 300) integer, desired precision

• return_conjuagtion – (default: True) boolean; return an element of $$SL(2, \ZZ)$$

• error_limit – (default: 0.000001) a real number, sets the error tolerance

• smallest_coeffs – (default: True), boolean, whether to find the model with smallest coefficients

• dynatomic – (default: True) boolean, to use formal periodic points

• start_n – (default: 1), positive integer, firs period to rry to find appropriate binary form

• emb – (optional) embedding of based field into CC

• algorithm – (optional) which algorithm to use to find all minimal models. Can be one of the following:

• 'BM' – Bruin-Molnar algorithm [BM2012]

• 'HS' – Hutz-Stoll algorithm [HS2018]

• check_minimal – (default: True), boolean, whether to check if this map is a minimal model

• smallest_coeffs – (default: True), boolean, whether to find the model with smallest coefficients

OUTPUT:

• a projective morphism

• a matrix

EXAMPLES:

sage: PS.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(QQ, 1)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([x^3 + x*y^2, y^3])
sage: m = matrix(QQ, 2, 2, [-201221, -1, 1, 0])
sage: f = f.conjugate(m)
sage: f.reduced_form(prec=50, smallest_coeffs=False) #needs 2 periodic
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: accuracy of Newton's root not within tolerance(0.000066... > 1e-06), increase precision
sage: f.reduced_form(smallest_coeffs=False)
(
Dynamical System of Projective Space of dimension 1 over Rational Field
Defn: Defined on coordinates by sending (x : y) to
(x^3 + x*y^2 : y^3)
,

[     0     -1]
[     1 201221]
)

sage: PS.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(ZZ, 1)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([x^2+ x*y, y^2]) #needs 3 periodic
sage: m = matrix(QQ, 2, 2, [-221, -1, 1, 0])
sage: f = f.conjugate(m)
sage: f.reduced_form(prec=200, smallest_coeffs=False)
(
Dynamical System of Projective Space of dimension 1 over Integer Ring
Defn: Defined on coordinates by sending (x : y) to
(-x^2 + x*y - y^2 : -y^2)
,
[  0  -1]
[  1 220]
)

sage: P.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(QQ, 1)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([x^3, y^3])
sage: f.reduced_form(smallest_coeffs=False)
(
Dynamical System of Projective Space of dimension 1 over Rational Field
Defn: Defined on coordinates by sending (x : y) to
(x^3 : y^3)
,

[1 0]
[0 1]
)

sage: PS.<X,Y> = ProjectiveSpace(QQ,1)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([7365*X^4 + 12564*X^3*Y + 8046*X^2*Y^2 + 2292*X*Y^3 + 245*Y^4,\
-12329*X^4 - 21012*X^3*Y - 13446*X^2*Y^2 - 3828*X*Y^3 - 409*Y^4])
sage: f.reduced_form(prec=30, smallest_coeffs=False)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: accuracy of Newton's root not within tolerance(0.00008... > 1e-06), increase precision
sage: f.reduced_form(smallest_coeffs=False)
(
Dynamical System of Projective Space of dimension 1 over Rational Field
Defn: Defined on coordinates by sending (X : Y) to
(-7*X^4 - 12*X^3*Y - 42*X^2*Y^2 - 12*X*Y^3 - 7*Y^4 : -X^4 - 4*X^3*Y - 6*X^2*Y^2 - 4*X*Y^3 - Y^4),

[-1  2]
[ 2 -5]
)

sage: P.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(RR, 1)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([x^4, RR(sqrt(2))*y^4])
sage: m = matrix(RR, 2, 2, [1,12,0,1])
sage: f = f.conjugate(m)
sage: g, m = f.reduced_form(smallest_coeffs=False); m
[  1 -12]
[  0   1]

sage: P.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(CC, 1)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([x^4, CC(sqrt(-2))*y^4])
sage: m = matrix(CC, 2, 2, [1,12,0,1])
sage: f = f.conjugate(m)
sage: g, m = f.reduced_form(smallest_coeffs=False); m
[  1 -12]
[  0   1]

sage: K.<w> = QuadraticField(2)
sage: P.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(K, 1)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([x^3, w*y^3])
sage: m = matrix(K, 2, 2, [1,12,0,1])
sage: f = f.conjugate(m)
sage: f.reduced_form(smallest_coeffs=False)
(
Dynamical System of Projective Space of dimension 1 over Number Field in w with defining polynomial x^2 - 2 with w = 1.414213562373095?
Defn: Defined on coordinates by sending (x : y) to
(x^3 : (w)*y^3)                                                                                                                ,

[  1 -12]
[  0   1]
)

sage: R.<x> = QQ[]
sage: K.<w> = NumberField(x^5+x-3, embedding=(x^5+x-3).roots(ring=CC)[0][0])
sage: P.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(K, 1)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([12*x^3, 2334*w*y^3])
sage: m = matrix(K, 2, 2, [-12,1,1,0])
sage: f = f.conjugate(m)
sage: f.reduced_form(smallest_coeffs=False)
(
Dynamical System of Projective Space of dimension 1 over Number Field in w with defining polynomial x^5 + x - 3 with w = 1.132997565885066?
Defn: Defined on coordinates by sending (x : y) to
(12*x^3 : (2334*w)*y^3)                                                                                                            ,

[  0  -1]
[  1 -12]
)

sage: P.<x,y> = QQ[]
sage: f = DynamicalSystem([-4*y^2, 9*x^2 - 12*x*y])
sage: f.reduced_form()
(
Dynamical System of Projective Space of dimension 1 over Rational Field
Defn: Defined on coordinates by sending (x : y) to
(2*x^2 - 2*y^2 : -x^2 - 2*y^2)
,

[ 2 -2]
[ 3  0]
)

sage: P.<x,y> = QQ[]
sage: f = DynamicalSystem([-2*x^3 - 9*x^2*y - 12*x*y^2 - 6*y^3 , y^3])
sage: f.reduced_form()
(
Dynamical System of Projective Space of dimension 1 over Rational Field
Defn: Defined on coordinates by sending (x : y) to
(x^3 + 3*x^2*y : 3*x*y^2 + y^3)
,

[-1 -2]
[ 1  1]
)

sage: P.<x,y> = QQ[]
sage: f = DynamicalSystem([4*x^2 - 7*y^2, 4*y^2])
sage: f.reduced_form(start_n=2, dynatomic=False) #long time
(
Dynamical System of Projective Space of dimension 1 over Rational Field
Defn: Defined on coordinates by sending (x : y) to
(x^2 - x*y - y^2 : y^2)
,

[ 2 -1]
[ 0  2]
)

sage: P.<x,y> = QQ[]
sage: f = DynamicalSystem([4*x^2 + y^2, 4*y^2])
sage: f.reduced_form()  #long time
(
Dynamical System of Projective Space of dimension 1 over Rational Field
Defn: Defined on coordinates by sending (x : y) to
(x^2 - x*y + y^2 : y^2)
,

[ 2 -1]
[ 0  2]
)

resultant(normalize=False)

Computes the resultant of the defining polynomials of this dynamical system.

If normalize is True, then first normalize the coordinate functions with normalize_coordinates().

INPUT:

• normalize – (default: False) boolean

OUTPUT: an element of the base ring of this map

EXAMPLES:

sage: P.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(QQ,1)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([x^2+y^2, 6*y^2])
sage: f.resultant()
36

sage: R.<t> = PolynomialRing(GF(17))
sage: P.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(R,1)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([t*x^2+t*y^2, 6*y^2])
sage: f.resultant()
2*t^2

sage: R.<t> = PolynomialRing(GF(17))
sage: P.<x,y,z> = ProjectiveSpace(R,2)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([t*x^2+t*y^2, 6*y^2, 2*t*z^2])
sage: f.resultant()
13*t^8

sage: P.<x,y,z> = ProjectiveSpace(QQ,2)
sage: F = DynamicalSystem_projective([x^2+y^2,6*y^2,10*x*z+z^2+y^2])
sage: F.resultant()
1296

sage: R.<t>=PolynomialRing(QQ)
sage: s = (t^3+t+1).roots(QQbar)[0][0]
sage: P.<x,y>=ProjectiveSpace(QQbar,1)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([s*x^3-13*y^3, y^3-15*y^3])
sage: f.resultant()
871.6925062959149?

sigma_invariants(n, formal=False, embedding=None, type='point')

Computes the values of the elementary symmetric polynomials of the n multiplier spectra of this dynamical system.

Can specify to instead compute the values corresponding to the elementary symmetric polynomials of the formal n multiplier spectra. The map must be defined over projective space of dimension $$1$$. The base ring should be a number field, number field order, or a finite field or a polynomial ring or function field over a number field, number field order, or finite field.

The parameter type determines if the sigma are computed from the multipliers calculated at one per cycle (with multiplicity) or one per point (with multiplicity). Note that in the cycle case, a map with a cycle which collapses into multiple smaller cycles, this is still considered one cycle. In other words, if a 4-cycle collapses into a 2-cycle with multiplicity 2, there is only one multiplier used for the doubled 2-cycle when computing n=4.

ALGORITHM:

We use the Poisson product of the resultant of two polynomials:

$res(f,g) = \prod_{f(a)=0} g(a).$

Letting $$f$$ be the polynomial defining the periodic or formal periodic points and $$g$$ the polynomial $$w - f'$$ for an auxilarly variable $$w$$. Note that if $$f$$ is a rational function, we clear denominators for $$g$$.

INPUT:

• n – a positive integer, the period

• formal – (default: False) boolean; True specifies to find the values of the elementary symmetric polynomials corresponding to the formal n multiplier spectra and False specifies to instead find the values corresponding to the n multiplier spectra, which includes the multipliers of all periodic points of period n

• embedding – deprecated in trac ticket #23333

• type – (default: 'point') string; either 'point' or 'cycle' depending on whether you compute with one multiplier per point or one per cycle

OUTPUT: a list of elements in the base ring

EXAMPLES:

sage: P.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(QQ,1)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([512*x^5 - 378128*x^4*y + 76594292*x^3*y^2 - 4570550136*x^2*y^3 - 2630045017*x*y^4\
+ 28193217129*y^5, 512*y^5])
sage: f.sigma_invariants(1)
[19575526074450617/1048576, -9078122048145044298567432325/2147483648,
-2622661114909099878224381377917540931367/1099511627776,
-2622661107937102104196133701280271632423/549755813888,
338523204830161116503153209450763500631714178825448006778305/72057594037927936, 0]

sage: set_verbose(None)
sage: z = QQ['z'].0
sage: K = NumberField(z^4 - 4*z^2 + 1, 'z')
sage: P.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(K, 1)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([x^2 - 5/4*y^2, y^2])
sage: f.sigma_invariants(2, formal=False, type='cycle')
[13, 11, -25, 0]
sage: f.sigma_invariants(2, formal=False, type='point')
[12, -2, -36, 25, 0]


check that infinity as part of a longer cycle is handled correctly:

sage: P.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(QQ, 1)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([y^2, x^2])
sage: f.sigma_invariants(2, type='cycle')
[12, 48, 64, 0]
sage: f.sigma_invariants(2, type='point')
[12, 48, 64, 0, 0]
sage: f.sigma_invariants(2, type='cycle', formal=True)
[0]
sage: f.sigma_invariants(2, type='point', formal=True)
[0, 0]

sage: P.<x,y,z> = ProjectiveSpace(QQ, 2)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([x^2, y^2, z^2])
sage: f.sigma_invariants(1)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
NotImplementedError: only implemented for dimension 1

sage: K.<w> = QuadraticField(3)
sage: P.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(K, 1)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([x^2 - w*y^2, (1-w)*x*y])
sage: f.sigma_invariants(2, formal=False, type='cycle')
[6*w + 21, 78*w + 159, 210*w + 367, 90*w + 156]
sage: f.sigma_invariants(2, formal=False, type='point')
[6*w + 24, 96*w + 222, 444*w + 844, 720*w + 1257, 270*w + 468]

sage: P.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(QQ,1)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([x^2 + x*y + y^2, y^2 + x*y])
sage: f.sigma_invariants(1)
[3, 3, 1]

sage: R.<c> = QQ[]
sage: Pc.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(R, 1)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([x^2 + c*y^2, y^2])
sage: f.sigma_invariants(1)
[2, 4*c, 0]
sage: f.sigma_invariants(2, formal=True, type='point')
[8*c + 8, 16*c^2 + 32*c + 16]
sage: f.sigma_invariants(2, formal=True, type='cycle')
[4*c + 4]


doubled fixed point:

sage: P.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(QQ, 1)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([x^2 - 3/4*y^2, y^2])
sage: f.sigma_invariants(2, formal=True)
[2, 1]


doubled 2 cycle:

sage: P.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(QQ, 1)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([x^2 - 5/4*y^2, y^2])
sage: f.sigma_invariants(4, formal=False, type='cycle')
[170, 5195, 172700, 968615, 1439066, 638125, 0]

class sage.dynamics.arithmetic_dynamics.projective_ds.DynamicalSystem_projective_field(polys, domain)
all_periodic_points(**kwds)

Determine the set of rational periodic points for this dynamical system.

The map must be defined over $$\QQ$$ and be an endomorphism of projective space. If the map is a polynomial endomorphism of $$\mathbb{P}^1$$, i.e. has a totally ramified fixed point, then the base ring can be an absolute number field. This is done by passing to the Weil restriction.

The default parameter values are typically good choices for $$\mathbb{P}^1$$. If you are having trouble getting a particular map to finish, try first computing the possible periods, then try various different lifting_prime values.

ALGORITHM:

Modulo each prime of good reduction $$p$$ determine the set of periodic points modulo $$p$$. For each cycle modulo $$p$$ compute the set of possible periods ($$mrp^e$$). Take the intersection of the list of possible periods modulo several primes of good reduction to get a possible list of minimal periods of rational periodic points. Take each point modulo $$p$$ associated to each of these possible periods and try to lift it to a rational point with a combination of $$p$$-adic approximation and the LLL basis reduction algorithm.

See [Hutz2015].

INPUT:

kwds:

• R – (default: domain of dynamical system) the base ring over which the periodic points of the dynamical system are found

• prime_bound – (default: [1,20]) a pair (list or tuple) of positive integers that represent the limits of primes to use in the reduction step or an integer that represents the upper bound

• lifting_prime – (default: 23) a prime integer; argument that specifies modulo which prime to try and perform the lifting

• period_degree_bounds – (default: [4,4]) a pair of positive integers (max period, max degree) for which the dynatomic polynomial should be solved for

• algorithm – (optional) specifies which algorithm to use; current options are $$dynatomic$$ and $$lifting$$; defaults to solving the dynatomic for low periods and degrees and lifts for everything else

• periods – (optional) a list of positive integers that is the list of possible periods

• bad_primes – (optional) a list or tuple of integer primes; the primes of bad reduction

• ncpus – (default: all cpus) number of cpus to use in parallel

OUTPUT: a list of rational points in projective space

EXAMPLES:

sage: P.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(QQ,1)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([x^2-3/4*y^2, y^2])
sage: sorted(f.all_periodic_points(prime_bound=20, lifting_prime=7)) # long time
[(-1/2 : 1), (1 : 0), (3/2 : 1)]

sage: P.<x,y,z> = ProjectiveSpace(QQ,2)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([2*x^3 - 50*x*z^2 + 24*z^3,
....:                                 5*y^3 - 53*y*z^2 + 24*z^3, 24*z^3])
sage: sorted(f.all_periodic_points(prime_bound=[1,20])) # long time
[(-3 : -1 : 1), (-3 : 0 : 1), (-3 : 1 : 1), (-3 : 3 : 1), (-1 : -1 : 1),
(-1 : 0 : 1), (-1 : 1 : 1), (-1 : 3 : 1), (0 : 1 : 0), (1 : -1 : 1),
(1 : 0 : 0), (1 : 0 : 1), (1 : 1 : 1), (1 : 3 : 1), (3 : -1 : 1),
(3 : 0 : 1), (3 : 1 : 1), (3 : 3 : 1), (5 : -1 : 1), (5 : 0 : 1),
(5 : 1 : 1), (5 : 3 : 1)]

sage: P.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(QQ,1)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([-5*x^2 + 4*y^2, 4*x*y])
sage: sorted(f.all_periodic_points()) # long time
[(-2 : 1), (-2/3 : 1), (2/3 : 1), (1 : 0), (2 : 1)]

sage: R.<x> = QQ[]
sage: K.<w> = NumberField(x^2-x+1)
sage: P.<u,v> = ProjectiveSpace(K,1)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([u^2 + v^2,v^2])
sage: sorted(f.all_periodic_points())
[(-w + 1 : 1), (w : 1), (1 : 0)]

sage: R.<x> = QQ[]
sage: K.<w> = NumberField(x^2-x+1)
sage: P.<u,v> = ProjectiveSpace(K,1)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([u^2+v^2,u*v])
sage: f.all_periodic_points()
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
NotImplementedError: rational periodic points for number fields only implemented for polynomials

sage: P.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(QQ, 1)
sage: phi = QQ.embeddings(K)[0]
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([x^2 - y^2, y^2])
sage: sorted(f.all_periodic_points(R=phi))
[(-1 : 1), (-1/2*v + 1/2 : 1), (0 : 1), (1 : 0), (1/2*v + 1/2 : 1)]

sage: P.<x,y,z,w> = ProjectiveSpace(QQ, 3)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([x^2 - (3/4)*w^2, y^2 - 3/4*w^2, z^2 - 3/4*w^2, w^2])
sage: sorted(f.all_periodic_points(algorithm="dynatomic"))
[(-1/2 : -1/2 : -1/2 : 1),
(-1/2 : -1/2 : 3/2 : 1),
(-1/2 : 3/2 : -1/2 : 1),
(-1/2 : 3/2 : 3/2 : 1),
(0 : 0 : 1 : 0),
(0 : 1 : 0 : 0),
(0 : 1 : 1 : 0),
(1 : 0 : 0 : 0),
(1 : 0 : 1 : 0),
(1 : 1 : 0 : 0),
(1 : 1 : 1 : 0),
(3/2 : -1/2 : -1/2 : 1),
(3/2 : -1/2 : 3/2 : 1),
(3/2 : 3/2 : -1/2 : 1),
(3/2 : 3/2 : 3/2 : 1)]

sage: P.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(QQ, 1)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([x^2 - 3/4*y^2, y^2])
sage: sorted(f.all_periodic_points(period_degree_bounds=[2,2]))
[(-1/2 : 1), (1 : 0), (3/2 : 1)]

all_preperiodic_points(**kwds)

Determine the set of rational preperiodic points for this dynamical system.

The map must be defined over $$\QQ$$ and be an endomorphism of projective space. If the map is a polynomial endomorphism of $$\mathbb{P}^1$$, i.e. has a totally ramified fixed point, then the base ring can be an absolute number field. This is done by passing to the Weil restriction.

The default parameter values are typically good choices for $$\mathbb{P}^1$$. If you are having trouble getting a particular map to finish, try first computing the possible periods, then try various different values for lifting_prime.

ALGORITHM:

• Determines the list of possible periods.

• Determines the rational periodic points from the possible periods.

• Determines the rational preperiodic points from the rational periodic points by determining rational preimages.

INPUT:

kwds:

• R – (default: domain of dynamical system) the base ring over which the periodic points of the dynamical system are found

• prime_bound – (default: [1, 20]) a pair (list or tuple) of positive integers that represent the limits of primes to use in the reduction step or an integer that represents the upper bound

• lifting_prime – (default: 23) a prime integer; specifies modulo which prime to try and perform the lifting

• periods – (optional) a list of positive integers that is the list of possible periods

• bad_primes – (optional) a list or tuple of integer primes; the primes of bad reduction

• ncpus – (default: all cpus) number of cpus to use in parallel

• period_degree_bounds – (default: [4,4]) a pair of positive integers (max period, max degree) for which the dynatomic polynomial should be solved for when in dimension 1

• algorithm – (optional) specifies which algorithm to use; current options are $$dynatomic$$ and $$lifting$$; defaults to solving the dynatomic for low periods and degrees and lifts for everything else

OUTPUT: a list of rational points in projective space

EXAMPLES:

sage: PS.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(1,QQ)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([x^2 -y^2, 3*x*y])
sage: sorted(f.all_preperiodic_points())
[(-2 : 1), (-1 : 1), (-1/2 : 1), (0 : 1), (1/2 : 1), (1 : 0), (1 : 1),
(2 : 1)]

sage: PS.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(1,QQ)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([5*x^3 - 53*x*y^2 + 24*y^3, 24*y^3])
sage: sorted(f.all_preperiodic_points(prime_bound=10))
[(-1 : 1), (0 : 1), (1 : 0), (1 : 1), (3 : 1)]

sage: PS.<x,y,z> = ProjectiveSpace(2,QQ)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([x^2 - 21/16*z^2, y^2-2*z^2, z^2])
sage: sorted(f.all_preperiodic_points(prime_bound=[1,8], lifting_prime=7, periods=[2])) # long time
[(-5/4 : -2 : 1), (-5/4 : -1 : 1), (-5/4 : 0 : 1), (-5/4 : 1 : 1), (-5/4
: 2 : 1), (-1/4 : -2 : 1), (-1/4 : -1 : 1), (-1/4 : 0 : 1), (-1/4 : 1 :
1), (-1/4 : 2 : 1), (1/4 : -2 : 1), (1/4 : -1 : 1), (1/4 : 0 : 1), (1/4
: 1 : 1), (1/4 : 2 : 1), (5/4 : -2 : 1), (5/4 : -1 : 1), (5/4 : 0 : 1),
(5/4 : 1 : 1), (5/4 : 2 : 1)]

sage: K.<w> = QuadraticField(33)
sage: PS.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(K,1)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([x^2-71/48*y^2, y^2])
sage: sorted(f.all_preperiodic_points()) # long time
[(-1/12*w - 1 : 1),
(-1/6*w - 1/4 : 1),
(-1/12*w - 1/2 : 1),
(-1/6*w + 1/4 : 1),
(1/12*w - 1 : 1),
(1/12*w - 1/2 : 1),
(-1/12*w + 1/2 : 1),
(-1/12*w + 1 : 1),
(1/6*w - 1/4 : 1),
(1/12*w + 1/2 : 1),
(1 : 0),
(1/6*w + 1/4 : 1),
(1/12*w + 1 : 1)]

all_rational_preimages(points)

Given a set of rational points in the domain of this dynamical system, return all the rational preimages of those points.

In others words, all the rational points which have some iterate in the set points. This function repeatedly calls rational_preimages. If the degree is at least two, by Northocott, this is always a finite set. The map must be defined over number fields and be an endomorphism.

INPUT:

• points – a list of rational points in the domain of this map

OUTPUT: a list of rational points in the domain of this map

EXAMPLES:

sage: P.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(QQ,1)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([16*x^2 - 29*y^2, 16*y^2])
sage: sorted(f.all_rational_preimages([P(-1,4)]))
[(-7/4 : 1), (-5/4 : 1), (-3/4 : 1), (-1/4 : 1), (1/4 : 1), (3/4 : 1),
(5/4 : 1), (7/4 : 1)]

sage: P.<x,y,z> = ProjectiveSpace(QQ,2)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([76*x^2 - 180*x*y + 45*y^2 + 14*x*z + 45*y*z - 90*z^2, 67*x^2 - 180*x*y - 157*x*z + 90*y*z, -90*z^2])
sage: sorted(f.all_rational_preimages([P(-9,-4,1)]))
[(-9 : -4 : 1), (0 : -1 : 1), (0 : 0 : 1), (0 : 1 : 1), (0 : 4 : 1),
(1 : 0 : 1), (1 : 1 : 1), (1 : 2 : 1), (1 : 3 : 1)]


A non-periodic example

sage: P.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(QQ,1)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([x^2 + y^2, 2*x*y])
sage: sorted(f.all_rational_preimages([P(17,15)]))
[(1/3 : 1), (3/5 : 1), (5/3 : 1), (3 : 1)]


A number field example:

sage: z = QQ['z'].0
sage: K.<w> = NumberField(z^3 + (z^2)/4 - (41/16)*z + 23/64);
sage: P.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(K,1)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([16*x^2 - 29*y^2, 16*y^2])
sage: sorted(f.all_rational_preimages([P(16*w^2 - 29,16)]), key=str)
[(-w - 1/2 : 1),
(-w : 1),
(-w^2 + 21/16 : 1),
(-w^2 + 29/16 : 1),
(-w^2 - w + 25/16 : 1),
(-w^2 - w + 33/16 : 1),
(w + 1/2 : 1),
(w : 1),
(w^2 + w - 25/16 : 1),
(w^2 + w - 33/16 : 1),
(w^2 - 21/16 : 1),
(w^2 - 29/16 : 1)]

sage: K.<w> = QuadraticField(3)
sage: P.<u,v> = ProjectiveSpace(K,1)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([u^2+v^2, v^2])
sage: f.all_rational_preimages(P(4))
[(-w : 1), (w : 1)]

conjugating_set(other, R=None)

Return the set of elements in PGL over the base ring that conjugates one dynamical system to the other.

Given two nonconstant rational functions of equal degree, determine if there is a rational element of PGL that conjugates one rational function to another.

The optional argument $$R$$ specifies the field of definition of the PGL elements. The set is determined by taking the fixed points of one map and mapping them to all unique permutations of the fixed points of the other map. If there are not enough fixed points the function compares the mapping between rational preimages of fixed points and the rational preimages of the preimages of fixed points until there are enough points; such that there are $$n+2$$ points with all $$n+1$$ subsets linearly independent.

Warning

For degree 1 maps that are conjugate, there is a positive dimensional set of conjugations. This function returns only one such element.

ALGORITHM:

Implementing invariant set algorithm from the paper [FMV2014]. Given that the set of $$n$$ th preimages of fixed points is invariant under conjugation find all elements of PGL that take one set to another.

INPUT:

• other – a rational function of same degree as this map

• R – a field or embedding

OUTPUT:

Set of conjugating $$n+1$$ by $$n+1$$ matrices.

AUTHORS:

• Original algorithm written by Xander Faber, Michelle Manes, Bianca Viray [FMV2014].

• Implemented by Rebecca Lauren Miller, as part of GSOC 2016.

EXAMPLES:

sage: P.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(QQ,1)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([x^2 - 2*y^2, y^2])
sage: m = matrix(QQbar, 2, 2, [-1, 3, 2, 1])
sage: g = f.conjugate(m)
sage: f.conjugating_set(g)
[
[-1  3]
[ 2  1]
]

sage: K.<w> = QuadraticField(-1)
sage: P.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(K,1)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([x^2 + y^2, x*y])
sage: m = matrix(K, 2, 2, [1, 1, 2, 1])
sage: g = f.conjugate(m)
sage: sorted(f.conjugating_set(g)) # long time
[
[-1 -1]  [1 1]
[ 2  1], [2 1]
]

sage: K.<i> = QuadraticField(-1)
sage: P.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(K,1)
sage: D8 = DynamicalSystem_projective([y^3, x^3])
sage: sorted(D8.conjugating_set(D8)) # long time
[
[-1  0]  [-i  0]  [ 0 -1]  [ 0 -i]  [0 i]  [0 1]  [i 0]  [1 0]
[ 0  1], [ 0  1], [ 1  0], [ 1  0], [1 0], [1 0], [0 1], [0 1]
]

sage: P.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(QQ,1)
sage: D8 = DynamicalSystem_projective([y^2, x^2])
sage: D8.conjugating_set(D8)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: not enough rational preimages

sage: P.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(GF(7),1)
sage: D6 = DynamicalSystem_projective([y^2, x^2])
sage: D6.conjugating_set(D6)
[
[1 0]  [0 1]  [0 2]  [4 0]  [2 0]  [0 4]
[0 1], [1 0], [1 0], [0 1], [0 1], [1 0]
]

sage: P.<x,y,z> = ProjectiveSpace(QQ,2)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([x^2 + x*z, y^2, z^2])
sage: f.conjugating_set(f) # long time
[
[1 0 0]
[0 1 0]
[0 0 1]
]

sage: P.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(QQ, 1)
sage: R = P.coordinate_ring()
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([R(3), R(4)])
sage: g = DynamicalSystem_projective([R(5), R(2)])
sage: m = f.conjugating_set(g)[0]
sage: f.conjugate(m) == g
True

sage: P.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(QQbar, 1)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([7*x + 12*y, 8*x])
sage: g = DynamicalSystem_projective([1645*x - 318*y, 8473*x - 1638*y])
sage: m = f.conjugating_set(g)[0]
sage: f.conjugate(m) == g
True


note that only one possible conjugation is returned:

sage: P.<x,y,z> = ProjectiveSpace(GF(11),2)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([2*x + 12*y, 11*y+2*z, x+z])
sage: m1 = matrix(GF(11), 3, 3, [1,4,1,0,2,1,1,1,1])
sage: g = f.conjugate(m1)
sage: f.conjugating_set(g)
[
[ 1  0  0]
[ 9  1  4]
[ 4 10  8]
]

sage: L.<v> = CyclotomicField(8)
sage: P.<x,y,z> = ProjectiveSpace(L, 2)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([2*x + 12*y, 11*y+2*z, x+z])
sage: m1 = matrix(L, 3, 3, [1,4,v^2,0,2,1,1,1,1])
sage: g = f.conjugate(m1)
sage: m = f.conjugating_set(g)[0]
sage: f.conjugate(m) == g
True

connected_rational_component(P, n=0)

Computes the connected component of a rational preperiodic point P by this dynamical system.

Will work for non-preperiodic points if n is positive. Otherwise this will not terminate.

INPUT:

• P – a rational preperiodic point of this map

• n – (default: 0) integer; maximum distance from P to branch out; a value of 0 indicates no bound

OUTPUT:

A list of points connected to P up to the specified distance.

EXAMPLES:

sage: R.<x> = PolynomialRing(QQ)
sage: K.<w> = NumberField(x^3+1/4*x^2-41/16*x+23/64)
sage: PS.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(1,K)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([x^2 - 29/16*y^2, y^2])
sage: P = PS([w,1])
sage: sorted(f.connected_rational_component(P), key=str)
[(-w - 1/2 : 1),
(-w : 1),
(-w^2 + 21/16 : 1),
(-w^2 + 29/16 : 1),
(-w^2 - w + 25/16 : 1),
(-w^2 - w + 33/16 : 1),
(w + 1/2 : 1),
(w : 1),
(w^2 + w - 25/16 : 1),
(w^2 + w - 33/16 : 1),
(w^2 - 21/16 : 1),
(w^2 - 29/16 : 1)]

sage: PS.<x,y,z> = ProjectiveSpace(2,QQ)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([x^2 - 21/16*z^2, y^2-2*z^2, z^2])
sage: P = PS([17/16,7/4,1])
sage: f.connected_rational_component(P,3)
[(17/16 : 7/4 : 1),
(-47/256 : 17/16 : 1),
(-83807/65536 : -223/256 : 1),
(-17/16 : -7/4 : 1),
(-17/16 : 7/4 : 1),
(17/16 : -7/4 : 1),
(1386468673/4294967296 : -81343/65536 : 1),
(-47/256 : -17/16 : 1),
(47/256 : -17/16 : 1),
(47/256 : 17/16 : 1),
(-1/2 : -1/2 : 1),
(-1/2 : 1/2 : 1),
(1/2 : -1/2 : 1),
(1/2 : 1/2 : 1)]

is_conjugate(other, R=None)

Return whether two dynamical systems are conjugate over their base ring (by default) or over the ring $$R$$ entered as an optional parameter.

ALGORITHM:

Implementing invariant set algorithm from the paper [FMV2014]. Given that the set of $$n$$ th preimages is invariant under conjugation this function finds whether two maps are conjugate.

INPUT:

• other – a nonconstant rational function of the same degree as this map

• R – a field or embedding

OUTPUT: boolean

AUTHORS:

• Original algorithm written by Xander Faber, Michelle Manes, Bianca Viray [FMV2014].

• Implemented by Rebecca Lauren Miller as part of GSOC 2016.

EXAMPLES:

sage: K.<w> = CyclotomicField(3)
sage: P.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(K,1)
sage: D8 = DynamicalSystem_projective([y^2, x^2])
sage: D8.is_conjugate(D8)
True

sage: set_verbose(None)
sage: P.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(QQbar,1)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([x^2 + x*y,y^2])
sage: m = matrix(QQbar, 2, 2, [1, 1, 2, 1])
sage: g = f.conjugate(m)
sage: f.is_conjugate(g) # long time
True

sage: P.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(GF(5),1)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([x^3 + x*y^2,y^3])
sage: m = matrix(GF(5), 2, 2, [1, 3, 2, 9])
sage: g = f.conjugate(m)
sage: f.is_conjugate(g)
True

sage: P.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(QQ,1)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([x^2 + x*y,y^2])
sage: g = DynamicalSystem_projective([x^3 + x^2*y, y^3])
sage: f.is_conjugate(g)
False

sage: P.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(QQ,1)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([x^2 + x*y, y^2])
sage: g = DynamicalSystem_projective([x^2 - 2*y^2, y^2])
sage: f.is_conjugate(g)
False

sage: P.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(QQbar, 1)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([7*x + 12*y, 8*x])
sage: g = DynamicalSystem_projective([1645*x - 318*y, 8473*x - 1638*y])
sage: f.is_conjugate(g)
True


conjugation is only checked over the base field by default:

sage: P.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(QQ, 1)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([-3*y^2, 3*x^2])
sage: g = DynamicalSystem_projective([-x^2 - 2*x*y, 2*x*y + y^2])
sage: f.is_conjugate(g), f.is_conjugate(g, R=QQbar) # long time
(False, True)

sage: P.<x,y,z> = ProjectiveSpace(QQ, 2)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([7*x + 12*y, 8*y+2*z, x+z])
sage: m1 = matrix(QQ, 3, 3, [1,4,1,0,2,1,1,1,1])
sage: g = f.conjugate(m1)
sage: f.is_conjugate(g)
True

sage: P.<x,y,z> = ProjectiveSpace(GF(7), 2)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([2*x + 12*y, 11*y+2*z, x+z])
sage: m1 = matrix(GF(7), 3, 3, [1,4,1,0,2,1,1,1,1])
sage: g = f.conjugate(m1)
sage: f.is_conjugate(g)
True

sage: P.<x,y,z> = ProjectiveSpace(QQ,2)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([2*x^2 + 12*y*x, 11*y*x+2*y^2, x^2+z^2])
sage: m1 = matrix(QQ, 3, 3, [1,4,1,0,2,1,1,1,1])
sage: g = f.conjugate(m1)
sage: f.is_conjugate(g) # long time
True

is_newton(return_conjugation=False)

Return whether self is a Newton map.

A map $$g$$ is Newton if it is conjugate to a map of the form $$f(z) = z - \frac{p(z)}{p'(z)}$$ after dehomogenization, where $$p(z)$$ is a squarefree polynomial.

INPUT:

• return_conjugation – (default: False) if the map is Newton and True, then return the conjugation that moves this map to the above form

OUTPUT:

A Boolean. If return_conjugation is True, then this also returns the conjugation as a matrix if self is Newton or None otherwise.

The conjugation may be defined over an extension if the map has fixed points not defined over the base field.

EXAMPLES:

sage: A.<z> = AffineSpace(QQ, 1)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_affine([z - (z^2 + 1)/(2*z)])
sage: F = f.homogenize(1)
sage: F.is_newton(return_conjugation=True)
(
[1 0]
True, [0 1]
)

sage: A.<z> = AffineSpace(QQ, 1)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_affine([z^2 + 1])
sage: F = f.homogenize(1)
sage: F.is_newton()
False
sage: F.is_newton(return_conjugation=True)
(False, None)

sage: PP.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(QQ, 1)
sage: F = DynamicalSystem_projective([-4*x^3 - 3*x*y^2, -2*y^3])
sage: F.is_newton(return_conjugation=True)[1]
[   0    1]
[-4*a  2*a]

sage: K.<zeta> = CyclotomicField(2*4)
sage: A.<z> = AffineSpace(K, 1)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_affine(z-(z^3+zeta*z)/(3*z^2+zeta))
sage: F = f.homogenize(1)
sage: F.is_newton()
True

is_polynomial()

Check to see if the dynamical system has a totally ramified fixed point.

The function must be defined over an absolute number field or a finite field.

OUTPUT: boolean

EXAMPLES:

sage: R.<x> = QQ[]
sage: P.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(K, 1)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([x**2 + 2*x*y - 5*y**2, 2*x*y])
sage: f.is_polynomial()
False

sage: R.<x> = QQ[]
sage: P.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(K, 1)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([x**2 - 7*x*y, 2*y**2])
sage: m = matrix(K, 2, 2, [w, 1, 0, 1])
sage: f = f.conjugate(m)
sage: f.is_polynomial()
True

sage: K.<w> = QuadraticField(4/27)
sage: P.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(K,1)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([x**3 + w*y^3,x*y**2])
sage: f.is_polynomial()
False

sage: K = GF(3**2, prefix='w')
sage: P.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(K,1)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([x**2 + K.gen()*y**2, x*y])
sage: f.is_polynomial()
False

sage: PS.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(QQ, 1)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([6*x^2+12*x*y+7*y^2, 12*x*y + 42*y^2])
sage: f.is_polynomial()
False

lift_to_rational_periodic(points_modp, B=None)

Given a list of points in projective space over $$\GF{p}$$, determine if they lift to $$\QQ$$-rational periodic points.

The map must be an endomorphism of projective space defined over $$\QQ$$.

ALGORITHM:

Use Hensel lifting to find a $$p$$-adic approximation for that rational point. The accuracy needed is determined by the height bound B. Then apply the LLL algorithm to determine if the lift corresponds to a rational point.

If the point is a point of high multiplicity (multiplier 1), the procedure can be very slow.

INPUT:

• points_modp – a list or tuple of pairs containing a point in projective space over $$\GF{p}$$ and the possible period

• B – (optional) a positive integer; the height bound for a rational preperiodic point

OUTPUT: a list of projective points

EXAMPLES:

sage: P.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(QQ,1)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([x^2 - y^2, y^2])
sage: f.lift_to_rational_periodic([[P(0,1).change_ring(GF(7)), 4]])
[[(0 : 1), 2]]

There may be multiple points in the lift.
sage: P.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(QQ,1)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([-5*x^2 + 4*y^2, 4*x*y])
sage: f.lift_to_rational_periodic([[P(1,0).change_ring(GF(3)), 1]]) # long time
[[(1 : 0), 1], [(2/3 : 1), 1], [(-2/3 : 1), 1]]

sage: P.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(QQ,1)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([16*x^2 - 29*y^2, 16*y^2])
sage: f.lift_to_rational_periodic([[P(3,1).change_ring(GF(13)), 3]])
[[(-1/4 : 1), 3]]

sage: P.<x,y,z> = ProjectiveSpace(QQ, 2)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([76*x^2 - 180*x*y + 45*y^2 + 14*x*z + 45*y*z - 90*z^2, 67*x^2 - 180*x*y - 157*x*z + 90*y*z, -90*z^2])
sage: f.lift_to_rational_periodic([[P(14,19,1).change_ring(GF(23)), 9]]) # long time
[[(-9 : -4 : 1), 9]]

normal_form(return_conjugation=False)

Return a normal form in the moduli space of dynamical systems.

Currently implemented only for polynomials. The totally ramified fixed point is moved to infinity and the map is conjugated to the form $$x^n + a_{n-2} x^{n-2} + \cdots + a_{0}$$. Note that for finite fields we can only remove the $$(n-1)$$-st term when the characteristic does not divide $$n$$.

INPUT:

• return_conjugation – (default: False) boolean; if True, then return the conjugation element of PGL along with the embedding into the new field

OUTPUT:

EXAMPLES:

sage: P.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(QQ, 1)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([x^2 + 2*x*y - 5*x^2, 2*x*y])
sage: f.normal_form()
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
NotImplementedError: map is not a polynomial

sage: R.<x> = QQ[]
sage: K.<w> = NumberField(x^2 - 5)
sage: P.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(K,1)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([x^2 + w*x*y, y^2])
sage: g,m,psi = f.normal_form(return_conjugation = True);m
[     1 -1/2*w]
[     0      1]
sage: f.change_ring(psi).conjugate(m) == g
True

sage: P.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(QQ,1)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([13*x^2 + 4*x*y + 3*y^2, 5*y^2])
sage: f.normal_form()
Dynamical System of Projective Space of dimension 1 over Rational Field
Defn: Defined on coordinates by sending (x : y) to
(5*x^2 + 9*y^2 : 5*y^2)

sage: K = GF(3^3, prefix = 'w')
sage: P.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(K,1)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([x^3 + 2*x^2*y + 2*x*y^2 + K.gen()*y^3, y^3])
sage: f.normal_form()
Dynamical System of Projective Space of dimension 1 over Finite Field in w3 of size 3^3
Defn: Defined on coordinates by sending (x : y) to
(x^3 + x^2*y + x*y^2 + (-w3)*y^3 : y^3)

sage: P.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(GF(3),1)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([2*x**3 + x**2*y, y**3])
sage: g,m,psi = f.normal_form(return_conjugation=True); psi
Ring morphism:
From: Finite Field of size 3
To:   Finite Field in z2 of size 3^2
Defn: 1 |--> 1

potential_good_reduction(prime, return_conjugation=False)

Return True if this dynamical system has potential good reduction at prime.

A dynamical system has good reduction at prime if after the coefficients are reduced modulo prime the degree remains the same. A dynamical system $$f$$ has $$\textit{potential}$$ good reduction if there exists $$\phi \in PGL(n,\overline{K})$$ such that $$\phi^{-1} \circ f \circ \phi$$ has good reduction.

If this dynamical system $$f$$ has potential good reduction at prime, a dynamical system $$g = \phi^{-1} \circ f \circ \phi$$ which has good reduction at prime is returned.

This dynamical system must have as its domain $$\mathbb{P}^1(K)$$, where $$K$$ is a number field.

INPUT:

• prime – a prime ideal of the field of definition of the fixed points of the map, or a prime number in $$\QQ$$ if the field of definition of the fixed points is $$\QQ$$.

• return_conjugation – (default: False) if set to True, the $$PGL_2$$ map used to achieve good reduction will be returned

OUTPUT:

A tuple:

• The first element is:
• False if this dynamical system does not have potential good reduction.

• True if this dynamical system does have potential good reduction.

• The second element is:
• None if this dynamical system does not have potential good reduction.

• A dynamical system with good reduction at prime otherwise.

• If return_conjugation is True, then the tuple will have a third element, which is:
• None if this dynamical system does not have potential good reduction.

• The $$PGL_2$$ map used to achieve good reduction otherwise.

EXAMPLES:

sage: P.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(QQ, 1)
sage: system = DynamicalSystem_projective([x^2-y^2, 2*x*y])
sage: prime = system.field_of_definition_periodic(1).prime_above(2)
sage: new_system = system.potential_good_reduction(prime)[1]
sage: new_system
Dynamical System of Projective Space of dimension 1 over Number Field
in a with defining polynomial x^2 + 1
Defn: Defined on coordinates by sending (x : y) to
((-1/2*a)*x^2 + (-5/2*a)*y^2 : (-a)*x*y + y^2)


Note that this map has good reduction at 2:

sage: new_system.resultant()
1


Using return_conjugation, we can get the conjugation that achieves good reduction:

sage: conj = system.potential_good_reduction(prime, True)[2]; conj
[-1/2*a    1/2]
[     0      1]


We can check that this conjugation achieves good reduction:

sage: system.conjugate(conj).resultant()
1

sage: P.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(QQ, 1)
sage: system = DynamicalSystem_projective([3^4*x^3+3*x*y^2+y^3, 3^6*y^3])
sage: prime = system.field_of_definition_periodic(1).prime_above(3)
sage: system.potential_good_reduction(prime)
(False, None)

sage: P.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(QQ, 1)
sage: system = DynamicalSystem_projective([x^5-x*y^4, 5*y^5])
sage: prime = system.field_of_definition_periodic(1).prime_above(5)
sage: system.potential_good_reduction(prime)
(False, None)

rational_periodic_points(**kwds)

Determine the set of rational periodic points for this dynamical system.

The map must be defined over $$\QQ$$ and be an endomorphism of projective space. If the map is a polynomial endomorphism of $$\mathbb{P}^1$$, i.e. has a totally ramified fixed point, then the base ring can be an absolute number field. This is done by passing to the Weil restriction.

The default parameter values are typically good choices for $$\mathbb{P}^1$$. If you are having trouble getting a particular map to finish, try first computing the possible periods, then try various different lifting_prime values.

ALGORITHM:

Modulo each prime of good reduction $$p$$ determine the set of periodic points modulo $$p$$. For each cycle modulo $$p$$ compute the set of possible periods ($$mrp^e$$). Take the intersection of the list of possible periods modulo several primes of good reduction to get a possible list of minimal periods of rational periodic points. Take each point modulo $$p$$ associated to each of these possible periods and try to lift it to a rational point with a combination of $$p$$-adic approximation and the LLL basis reduction algorithm.

See [Hutz2015].

INPUT:

kwds:

• prime_bound – (default: [1,20]) a pair (list or tuple) of positive integers that represent the limits of primes to use in the reduction step or an integer that represents the upper bound

• lifting_prime – (default: 23) a prime integer; argument that specifies modulo which prime to try and perform the lifting

• periods – (optional) a list of positive integers that is the list of possible periods

• bad_primes – (optional) a list or tuple of integer primes; the primes of bad reduction

• ncpus – (default: all cpus) number of cpus to use in parallel

OUTPUT: a list of rational points in projective space

EXAMPLES:

sage: R.<x> = QQ[]
sage: K.<w> = NumberField(x^2-x+1)
sage: P.<u,v> = ProjectiveSpace(K,1)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([u^2 + v^2,v^2])
sage: sorted(f.rational_periodic_points())
doctest:warning
...
[(-w + 1 : 1), (w : 1), (1 : 0)]

rational_preperiodic_graph(**kwds)

Determine the directed graph of the rational preperiodic points for this dynamical system.

The map must be defined over $$\QQ$$ and be an endomorphism of projective space. If this map is a polynomial endomorphism of $$\mathbb{P}^1$$, i.e. has a totally ramified fixed point, then the base ring can be an absolute number field. This is done by passing to the Weil restriction.

ALGORITHM:

• Determines the list of possible periods.

• Determines the rational periodic points from the possible periods.

• Determines the rational preperiodic points from the rational periodic points by determining rational preimages.

INPUT:

kwds:

• prime_bound – (default: [1, 20]) a pair (list or tuple) of positive integers that represent the limits of primes to use in the reduction step or an integer that represents the upper bound

• lifting_prime – (default: 23) a prime integer; specifies modulo which prime to try and perform the lifting

• periods – (optional) a list of positive integers that is the list of possible periods

• bad_primes – (optional) a list or tuple of integer primes; the primes of bad reduction

• ncpus – (default: all cpus) number of cpus to use in parallel

OUTPUT:

A digraph representing the orbits of the rational preperiodic points in projective space.

EXAMPLES:

sage: PS.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(1,QQ)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([7*x^2 - 28*y^2, 24*x*y])
sage: f.rational_preperiodic_graph()
Looped digraph on 12 vertices

sage: PS.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(1,QQ)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([-3/2*x^3 +19/6*x*y^2, y^3])
sage: f.rational_preperiodic_graph(prime_bound=[1,8])
Looped digraph on 12 vertices

sage: PS.<x,y,z> = ProjectiveSpace(2,QQ)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([2*x^3 - 50*x*z^2 + 24*z^3,
....:                                 5*y^3 - 53*y*z^2 + 24*z^3, 24*z^3])
sage: f.rational_preperiodic_graph(prime_bound=[1,11], lifting_prime=13) # long time
Looped digraph on 30 vertices

sage: K.<w> = QuadraticField(-3)
sage: P.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(K,1)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([x^2+y^2, y^2])
sage: f.rational_preperiodic_graph() # long time
Looped digraph on 5 vertices

rational_preperiodic_points(**kwds)

Determine the set of rational preperiodic points for this dynamical system.

The map must be defined over $$\QQ$$ and be an endomorphism of projective space. If the map is a polynomial endomorphism of $$\mathbb{P}^1$$, i.e. has a totally ramified fixed point, then the base ring can be an absolute number field. This is done by passing to the Weil restriction.

The default parameter values are typically good choices for $$\mathbb{P}^1$$. If you are having trouble getting a particular map to finish, try first computing the possible periods, then try various different values for lifting_prime.

ALGORITHM:

• Determines the list of possible periods.

• Determines the rational periodic points from the possible periods.

• Determines the rational preperiodic points from the rational periodic points by determining rational preimages.

INPUT:

kwds:

• prime_bound – (default: [1, 20]) a pair (list or tuple) of positive integers that represent the limits of primes to use in the reduction step or an integer that represents the upper bound

• lifting_prime – (default: 23) a prime integer; specifies modulo which prime to try and perform the lifting

• periods – (optional) a list of positive integers that is the list of possible periods

• bad_primes – (optional) a list or tuple of integer primes; the primes of bad reduction

• ncpus – (default: all cpus) number of cpus to use in parallel

• period_degree_bounds – (default: [4,4]) a pair of positive integers (max period, max degree) for which the dynatomic polynomial should be solved for when in dimension 1

• algorithm – (optional) specifies which algorithm to use; current options are $$dynatomic$$ and $$lifting$$; defaults to solving the dynatomic for low periods and degrees and lifts for everything else

OUTPUT: a list of rational points in projective space

EXAMPLES:

sage: PS.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(1,QQ)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([x^2 -y^2, 3*x*y])
sage: sorted(f.rational_preperiodic_points())
doctest:warning
...
[(-2 : 1), (-1 : 1), (-1/2 : 1), (0 : 1), (1/2 : 1), (1 : 0), (1 : 1),
(2 : 1)]

reduce_base_field()

Return this map defined over the field of definition of the coefficients.

The base field of the map could be strictly larger than the field where all of the coefficients are defined. This function reduces the base field to the minimal possible. This can be done when the base ring is a number field, QQbar, a finite field, or algebraic closure of a finite field.

OUTPUT: A dynamical system

EXAMPLES:

sage: K.<t> = GF(2^3)
sage: P.<x,y,z> = ProjectiveSpace(K, 2)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([x^2 + y^2, y^2, z^2+z*y])
sage: f.reduce_base_field()
Dynamical System of Projective Space of dimension 2 over Finite Field of size 2
Defn: Defined on coordinates by sending (x : y : z) to
(x^2 + y^2 : y^2 : y*z + z^2)

sage: P.<x,y,z> = ProjectiveSpace(QQbar, 2)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([x^2 + QQbar(sqrt(3))*y^2, y^2, QQbar(sqrt(2))*z^2])
sage: f.reduce_base_field()
Dynamical System of Projective Space of dimension 2 over Number Field in a with
defining polynomial y^4 - 4*y^2 + 1 with a = 1.931851652578137?
Defn: Defined on coordinates by sending (x : y : z) to
(x^2 + (a^2 - 2)*y^2 : y^2 : (a^3 - 3*a)*z^2)

sage: R.<x> = QQ[]
sage: K.<v> = NumberField(x^3-2, embedding=(x^3-2).roots(ring=CC)[0][0])
sage: R.<x> = QQ[]
sage: L.<w> = NumberField(x^6 + 9*x^4 - 4*x^3 + 27*x^2 + 36*x + 31,             ....: embedding=(x^6 + 9*x^4 - 4*x^3 + 27*x^2 + 36*x + 31).roots(ring=CC)[0][0])
sage: P.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(L,1)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem([L(v)*x^2 + y^2, x*y])
sage: f.reduce_base_field().base_ring().is_isomorphic(K)
True

sage: K.<v> = CyclotomicField(5)
sage: A.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(K, 1)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([3*x^2 + y^2, x*y])
sage: f.reduce_base_field()
Dynamical System of Projective Space of dimension 1 over Rational Field
Defn: Defined on coordinates by sending (x : y) to
(3*x^2 + y^2 : x*y)

class sage.dynamics.arithmetic_dynamics.projective_ds.DynamicalSystem_projective_finite_field(polys, domain)
all_periodic_points(**kwds)

Return a list of all periodic points over a finite field.

INPUT:

keywords:

• R – (default: base ring of dynamical system) the base ring over which the periodic points of the dynamical system are found

OUTPUT: a list of elements which are periodic

EXAMPLES:

sage: P.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(GF(5^2),1)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([x^2+y^2, x*y])
sage: f.all_periodic_points()
[(1 : 0), (z2 + 2 : 1), (4*z2 + 3 : 1)]

sage: P.<x,y,z> = ProjectiveSpace(GF(5),2)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([x^2+y^2+z^2, x*y+x*z, z^2])
sage: f.all_periodic_points()
[(1 : 0 : 0),
(0 : 0 : 1),
(1 : 0 : 1),
(2 : 1 : 1),
(1 : 4 : 1),
(3 : 0 : 1),
(0 : 3 : 1)]

sage: P.<x,y>=ProjectiveSpace(GF(3), 1)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([x^2 - y^2, y^2])
sage: f.all_periodic_points(R=GF(3^2, 't'))
[(1 : 0), (0 : 1), (2 : 1), (t : 1), (2*t + 1 : 1)]

automorphism_group(absolute=False, iso_type=False, return_functions=False)

Return the subgroup of $$PGL2$$ that is the automorphism group of this dynamical system.

Only for dimension 1. The automorphism group is the set of $$PGL2$$ elements that fixed the map under conjugation. See [FMV2014] for the algorithm.

INPUT:

• absolute– (default: False) boolean; if True, then return the absolute automorphism group and a field of definition

• iso_type – (default: False) boolean; if True, then return the isomorphism type of the automorphism group

• return_functions – (default: False) boolean; True returns elements as linear fractional transformations and False returns elements as $$PGL2$$ matrices

OUTPUT: a list of elements of the automorphism group

AUTHORS:

• Original algorithm written by Xander Faber, Michelle Manes, Bianca Viray

• Modified by Joao Alberto de Faria, Ben Hutz, Bianca Thompson

EXAMPLES:

sage: R.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(GF(7^3,'t'),1)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([x^2-y^2, x*y])
sage: f.automorphism_group()
[
[1 0]  [6 0]
[0 1], [0 1]
]

sage: R.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(GF(3^2,'t'),1)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([x^3,y^3])
sage: lst, label = f.automorphism_group(return_functions=True, iso_type=True) # long time
sage: sorted(lst, key=str), label # long time
([(2*x + 1)/(x + 1),
(2*x + 1)/x,
(2*x + 2)/(x + 2),
(2*x + 2)/x,
(x + 1)/(x + 2),
(x + 1)/x,
(x + 2)/(x + 1),
(x + 2)/x,
1/(x + 1),
1/(x + 2),
1/x,
2*x,
2*x + 1,
2*x + 2,
2*x/(x + 1),
2*x/(x + 2),
2/(x + 1),
2/(x + 2),
2/x,
x,
x + 1,
x + 2,
x/(x + 1),
x/(x + 2)],
'PGL(2,3)')

sage: R.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(GF(2^5,'t'),1)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([x^5,y^5])
sage: f.automorphism_group(return_functions=True, iso_type=True)
([x, 1/x], 'Cyclic of order 2')

sage: R.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(GF(3^4,'t'),1)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([x^2+25*x*y+y^2, x*y+3*y^2])
sage: f.automorphism_group(absolute=True)
[Univariate Polynomial Ring in w over Finite Field in b of size 3^4,
[
[1 0]
[0 1]
]]

cyclegraph()

Return the digraph of all orbits of this dynamical system.

Over a finite field this is a finite graph. For subscheme domains, only points on the subscheme whose image are also on the subscheme are in the digraph.

OUTPUT: a digraph

EXAMPLES:

sage: P.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(GF(13),1)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([x^2-y^2, y^2])
sage: f.cyclegraph()
Looped digraph on 14 vertices

sage: P.<x,y,z> = ProjectiveSpace(GF(3^2,'t'),2)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([x^2+y^2, y^2, z^2+y*z])
sage: f.cyclegraph()
Looped digraph on 91 vertices

sage: P.<x,y,z> = ProjectiveSpace(GF(7),2)
sage: X = P.subscheme(x^2-y^2)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([x^2, y^2, z^2], domain=X)
sage: f.cyclegraph()
Looped digraph on 15 vertices

sage: P.<x,y,z> = ProjectiveSpace(GF(3),2)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([x*z-y^2, x^2-y^2, y^2-z^2])
sage: f.cyclegraph()
Looped digraph on 13 vertices

sage: P.<x,y,z> = ProjectiveSpace(GF(3),2)
sage: X = P.subscheme([x-y])
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([x^2-y^2, x^2-y^2, y^2-z^2], domain=X)
sage: f.cyclegraph()
Looped digraph on 4 vertices

is_postcritically_finite(**kwds)

Every point is postcritically finite in a finite field.

INPUT: None. kwds is to parallel the overridden function

OUTPUT: the boolean True

EXAMPLES:

sage: P.<x,y,z> = ProjectiveSpace(GF(5),2)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([x^2 + y^2,y^2, z^2 + y*z], domain=P)
sage: f.is_postcritically_finite()
True

sage: P.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(GF(13),1)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([x^4 - x^2*y^2 + y^4, y^4])
sage: f.is_postcritically_finite(use_algebraic_closure=False)
True

orbit_structure(P)

Return the pair (m,n), where m is the preperiod and n is the period of the point P by this dynamical system.

Every point is preperiodic over a finite field so every point will be preperiodic.

INPUT:

• P – a point in the domain of this map

OUTPUT: a tuple (m,n) of integers

EXAMPLES:

sage: P.<x,y,z> = ProjectiveSpace(GF(5),2)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([x^2 + y^2,y^2, z^2 + y*z], domain=P)
sage: f.orbit_structure(P(2,1,2))
(0, 6)

sage: P.<x,y,z> = ProjectiveSpace(GF(7),2)
sage: X = P.subscheme(x^2-y^2)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([x^2, y^2, z^2], domain=X)
sage: f.orbit_structure(X(1,1,2))
(0, 2)

sage: P.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(GF(13),1)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([x^2 - y^2, y^2], domain=P)
sage: f.orbit_structure(P(3,4))
(2, 3)

sage: R.<t> = GF(13^3)
sage: P.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(R,1)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([x^2 - y^2, y^2], domain=P)
sage: f.orbit_structure(P(t, 4))
(11, 6)

possible_periods(return_points=False)

Return the list of possible minimal periods of a periodic point over $$\QQ$$ and (optionally) a point in each cycle.

ALGORITHM:

See [Hutz2009].

INPUT:

• return_points – (default: False) boolean; if True, then return the points as well as the possible periods

OUTPUT:

A list of positive integers, or a list of pairs of projective points and periods if return_points is True.

EXAMPLES:

sage: P.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(GF(23),1)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([x^2-2*y^2, y^2])
sage: f.possible_periods()
[1, 5, 11, 22, 110]

sage: P.<x,y> = ProjectiveSpace(GF(13),1)
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([x^2-y^2, y^2])
sage: sorted(f.possible_periods(True))
[[(0 : 1), 2], [(1 : 0), 1], [(3 : 1), 3], [(3 : 1), 36]]

sage: PS.<x,y,z> = ProjectiveSpace(2,GF(7))
sage: f = DynamicalSystem_projective([-360*x^3 + 760*x*z^2,
....:                                 y^3 - 604*y*z^2 + 240*z^3, 240*z^3])
sage: f.possible_periods()
[1, 2, 4, 6, 12, 14, 28, 42, 84]


Todo

• do not return duplicate points

• improve hash to reduce memory of point-table