# Scalar Fields¶

Given a topological manifold $$M$$ over a topological field $$K$$ (in most applications, $$K = \RR$$ or $$K = \CC$$), a scalar field on $$M$$ is a continuous map

$f: M \longrightarrow K$

Scalar fields are implemented by the class ScalarField.

AUTHORS:

• Eric Gourgoulhon, Michal Bejger (2013-2015): initial version
• Travis Scrimshaw (2016): review tweaks
• Marco Mancini (2017): SymPy as an optional symbolic engine, alternative to SR

REFERENCES:

class sage.manifolds.scalarfield.ScalarField(parent, coord_expression=None, chart=None, name=None, latex_name=None)

Scalar field on a topological manifold.

Given a topological manifold $$M$$ over a topological field $$K$$ (in most applications, $$K = \RR$$ or $$K = \CC$$), a scalar field on $$M$$ is a continuous map

$f: M \longrightarrow K.$

A scalar field on $$M$$ is an element of the commutative algebra $$C^0(M)$$ (see ScalarFieldAlgebra).

INPUT:

• parent – the algebra of scalar fields containing the scalar field (must be an instance of class ScalarFieldAlgebra)
• coord_expression – (default: None) coordinate expression(s) of the scalar field; this can be either
• a dictionary of coordinate expressions in various charts on the domain, with the charts as keys;
• a single coordinate expression; if the argument chart is 'all', this expression is set to all the charts defined on the open set; otherwise, the expression is set in the specific chart provided by the argument chart
• chart – (default: None) chart defining the coordinates used in coord_expression when the latter is a single coordinate expression; if none is provided (default), the default chart of the open set is assumed. If chart=='all', coord_expression is assumed to be independent of the chart (constant scalar field).
• name – (default: None) string; name (symbol) given to the scalar field
• latex_name – (default: None) string; LaTeX symbol to denote the scalar field; if none is provided, the LaTeX symbol is set to name

If coord_expression is None or incomplete, coordinate expressions can be added after the creation of the object, by means of the methods add_expr(), add_expr_by_continuation() and set_expr().

EXAMPLES:

A scalar field on the 2-sphere:

sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M', structure='topological') # the 2-dimensional sphere S^2
sage: U = M.open_subset('U') # complement of the North pole
sage: c_xy.<x,y> = U.chart() # stereographic coordinates from the North pole
sage: V = M.open_subset('V') # complement of the South pole
sage: c_uv.<u,v> = V.chart() # stereographic coordinates from the South pole
sage: M.declare_union(U,V)   # S^2 is the union of U and V
sage: xy_to_uv = c_xy.transition_map(c_uv, (x/(x^2+y^2), y/(x^2+y^2)),
....:                                intersection_name='W',
....:                                restrictions1= x^2+y^2!=0,
....:                                restrictions2= u^2+v^2!=0)
sage: uv_to_xy = xy_to_uv.inverse()
sage: f = M.scalar_field({c_xy: 1/(1+x^2+y^2), c_uv: (u^2+v^2)/(1+u^2+v^2)},
....:                    name='f') ; f
Scalar field f on the 2-dimensional topological manifold M
sage: f.display()
f: M --> R
on U: (x, y) |--> 1/(x^2 + y^2 + 1)
on V: (u, v) |--> (u^2 + v^2)/(u^2 + v^2 + 1)


For scalar fields defined by a single coordinate expression, the latter can be passed instead of the dictionary over the charts:

sage: g = U.scalar_field(x*y, chart=c_xy, name='g') ; g
Scalar field g on the Open subset U of the 2-dimensional topological
manifold M


The above is indeed equivalent to:

sage: g = U.scalar_field({c_xy: x*y}, name='g') ; g
Scalar field g on the Open subset U of the 2-dimensional topological
manifold M


Since c_xy is the default chart of U, the argument chart can be skipped:

sage: g = U.scalar_field(x*y, name='g') ; g
Scalar field g on the Open subset U of the 2-dimensional topological
manifold M


The scalar field $$g$$ is defined on $$U$$ and has an expression in terms of the coordinates $$(u,v)$$ on $$W=U\cap V$$:

sage: g.display()
g: U --> R
(x, y) |--> x*y
on W: (u, v) |--> u*v/(u^4 + 2*u^2*v^2 + v^4)


Scalar fields on $$M$$ can also be declared with a single chart:

sage: f = M.scalar_field(1/(1+x^2+y^2), chart=c_xy, name='f') ; f
Scalar field f on the 2-dimensional topological manifold M


Their definition must then be completed by providing the expressions on other charts, via the method add_expr(), to get a global cover of the manifold:

sage: f.add_expr((u^2+v^2)/(1+u^2+v^2), chart=c_uv)
sage: f.display()
f: M --> R
on U: (x, y) |--> 1/(x^2 + y^2 + 1)
on V: (u, v) |--> (u^2 + v^2)/(u^2 + v^2 + 1)


We can even first declare the scalar field without any coordinate expression and provide them subsequently:

sage: f = M.scalar_field(name='f')
sage: f.display()
f: M --> R
on U: (x, y) |--> 1/(x^2 + y^2 + 1)
on V: (u, v) |--> (u^2 + v^2)/(u^2 + v^2 + 1)


We may also use the method add_expr_by_continuation() to complete the coordinate definition using the analytic continuation from domains in which charts overlap:

sage: f = M.scalar_field(1/(1+x^2+y^2), chart=c_xy, name='f') ; f
Scalar field f on the 2-dimensional topological manifold M
sage: f.display()
f: M --> R
on U: (x, y) |--> 1/(x^2 + y^2 + 1)
on V: (u, v) |--> (u^2 + v^2)/(u^2 + v^2 + 1)


A scalar field can also be defined by some unspecified function of the coordinates:

sage: h = U.scalar_field(function('H')(x, y), name='h') ; h
Scalar field h on the Open subset U of the 2-dimensional topological
manifold M
sage: h.display()
h: U --> R
(x, y) |--> H(x, y)
on W: (u, v) |--> H(u/(u^2 + v^2), v/(u^2 + v^2))


We may use the argument latex_name to specify the LaTeX symbol denoting the scalar field if the latter is different from name:

sage: latex(f)
f
sage: f = M.scalar_field({c_xy: 1/(1+x^2+y^2), c_uv: (u^2+v^2)/(1+u^2+v^2)},
....:                    name='f', latex_name=r'\mathcal{F}')
sage: latex(f)
\mathcal{F}


The coordinate expression in a given chart is obtained via the method expr(), which returns a symbolic expression:

sage: f.expr(c_uv)
(u^2 + v^2)/(u^2 + v^2 + 1)
sage: type(f.expr(c_uv))
<type 'sage.symbolic.expression.Expression'>


The method coord_function() returns instead a function of the chart coordinates, i.e. an instance of ChartFunction:

sage: f.coord_function(c_uv)
(u^2 + v^2)/(u^2 + v^2 + 1)
sage: type(f.coord_function(c_uv))
<class 'sage.manifolds.chart_func.ChartFunctionRing_with_category.element_class'>
sage: f.coord_function(c_uv).display()
(u, v) |--> (u^2 + v^2)/(u^2 + v^2 + 1)


The value returned by the method expr() is actually the coordinate expression of the chart function:

sage: f.expr(c_uv) is f.coord_function(c_uv).expr()
True


A constant scalar field is declared by setting the argument chart to 'all':

sage: c = M.scalar_field(2, chart='all', name='c') ; c
Scalar field c on the 2-dimensional topological manifold M
sage: c.display()
c: M --> R
on U: (x, y) |--> 2
on V: (u, v) |--> 2


A shortcut is to use the method constant_scalar_field():

sage: c == M.constant_scalar_field(2)
True


The constant value can be some unspecified parameter:

sage: var('a')
a
sage: c = M.constant_scalar_field(a, name='c') ; c
Scalar field c on the 2-dimensional topological manifold M
sage: c.display()
c: M --> R
on U: (x, y) |--> a
on V: (u, v) |--> a


A special case of constant field is the zero scalar field:

sage: zer = M.constant_scalar_field(0) ; zer
Scalar field zero on the 2-dimensional topological manifold M
sage: zer.display()
zero: M --> R
on U: (x, y) |--> 0
on V: (u, v) |--> 0


It can be obtained directly by means of the function zero_scalar_field():

sage: zer is M.zero_scalar_field()
True


A third way is to get it as the zero element of the algebra $$C^0(M)$$ of scalar fields on $$M$$ (see below):

sage: zer is M.scalar_field_algebra().zero()
True


By definition, a scalar field acts on the manifold’s points, sending them to elements of the manifold’s base field (real numbers in the present case):

sage: N = M.point((0,0), chart=c_uv) # the North pole
sage: S = M.point((0,0), chart=c_xy) # the South pole
sage: E = M.point((1,0), chart=c_xy) # a point at the equator
sage: f(N)
0
sage: f(S)
1
sage: f(E)
1/2
sage: h(E)
H(1, 0)
sage: c(E)
a
sage: zer(E)
0


A scalar field can be compared to another scalar field:

sage: f == g
False


…to a symbolic expression:

sage: f == x*y
False
sage: g == x*y
True
sage: c == a
True


…to a number:

sage: f == 2
False
sage: zer == 0
True


…to anything else:

sage: f == M
False


Standard mathematical functions are implemented:

sage: sqrt(f)
Scalar field sqrt(f) on the 2-dimensional topological manifold M
sage: sqrt(f).display()
sqrt(f): M --> R
on U: (x, y) |--> 1/sqrt(x^2 + y^2 + 1)
on V: (u, v) |--> sqrt(u^2 + v^2)/sqrt(u^2 + v^2 + 1)

sage: tan(f)
Scalar field tan(f) on the 2-dimensional topological manifold M
sage: tan(f).display()
tan(f): M --> R
on U: (x, y) |--> sin(1/(x^2 + y^2 + 1))/cos(1/(x^2 + y^2 + 1))
on V: (u, v) |--> sin((u^2 + v^2)/(u^2 + v^2 + 1))/cos((u^2 + v^2)/(u^2 + v^2 + 1))


Arithmetics of scalar fields

Scalar fields on $$M$$ (resp. $$U$$) belong to the algebra $$C^0(M)$$ (resp. $$C^0(U)$$):

sage: f.parent()
Algebra of scalar fields on the 2-dimensional topological manifold M
sage: f.parent() is M.scalar_field_algebra()
True
sage: g.parent()
Algebra of scalar fields on the Open subset U of the 2-dimensional
topological manifold M
sage: g.parent() is U.scalar_field_algebra()
True


Consequently, scalar fields can be added:

sage: s = f + c ; s
Scalar field f+c on the 2-dimensional topological manifold M
sage: s.display()
f+c: M --> R
on U: (x, y) |--> (a*x^2 + a*y^2 + a + 1)/(x^2 + y^2 + 1)
on V: (u, v) |--> ((a + 1)*u^2 + (a + 1)*v^2 + a)/(u^2 + v^2 + 1)


and subtracted:

sage: s = f - c ; s
Scalar field f-c on the 2-dimensional topological manifold M
sage: s.display()
f-c: M --> R
on U: (x, y) |--> -(a*x^2 + a*y^2 + a - 1)/(x^2 + y^2 + 1)
on V: (u, v) |--> -((a - 1)*u^2 + (a - 1)*v^2 + a)/(u^2 + v^2 + 1)


Some tests:

sage: f + zer == f
True
sage: f - f == zer
True
sage: f + (-f) == zer
True
sage: (f+c)-f == c
True
sage: (f-c)+c == f
True


We may add a number (interpreted as a constant scalar field) to a scalar field:

sage: s = f + 1 ; s
Scalar field on the 2-dimensional topological manifold M
sage: s.display()
M --> R
on U: (x, y) |--> (x^2 + y^2 + 2)/(x^2 + y^2 + 1)
on V: (u, v) |--> (2*u^2 + 2*v^2 + 1)/(u^2 + v^2 + 1)
sage: (f+1)-1 == f
True


The number can represented by a symbolic variable:

sage: s = a + f ; s
Scalar field on the 2-dimensional topological manifold M
sage: s == c + f
True


However if the symbolic variable is a chart coordinate, the addition is performed only on the chart domain:

sage: s = f + x; s
Scalar field on the 2-dimensional topological manifold M
sage: s.display()
M --> R
on U: (x, y) |--> (x^3 + x*y^2 + x + 1)/(x^2 + y^2 + 1)
sage: s = f + u; s
Scalar field on the 2-dimensional topological manifold M
sage: s.display()
M --> R
on V: (u, v) |--> (u^3 + (u + 1)*v^2 + u^2 + u)/(u^2 + v^2 + 1)


The addition of two scalar fields with different domains is possible if the domain of one of them is a subset of the domain of the other; the domain of the result is then this subset:

sage: f.domain()
2-dimensional topological manifold M
sage: g.domain()
Open subset U of the 2-dimensional topological manifold M
sage: s = f + g ; s
Scalar field on the Open subset U of the 2-dimensional topological
manifold M
sage: s.domain()
Open subset U of the 2-dimensional topological manifold M
sage: s.display()
U --> R
(x, y) |--> (x*y^3 + (x^3 + x)*y + 1)/(x^2 + y^2 + 1)
on W: (u, v) |--> (u^6 + 3*u^4*v^2 + 3*u^2*v^4 + v^6 + u*v^3
+ (u^3 + u)*v)/(u^6 + v^6 + (3*u^2 + 1)*v^4 + u^4 + (3*u^4 + 2*u^2)*v^2)


The operation actually performed is $$f|_U + g$$:

sage: s == f.restrict(U) + g
True


In Sage framework, the addition of $$f$$ and $$g$$ is permitted because there is a coercion of the parent of $$f$$, namely $$C^0(M)$$, to the parent of $$g$$, namely $$C^0(U)$$ (see ScalarFieldAlgebra):

sage: CM = M.scalar_field_algebra()
sage: CU = U.scalar_field_algebra()
sage: CU.has_coerce_map_from(CM)
True


The coercion map is nothing but the restriction to domain $$U$$:

sage: CU.coerce(f) == f.restrict(U)
True


Since the algebra $$C^0(M)$$ is a vector space over $$\RR$$, scalar fields can be multiplied by a number, either an explicit one:

sage: s = 2*f ; s
Scalar field on the 2-dimensional topological manifold M
sage: s.display()
M --> R
on U: (x, y) |--> 2/(x^2 + y^2 + 1)
on V: (u, v) |--> 2*(u^2 + v^2)/(u^2 + v^2 + 1)


or a symbolic one:

sage: s = a*f ; s
Scalar field on the 2-dimensional topological manifold M
sage: s.display()
M --> R
on U: (x, y) |--> a/(x^2 + y^2 + 1)
on V: (u, v) |--> (u^2 + v^2)*a/(u^2 + v^2 + 1)


However, if the symbolic variable is a chart coordinate, the multiplication is performed only in the corresponding chart:

sage: s = x*f; s
Scalar field on the 2-dimensional topological manifold M
sage: s.display()
M --> R
on U: (x, y) |--> x/(x^2 + y^2 + 1)
sage: s = u*f; s
Scalar field on the 2-dimensional topological manifold M
sage: s.display()
M --> R
on V: (u, v) |--> (u^2 + v^2)*u/(u^2 + v^2 + 1)


Some tests:

sage: 0*f == 0
True
sage: 0*f == zer
True
sage: 1*f == f
True
sage: (-2)*f == - f - f
True


The ring multiplication of the algebras $$C^0(M)$$ and $$C^0(U)$$ is the pointwise multiplication of functions:

sage: s = f*f ; s
Scalar field f*f on the 2-dimensional topological manifold M
sage: s.display()
f*f: M --> R
on U: (x, y) |--> 1/(x^4 + y^4 + 2*(x^2 + 1)*y^2 + 2*x^2 + 1)
on V: (u, v) |--> (u^4 + 2*u^2*v^2 + v^4)/(u^4 + v^4 + 2*(u^2 + 1)*v^2
+ 2*u^2 + 1)
sage: s = g*h ; s
Scalar field g*h on the Open subset U of the 2-dimensional topological
manifold M
sage: s.display()
g*h: U --> R
(x, y) |--> x*y*H(x, y)
on W: (u, v) |--> u*v*H(u/(u^2 + v^2), v/(u^2 + v^2))/(u^4 + 2*u^2*v^2 + v^4)


Thanks to the coercion $$C^0(M) \to C^0(U)$$ mentioned above, it is possible to multiply a scalar field defined on $$M$$ by a scalar field defined on $$U$$, the result being a scalar field defined on $$U$$:

sage: f.domain(), g.domain()
(2-dimensional topological manifold M,
Open subset U of the 2-dimensional topological manifold M)
sage: s = f*g ; s
Scalar field on the Open subset U of the 2-dimensional topological
manifold M
sage: s.display()
U --> R
(x, y) |--> x*y/(x^2 + y^2 + 1)
on W: (u, v) |--> u*v/(u^4 + v^4 + (2*u^2 + 1)*v^2 + u^2)
sage: s == f.restrict(U)*g
True


Scalar fields can be divided (pointwise division):

sage: s = f/c ; s
Scalar field f/c on the 2-dimensional topological manifold M
sage: s.display()
f/c: M --> R
on U: (x, y) |--> 1/(a*x^2 + a*y^2 + a)
on V: (u, v) |--> (u^2 + v^2)/(a*u^2 + a*v^2 + a)
sage: s = g/h ; s
Scalar field g/h on the Open subset U of the 2-dimensional topological
manifold M
sage: s.display()
g/h: U --> R
(x, y) |--> x*y/H(x, y)
on W: (u, v) |--> u*v/((u^4 + 2*u^2*v^2 + v^4)*H(u/(u^2 + v^2), v/(u^2 + v^2)))
sage: s = f/g ; s
Scalar field on the Open subset U of the 2-dimensional topological
manifold M
sage: s.display()
U --> R
(x, y) |--> 1/(x*y^3 + (x^3 + x)*y)
on W: (u, v) |--> (u^6 + 3*u^4*v^2 + 3*u^2*v^4 + v^6)/(u*v^3 + (u^3 + u)*v)
sage: s == f.restrict(U)/g
True


For scalar fields defined on a single chart domain, we may perform some arithmetics with symbolic expressions involving the chart coordinates:

sage: s = g + x^2 - y ; s
Scalar field on the Open subset U of the 2-dimensional topological
manifold M
sage: s.display()
U --> R
(x, y) |--> x^2 + (x - 1)*y
on W: (u, v) |--> -(v^3 - u^2 + (u^2 - u)*v)/(u^4 + 2*u^2*v^2 + v^4)

sage: s = g*x ; s
Scalar field on the Open subset U of the 2-dimensional topological
manifold M
sage: s.display()
U --> R
(x, y) |--> x^2*y
on W: (u, v) |--> u^2*v/(u^6 + 3*u^4*v^2 + 3*u^2*v^4 + v^6)

sage: s = g/x ; s
Scalar field on the Open subset U of the 2-dimensional topological
manifold M
sage: s.display()
U --> R
(x, y) |--> y
on W: (u, v) |--> v/(u^2 + v^2)
sage: s = x/g ; s
Scalar field on the Open subset U of the 2-dimensional topological
manifold M
sage: s.display()
U --> R
(x, y) |--> 1/y
on W: (u, v) |--> (u^2 + v^2)/v


Examples with SymPy as the symbolic engine

From now on, we ask that all symbolic calculus on manifold $$M$$ are performed by SymPy:

sage: M.set_calculus_method('sympy')


We define $$f$$ as above:

sage: f = M.scalar_field({c_xy: 1/(1+x^2+y^2), c_uv: (u^2+v^2)/(1+u^2+v^2)},
....:                    name='f') ; f
Scalar field f on the 2-dimensional topological manifold M
sage: f.display()  # notice the SymPy display of exponents
f: M --> R
on U: (x, y) |--> 1/(x**2 + y**2 + 1)
on V: (u, v) |--> (u**2 + v**2)/(u**2 + v**2 + 1)
sage: type(f.coord_function(c_xy).expr())
<class 'sympy.core.power.Pow'>


The scalar field $$g$$ defined on $$U$$:

sage: g = U.scalar_field({c_xy: x*y}, name='g')
sage: g.display() # again notice the SymPy display of exponents
g: U --> R
(x, y) |--> x*y
on W: (u, v) |--> u*v/(u**4 + 2*u**2*v**2 + v**4)


Definition on a single chart and subsequent completion:

sage: f = M.scalar_field(1/(1+x^2+y^2), chart=c_xy, name='f')
sage: f.display()
f: M --> R
on U: (x, y) |--> 1/(x**2 + y**2 + 1)
on V: (u, v) |--> (u**2 + v**2)/(u**2 + v**2 + 1)


Defintion without any coordinate expression and subsequent completion:

sage: f = M.scalar_field(name='f')
sage: f.display()
f: M --> R
on U: (x, y) |--> 1/(x**2 + y**2 + 1)
on V: (u, v) |--> (u**2 + v**2)/(u**2 + v**2 + 1)

sage: f = M.scalar_field(1/(1+x^2+y^2), chart=c_xy, name='f')
sage: f.display()
f: M --> R
on U: (x, y) |--> 1/(x**2 + y**2 + 1)
on V: (u, v) |--> (u**2 + v**2)/(u**2 + v**2 + 1)


A scalar field defined by some unspecified function of the coordinates:

sage: h = U.scalar_field(function('H')(x, y), name='h') ; h
Scalar field h on the Open subset U of the 2-dimensional topological
manifold M
sage: h.display()
h: U --> R
(x, y) |--> H(x, y)
on W: (u, v) |--> H(u/(u**2 + v**2), v/(u**2 + v**2))


The coordinate expression in a given chart is obtained via the method expr(), which in the present context, returns a SymPy object:

sage: f.expr(c_uv)
(u**2 + v**2)/(u**2 + v**2 + 1)
sage: type(f.expr(c_uv))
<class 'sympy.core.mul.Mul'>


The method coord_function() returns instead a function of the chart coordinates, i.e. an instance of ChartFunction:

sage: f.coord_function(c_uv)
(u**2 + v**2)/(u**2 + v**2 + 1)
sage: type(f.coord_function(c_uv))
<class 'sage.manifolds.chart_func.ChartFunctionRing_with_category.element_class'>
sage: f.coord_function(c_uv).display()
(u, v) |--> (u**2 + v**2)/(u**2 + v**2 + 1)


The value returned by the method expr() is actually the coordinate expression of the chart function:

sage: f.expr(c_uv) is f.coord_function(c_uv).expr()
True


We may ask for the SR representation of the coordinate function:

sage: f.coord_function(c_uv).expr('SR')
(u^2 + v^2)/(u^2 + v^2 + 1)


A constant scalar field with SymPy representation:

sage: c = M.constant_scalar_field(2, name='c')
sage: c.display()
c: M --> R
on U: (x, y) |--> 2
on V: (u, v) |--> 2
sage: type(c.expr(c_xy))
<class 'sympy.core.numbers.Integer'>


The constant value can be some unspecified parameter:

sage: var('a')
a
sage: c = M.constant_scalar_field(a, name='c')
sage: c.display()
c: M --> R
on U: (x, y) |--> a
on V: (u, v) |--> a
sage: type(c.expr(c_xy))
<class 'sympy.core.symbol.Symbol'>


The zero scalar field:

sage: zer = M.constant_scalar_field(0) ; zer
Scalar field zero on the 2-dimensional topological manifold M
sage: zer.display()
zero: M --> R
on U: (x, y) |--> 0
on V: (u, v) |--> 0
sage: type(zer.expr(c_xy))
<class 'sympy.core.numbers.Zero'>
sage: zer is M.zero_scalar_field()
True


Action of scalar fields on manifold’s points:

sage: N = M.point((0,0), chart=c_uv) # the North pole
sage: S = M.point((0,0), chart=c_xy) # the South pole
sage: E = M.point((1,0), chart=c_xy) # a point at the equator
sage: f(N)
0
sage: f(S)
1
sage: f(E)
1/2
sage: h(E)
H(1, 0)
sage: c(E)
a
sage: zer(E)
0


A scalar field can be compared to another scalar field:

sage: f == g
False


…to a symbolic expression:

sage: f == x*y
False
sage: g == x*y
True
sage: c == a
True


…to a number:

sage: f == 2
False
sage: zer == 0
True


…to anything else:

sage: f == M
False


Standard mathematical functions are implemented:

sage: sqrt(f)
Scalar field sqrt(f) on the 2-dimensional topological manifold M
sage: sqrt(f).display()
sqrt(f): M --> R
on U: (x, y) |--> 1/sqrt(x**2 + y**2 + 1)
on V: (u, v) |--> sqrt(u**2 + v**2)/sqrt(u**2 + v**2 + 1)

sage: tan(f)
Scalar field tan(f) on the 2-dimensional topological manifold M
sage: tan(f).display()
tan(f): M --> R
on U: (x, y) |--> tan(1/(x**2 + y**2 + 1))
on V: (u, v) |--> tan((u**2 + v**2)/(u**2 + v**2 + 1))


Arithmetics of scalar fields with SymPy

Scalar fields on $$M$$ (resp. $$U$$) belong to the algebra $$C^0(M)$$ (resp. $$C^0(U)$$):

sage: f.parent()
Algebra of scalar fields on the 2-dimensional topological manifold M
sage: f.parent() is M.scalar_field_algebra()
True
sage: g.parent()
Algebra of scalar fields on the Open subset U of the 2-dimensional
topological manifold M
sage: g.parent() is U.scalar_field_algebra()
True


Consequently, scalar fields can be added:

sage: s = f + c ; s
Scalar field f+c on the 2-dimensional topological manifold M
sage: s.display()
f+c: M --> R
on U: (x, y) |--> (a*x**2 + a*y**2 + a + 1)/(x**2 + y**2 + 1)
on V: (u, v) |--> (a*u**2 + a*v**2 + a + u**2 + v**2)/(u**2 + v**2 + 1)


and subtracted:

sage: s = f - c ; s
Scalar field f-c on the 2-dimensional topological manifold M
sage: s.display()
f-c: M --> R
on U: (x, y) |--> (-a*x**2 - a*y**2 - a + 1)/(x**2 + y**2 + 1)
on V: (u, v) |--> (-a*u**2 - a*v**2 - a + u**2 + v**2)/(u**2 + v**2 + 1)


Some tests:

sage: f + zer == f
True
sage: f - f == zer
True
sage: f + (-f) == zer
True
sage: (f+c)-f == c
True
sage: (f-c)+c == f
True


We may add a number (interpreted as a constant scalar field) to a scalar field:

sage: s = f + 1 ; s
Scalar field on the 2-dimensional topological manifold M
sage: s.display()
M --> R
on U: (x, y) |--> (x**2 + y**2 + 2)/(x**2 + y**2 + 1)
on V: (u, v) |--> (2*u**2 + 2*v**2 + 1)/(u**2 + v**2 + 1)
sage: (f+1)-1 == f
True


The number can represented by a symbolic variable:

sage: s = a + f ; s
Scalar field on the 2-dimensional topological manifold M
sage: s == c + f
True


However if the symbolic variable is a chart coordinate, the addition is performed only on the chart domain:

sage: s = f + x; s
Scalar field on the 2-dimensional topological manifold M
sage: s.display()
M --> R
on U: (x, y) |--> (x**3 + x*y**2 + x + 1)/(x**2 + y**2 + 1)
sage: s = f + u; s
Scalar field on the 2-dimensional topological manifold M
sage: s.display()
M --> R
on V: (u, v) |--> (u**3 + u**2 + u*v**2 + u + v**2)/(u**2 + v**2 + 1)


The addition of two scalar fields with different domains is possible if the domain of one of them is a subset of the domain of the other; the domain of the result is then this subset:

sage: f.domain()
2-dimensional topological manifold M
sage: g.domain()
Open subset U of the 2-dimensional topological manifold M
sage: s = f + g ; s
Scalar field on the Open subset U of the 2-dimensional topological
manifold M
sage: s.domain()
Open subset U of the 2-dimensional topological manifold M
sage: s.display()
U --> R
(x, y) |--> (x**3*y + x*y**3 + x*y + 1)/(x**2 + y**2 + 1)
on W: (u, v) |--> (u**6 + 3*u**4*v**2 + u**3*v + 3*u**2*v**4 + u*v**3 + u*v + v**6)/(u**6 + 3*u**4*v**2 + u**4 + 3*u**2*v**4 + 2*u**2*v**2 + v**6 + v**4)


The operation actually performed is $$f|_U + g$$:

sage: s == f.restrict(U) + g
True


Since the algebra $$C^0(M)$$ is a vector space over $$\RR$$, scalar fields can be multiplied by a number, either an explicit one:

sage: s = 2*f ; s
Scalar field on the 2-dimensional topological manifold M
sage: s.display()
M --> R
on U: (x, y) |--> 2/(x**2 + y**2 + 1)
on V: (u, v) |--> 2*(u**2 + v**2)/(u**2 + v**2 + 1)


or a symbolic one:

sage: s = a*f ; s
Scalar field on the 2-dimensional topological manifold M
sage: s.display()
M --> R
on U: (x, y) |--> a/(x**2 + y**2 + 1)
on V: (u, v) |--> a*(u**2 + v**2)/(u**2 + v**2 + 1)


However, if the symbolic variable is a chart coordinate, the multiplication is performed only in the corresponding chart:

sage: s = x*f; s
Scalar field on the 2-dimensional topological manifold M
sage: s.display()
M --> R
on U: (x, y) |--> x/(x**2 + y**2 + 1)
sage: s = u*f; s
Scalar field on the 2-dimensional topological manifold M
sage: s.display()
M --> R
on V: (u, v) |--> u*(u**2 + v**2)/(u**2 + v**2 + 1)


Some tests:

sage: 0*f == 0
True
sage: 0*f == zer
True
sage: 1*f == f
True
sage: (-2)*f == - f - f
True


The ring multiplication of the algebras $$C^0(M)$$ and $$C^0(U)$$ is the pointwise multiplication of functions:

sage: s = f*f ; s
Scalar field f*f on the 2-dimensional topological manifold M
sage: s.display()
f*f: M --> R
on U: (x, y) |--> 1/(x**4 + 2*x**2*y**2 + 2*x**2 + y**4 + 2*y**2 + 1)
on V: (u, v) |--> (u**4 + 2*u**2*v**2 + v**4)/(u**4 + 2*u**2*v**2 + 2*u**2 + v**4 + 2*v**2 + 1)

sage: s = g*h ; s
Scalar field g*h on the Open subset U of the 2-dimensional topological
manifold M
sage: s.display()
g*h: U --> R
(x, y) |--> x*y*H(x, y)
on W: (u, v) |--> u*v*H(u/(u**2 + v**2), v/(u**2 + v**2))/(u**4 + 2*u**2*v**2 + v**4)


Thanks to the coercion $$C^0(M) \to C^0(U)$$ mentioned above, it is possible to multiply a scalar field defined on $$M$$ by a scalar field defined on $$U$$, the result being a scalar field defined on $$U$$:

sage: f.domain(), g.domain()
(2-dimensional topological manifold M,
Open subset U of the 2-dimensional topological manifold M)
sage: s = f*g ; s
Scalar field on the Open subset U of the 2-dimensional topological
manifold M
sage: s.display()
U --> R
(x, y) |--> x*y/(x**2 + y**2 + 1)
on W: (u, v) |--> u*v/(u**4 + 2*u**2*v**2 + u**2 + v**4 + v**2)

sage: s == f.restrict(U)*g
True


Scalar fields can be divided (pointwise division):

sage: s = f/c ; s
Scalar field f/c on the 2-dimensional topological manifold M
sage: s.display()
f/c: M --> R
on U: (x, y) |--> 1/(a*(x**2 + y**2 + 1))
on V: (u, v) |--> (u**2 + v**2)/(a*(u**2 + v**2 + 1))
sage: s = g/h ; s
Scalar field g/h on the Open subset U of the 2-dimensional topological
manifold M
sage: s.display()
g/h: U --> R
(x, y) |--> x*y/H(x, y)
on W: (u, v) |--> u*v/((u**4 + 2*u**2*v**2 + v**4)*H(u/(u**2 + v**2), v/(u**2 + v**2)))

sage: s = f/g ; s
Scalar field on the Open subset U of the 2-dimensional topological
manifold M
sage: s.display()
U --> R
(x, y) |--> 1/(x*y*(x**2 + y**2 + 1))
on W: (u, v) |--> (u**6 + 3*u**4*v**2 + 3*u**2*v**4 + v**6)/(u*v*(u**2 + v**2 + 1))
sage: s == f.restrict(U)/g
True


For scalar fields defined on a single chart domain, we may perform some arithmetics with symbolic expressions involving the chart coordinates:

sage: s = g + x^2 - y ; s
Scalar field on the Open subset U of the 2-dimensional topological manifold M
sage: s.display()
U --> R
(x, y) |--> x**2 + x*y - y
on W: (u, v) |--> (-u**2*v + u**2 + u*v - v**3)/(u**4 + 2*u**2*v**2 + v**4)

sage: s = g*x ; s
Scalar field on the Open subset U of the 2-dimensional topological
manifold M
sage: s.display()
U --> R
(x, y) |--> x**2*y
on W: (u, v) |--> u**2*v/(u**6 + 3*u**4*v**2 + 3*u**2*v**4 + v**6)

sage: s = g/x ; s
Scalar field on the Open subset U of the 2-dimensional topological
manifold M
sage: s.display()
U --> R
(x, y) |--> y
on W: (u, v) |--> v/(u**2 + v**2)
sage: s = x/g ; s
Scalar field on the Open subset U of the 2-dimensional topological
manifold M
sage: s.display()
U --> R
(x, y) |--> 1/y
on W: (u, v) |--> u**2/v + v


The test suite is passed:

sage: TestSuite(f).run()
sage: TestSuite(zer).run()

add_expr(coord_expression, chart=None)

Add some coordinate expression to the scalar field.

The previous expressions with respect to other charts are kept. To clear them, use set_expr() instead.

INPUT:

• coord_expression – coordinate expression of the scalar field
• chart – (default: None) chart in which coord_expression is defined; if None, the default chart of the scalar field’s domain is assumed

Warning

If the scalar field has already expressions in other charts, it is the user’s responsibility to make sure that the expression to be added is consistent with them.

EXAMPLES:

Adding scalar field expressions on a 2-dimensional manifold:

sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M', structure='topological')
sage: c_xy.<x,y> = M.chart()
sage: f = M.scalar_field(x^2 + 2*x*y +1)
sage: f._express
{Chart (M, (x, y)): x^2 + 2*x*y + 1}
sage: f._express  # the (x,y) expression has been changed:
{Chart (M, (x, y)): 3*y}
sage: c_uv.<u,v> = M.chart()
sage: f._express # random (dict. output); f has now 2 expressions:
{Chart (M, (x, y)): 3*y, Chart (M, (u, v)): cos(u) - sin(v)}

add_expr_by_continuation(chart, subdomain)

Set coordinate expression in a chart by continuation of the coordinate expression in a subchart.

The continuation is performed by demanding that the coordinate expression is identical to that in the restriction of the chart to a given subdomain.

INPUT:

• chart – coordinate chart $$(U,(x^i))$$ in which the expression of the scalar field is to set
• subdomain – open subset $$V\subset U$$ in which the expression in terms of the restriction of the coordinate chart $$(U,(x^i))$$ to $$V$$ is already known or can be evaluated by a change of coordinates.

EXAMPLES:

Scalar field on the sphere $$S^2$$:

sage: M = Manifold(2, 'S^2', structure='topological')
sage: U = M.open_subset('U') ; V = M.open_subset('V') # the complement of resp. N pole and S pole
sage: M.declare_union(U,V)   # S^2 is the union of U and V
sage: c_xy.<x,y> = U.chart() ; c_uv.<u,v> = V.chart() # stereographic coordinates
sage: xy_to_uv = c_xy.transition_map(c_uv, (x/(x^2+y^2), y/(x^2+y^2)),
....:                intersection_name='W', restrictions1= x^2+y^2!=0,
....:                restrictions2= u^2+v^2!=0)
sage: uv_to_xy = xy_to_uv.inverse()
sage: W =  U.intersection(V)  # S^2 minus the two poles
sage: f = M.scalar_field(atan(x^2+y^2), chart=c_xy, name='f')


The scalar field has been defined only on the domain covered by the chart c_xy, i.e. $$U$$:

sage: f.display()
f: S^2 --> R
on U: (x, y) |--> arctan(x^2 + y^2)


We note that on $$W = U \cap V$$, the expression of $$f$$ in terms of coordinates $$(u,v)$$ can be deduced from that in the coordinates $$(x,y)$$ thanks to the transition map between the two charts:

sage: f.display(c_uv.restrict(W))
f: S^2 --> R
on W: (u, v) |--> arctan(1/(u^2 + v^2))


We use this fact to extend the definition of $$f$$ to the open subset $$V$$, covered by the chart c_uv:

sage: f.add_expr_by_continuation(c_uv, W)


Then, $$f$$ is known on the whole sphere:

sage: f.display()
f: S^2 --> R
on U: (x, y) |--> arctan(x^2 + y^2)
on V: (u, v) |--> arctan(1/(u^2 + v^2))

arccos()

Arc cosine of the scalar field.

OUTPUT:

• the scalar field $$\arccos f$$, where $$f$$ is the current scalar field

EXAMPLES:

sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M', structure='topological')
sage: X.<x,y> = M.chart()
sage: f = M.scalar_field({X: x*y}, name='f', latex_name=r"\Phi")
sage: g = arccos(f) ; g
Scalar field arccos(f) on the 2-dimensional topological manifold M
sage: latex(g)
\arccos\left(\Phi\right)
sage: g.display()
arccos(f): M --> R
(x, y) |--> arccos(x*y)


The notation acos can be used as well:

sage: acos(f)
Scalar field arccos(f) on the 2-dimensional topological manifold M
sage: acos(f) == g
True


Some tests:

sage: cos(g) == f
True
sage: arccos(M.constant_scalar_field(1)) == M.zero_scalar_field()
True
sage: arccos(M.zero_scalar_field()) == M.constant_scalar_field(pi/2)
True

arccosh()

Inverse hyperbolic cosine of the scalar field.

OUTPUT:

• the scalar field $$\mathrm{arccosh}\, f$$, where $$f$$ is the current scalar field

EXAMPLES:

sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M', structure='topological')
sage: X.<x,y> = M.chart()
sage: f = M.scalar_field({X: x*y}, name='f', latex_name=r"\Phi")
sage: g = arccosh(f) ; g
Scalar field arccosh(f) on the 2-dimensional topological manifold M
sage: latex(g)
\,\mathrm{arccosh}\left(\Phi\right)
sage: g.display()
arccosh(f): M --> R
(x, y) |--> arccosh(x*y)


The notation acosh can be used as well:

sage: acosh(f)
Scalar field arccosh(f) on the 2-dimensional topological manifold M
sage: acosh(f) == g
True


Some tests:

sage: cosh(g) == f
True
sage: arccosh(M.constant_scalar_field(1)) == M.zero_scalar_field()
True

arcsin()

Arc sine of the scalar field.

OUTPUT:

• the scalar field $$\arcsin f$$, where $$f$$ is the current scalar field

EXAMPLES:

sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M', structure='topological')
sage: X.<x,y> = M.chart()
sage: f = M.scalar_field({X: x*y}, name='f', latex_name=r"\Phi")
sage: g = arcsin(f) ; g
Scalar field arcsin(f) on the 2-dimensional topological manifold M
sage: latex(g)
\arcsin\left(\Phi\right)
sage: g.display()
arcsin(f): M --> R
(x, y) |--> arcsin(x*y)


The notation asin can be used as well:

sage: asin(f)
Scalar field arcsin(f) on the 2-dimensional topological manifold M
sage: asin(f) == g
True


Some tests:

sage: sin(g) == f
True
sage: arcsin(M.zero_scalar_field()) == M.zero_scalar_field()
True
sage: arcsin(M.constant_scalar_field(1)) == M.constant_scalar_field(pi/2)
True

arcsinh()

Inverse hyperbolic sine of the scalar field.

OUTPUT:

• the scalar field $$\mathrm{arcsinh}\, f$$, where $$f$$ is the current scalar field

EXAMPLES:

sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M', structure='topological')
sage: X.<x,y> = M.chart()
sage: f = M.scalar_field({X: x*y}, name='f', latex_name=r"\Phi")
sage: g = arcsinh(f) ; g
Scalar field arcsinh(f) on the 2-dimensional topological manifold M
sage: latex(g)
\,\mathrm{arcsinh}\left(\Phi\right)
sage: g.display()
arcsinh(f): M --> R
(x, y) |--> arcsinh(x*y)


The notation asinh can be used as well:

sage: asinh(f)
Scalar field arcsinh(f) on the 2-dimensional topological manifold M
sage: asinh(f) == g
True


Some tests:

sage: sinh(g) == f
True
sage: arcsinh(M.zero_scalar_field()) == M.zero_scalar_field()
True

arctan()

Arc tangent of the scalar field.

OUTPUT:

• the scalar field $$\arctan f$$, where $$f$$ is the current scalar field

EXAMPLES:

sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M', structure='topological')
sage: X.<x,y> = M.chart()
sage: f = M.scalar_field({X: x*y}, name='f', latex_name=r"\Phi")
sage: g = arctan(f) ; g
Scalar field arctan(f) on the 2-dimensional topological manifold M
sage: latex(g)
\arctan\left(\Phi\right)
sage: g.display()
arctan(f): M --> R
(x, y) |--> arctan(x*y)


The notation atan can be used as well:

sage: atan(f)
Scalar field arctan(f) on the 2-dimensional topological manifold M
sage: atan(f) == g
True


Some tests:

sage: tan(g) == f
True
sage: arctan(M.zero_scalar_field()) == M.zero_scalar_field()
True
sage: arctan(M.constant_scalar_field(1)) == M.constant_scalar_field(pi/4)
True

arctanh()

Inverse hyperbolic tangent of the scalar field.

OUTPUT:

• the scalar field $$\mathrm{arctanh}\, f$$, where $$f$$ is the current scalar field

EXAMPLES:

sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M', structure='topological')
sage: X.<x,y> = M.chart()
sage: f = M.scalar_field({X: x*y}, name='f', latex_name=r"\Phi")
sage: g = arctanh(f) ; g
Scalar field arctanh(f) on the 2-dimensional topological manifold M
sage: latex(g)
\,\mathrm{arctanh}\left(\Phi\right)
sage: g.display()
arctanh(f): M --> R
(x, y) |--> arctanh(x*y)


The notation atanh can be used as well:

sage: atanh(f)
Scalar field arctanh(f) on the 2-dimensional topological manifold M
sage: atanh(f) == g
True


Some tests:

sage: tanh(g) == f
True
sage: arctanh(M.zero_scalar_field()) == M.zero_scalar_field()
True
sage: arctanh(M.constant_scalar_field(1/2)) == M.constant_scalar_field(log(3)/2)
True

common_charts(other)

Find common charts for the expressions of the scalar field and other.

INPUT:

• other – a scalar field

OUTPUT:

• list of common charts; if no common chart is found, None is returned (instead of an empty list)

EXAMPLES:

Search for common charts on a 2-dimensional manifold with 2 overlapping domains:

sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M', structure='topological')
sage: U = M.open_subset('U')
sage: c_xy.<x,y> = U.chart()
sage: V = M.open_subset('V')
sage: c_uv.<u,v> = V.chart()
sage: M.declare_union(U,V)   # M is the union of U and V
sage: f = U.scalar_field(x^2)
sage: g = M.scalar_field(x+y)
sage: f.common_charts(g)
[Chart (U, (x, y))]
sage: f._express
{Chart (U, (x, y)): x^2}
sage: g._express  # random (dictionary output)
{Chart (U, (x, y)): x + y, Chart (V, (u, v)): u}
sage: f.common_charts(g)
[Chart (U, (x, y))]


Common charts found as subcharts: the subcharts are introduced via a transition map between charts c_xy and c_uv on the intersecting subdomain $$W = U\cap V$$:

sage: trans = c_xy.transition_map(c_uv, (x+y, x-y), 'W', x<0, u+v<0)
sage: M.atlas()
[Chart (U, (x, y)), Chart (V, (u, v)), Chart (W, (x, y)),
Chart (W, (u, v))]
sage: c_xy_W = M.atlas()[2]
sage: c_uv_W = M.atlas()[3]
sage: trans.inverse()
Change of coordinates from Chart (W, (u, v)) to Chart (W, (x, y))
sage: f.common_charts(g)
[Chart (U, (x, y))]
sage: f.expr(c_xy_W)
x^2
sage: f._express  # random (dictionary output)
{Chart (U, (x, y)): x^2, Chart (W, (x, y)): x^2}
sage: g._express  # random (dictionary output)
{Chart (U, (x, y)): x + y, Chart (V, (u, v)): u}
sage: g.common_charts(f)  # c_xy_W is not returned because it is subchart of 'xy'
[Chart (U, (x, y))]
sage: f.expr(c_uv_W)
1/4*u^2 + 1/2*u*v + 1/4*v^2
sage: f._express  # random (dictionary output)
{Chart (U, (x, y)): x^2, Chart (W, (x, y)): x^2,
Chart (W, (u, v)): 1/4*u^2 + 1/2*u*v + 1/4*v^2}
sage: g._express  # random (dictionary output)
{Chart (U, (x, y)): x + y, Chart (V, (u, v)): u}
sage: f.common_charts(g)
[Chart (U, (x, y)), Chart (W, (u, v))]
sage: # the expressions have been updated on the subcharts
sage: g._express #  random (dictionary output)
{Chart (U, (x, y)): x + y, Chart (V, (u, v)): u,
Chart (W, (u, v)): u}


Common charts found by computing some coordinate changes:

sage: W = U.intersection(V)
sage: f = W.scalar_field(x^2, c_xy_W)
sage: g = W.scalar_field(u+1, c_uv_W)
sage: f._express
{Chart (W, (x, y)): x^2}
sage: g._express
{Chart (W, (u, v)): u + 1}
sage: f.common_charts(g)
[Chart (W, (u, v)), Chart (W, (x, y))]
sage: f._express # random (dictionary output)
{Chart (W, (u, v)): 1/4*u^2 + 1/2*u*v + 1/4*v^2,
Chart (W, (x, y)): x^2}
sage: g._express # random (dictionary output)
{Chart (W, (u, v)): u + 1, Chart (W, (x, y)): x + y + 1}

coord_function(chart=None, from_chart=None)

Return the function of the coordinates representing the scalar field in a given chart.

INPUT:

• chart – (default: None) chart with respect to which the coordinate expression is to be returned; if None, the default chart of the scalar field’s domain will be used
• from_chart – (default: None) chart from which the required expression is computed if it is not known already in the chart chart; if None, a chart is picked in the known expressions

OUTPUT:

EXAMPLES:

Coordinate function on a 2-dimensional manifold:

sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M', structure='topological')
sage: c_xy.<x,y> = M.chart()
sage: f = M.scalar_field(x*y^2)
sage: f.coord_function()
x*y^2
sage: f.coord_function(c_xy)  # equivalent form (since c_xy is the default chart)
x*y^2
sage: type(f.coord_function())
<class 'sage.manifolds.chart_func.ChartFunctionRing_with_category.element_class'>


Expression via a change of coordinates:

sage: c_uv.<u,v> = M.chart()
sage: c_uv.transition_map(c_xy, [u+v, u-v])
Change of coordinates from Chart (M, (u, v)) to Chart (M, (x, y))
sage: f._express # at this stage, f is expressed only in terms of (x,y) coordinates
{Chart (M, (x, y)): x*y^2}
sage: f.coord_function(c_uv) # forces the computation of the expression of f in terms of (u,v) coordinates
u^3 - u^2*v - u*v^2 + v^3
sage: f.coord_function(c_uv) == (u+v)*(u-v)^2  # check
True
sage: f._express  # random (dict. output); f has now 2 coordinate expressions:
{Chart (M, (x, y)): x*y^2, Chart (M, (u, v)): u^3 - u^2*v - u*v^2 + v^3}


Usage in a physical context (simple Lorentz transformation - boost in x direction, with relative velocity v between o1 and o2 frames):

sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M', structure='topological')
sage: o1.<t,x> = M.chart()
sage: o2.<T,X> = M.chart()
sage: f = M.scalar_field(x^2 - t^2)
sage: f.coord_function(o1)
-t^2 + x^2
sage: v = var('v'); gam = 1/sqrt(1-v^2)
sage: o2.transition_map(o1, [gam*(T - v*X), gam*(X - v*T)])
Change of coordinates from Chart (M, (T, X)) to Chart (M, (t, x))
sage: f.coord_function(o2)
-T^2 + X^2

copy()

Return an exact copy of the scalar field.

EXAMPLES:

Copy on a 2-dimensional manifold:

sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M', structure='topological')
sage: c_xy.<x,y> = M.chart()
sage: f = M.scalar_field(x*y^2)
sage: g = f.copy()
sage: type(g)
<class 'sage.manifolds.scalarfield_algebra.ScalarFieldAlgebra_with_category.element_class'>
sage: g.expr()
x*y^2
sage: g == f
True
sage: g is f
False

cos()

Cosine of the scalar field.

OUTPUT:

• the scalar field $$\cos f$$, where $$f$$ is the current scalar field

EXAMPLES:

sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M', structure='topological')
sage: X.<x,y> = M.chart()
sage: f = M.scalar_field({X: x*y}, name='f', latex_name=r"\Phi")
sage: g = cos(f) ; g
Scalar field cos(f) on the 2-dimensional topological manifold M
sage: latex(g)
\cos\left(\Phi\right)
sage: g.display()
cos(f): M --> R
(x, y) |--> cos(x*y)


Some tests:

sage: cos(M.zero_scalar_field()) == M.constant_scalar_field(1)
True
sage: cos(M.constant_scalar_field(pi/2)) == M.zero_scalar_field()
True

cosh()

Hyperbolic cosine of the scalar field.

OUTPUT:

• the scalar field $$\cosh f$$, where $$f$$ is the current scalar field

EXAMPLES:

sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M', structure='topological')
sage: X.<x,y> = M.chart()
sage: f = M.scalar_field({X: x*y}, name='f', latex_name=r"\Phi")
sage: g = cosh(f) ; g
Scalar field cosh(f) on the 2-dimensional topological manifold M
sage: latex(g)
\cosh\left(\Phi\right)
sage: g.display()
cosh(f): M --> R
(x, y) |--> cosh(x*y)


Some test:

sage: cosh(M.zero_scalar_field()) == M.constant_scalar_field(1)
True

disp(chart=None)

Display the expression of the scalar field in a given chart.

Without any argument, this function displays the expressions of the scalar field in all the charts defined on the scalar field’s domain that are not restrictions of another chart to some subdomain (the “top charts”).

INPUT:

• chart – (default: None) chart with respect to which the coordinate expression is to be displayed; if None, the display is performed in all the top charts in which the coordinate expression is known

The output is either text-formatted (console mode) or LaTeX-formatted (notebook mode).

EXAMPLES:

Various displays:

sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M', structure='topological')
sage: c_xy.<x,y> = M.chart()
sage: f = M.scalar_field(sqrt(x+1), name='f')
sage: f.display()
f: M --> R
(x, y) |--> sqrt(x + 1)
sage: latex(f.display())
\begin{array}{llcl} f:& M & \longrightarrow & \mathbb{R} \\ & \left(x, y\right) & \longmapsto & \sqrt{x + 1} \end{array}
sage: g = M.scalar_field(function('G')(x, y), name='g')
sage: g.display()
g: M --> R
(x, y) |--> G(x, y)
sage: latex(g.display())
\begin{array}{llcl} g:& M & \longrightarrow & \mathbb{R} \\ & \left(x, y\right) & \longmapsto & G\left(x, y\right) \end{array}


A shortcut of display() is disp():

sage: f.disp()
f: M --> R
(x, y) |--> sqrt(x + 1)

display(chart=None)

Display the expression of the scalar field in a given chart.

Without any argument, this function displays the expressions of the scalar field in all the charts defined on the scalar field’s domain that are not restrictions of another chart to some subdomain (the “top charts”).

INPUT:

• chart – (default: None) chart with respect to which the coordinate expression is to be displayed; if None, the display is performed in all the top charts in which the coordinate expression is known

The output is either text-formatted (console mode) or LaTeX-formatted (notebook mode).

EXAMPLES:

Various displays:

sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M', structure='topological')
sage: c_xy.<x,y> = M.chart()
sage: f = M.scalar_field(sqrt(x+1), name='f')
sage: f.display()
f: M --> R
(x, y) |--> sqrt(x + 1)
sage: latex(f.display())
\begin{array}{llcl} f:& M & \longrightarrow & \mathbb{R} \\ & \left(x, y\right) & \longmapsto & \sqrt{x + 1} \end{array}
sage: g = M.scalar_field(function('G')(x, y), name='g')
sage: g.display()
g: M --> R
(x, y) |--> G(x, y)
sage: latex(g.display())
\begin{array}{llcl} g:& M & \longrightarrow & \mathbb{R} \\ & \left(x, y\right) & \longmapsto & G\left(x, y\right) \end{array}


A shortcut of display() is disp():

sage: f.disp()
f: M --> R
(x, y) |--> sqrt(x + 1)

domain()

Return the open subset on which the scalar field is defined.

OUTPUT:

EXAMPLES:

sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M', structure='topological')
sage: c_xy.<x,y> = M.chart()
sage: f = M.scalar_field(x+2*y)
sage: f.domain()
2-dimensional topological manifold M
sage: U = M.open_subset('U', coord_def={c_xy: x<0})
sage: g = f.restrict(U)
sage: g.domain()
Open subset U of the 2-dimensional topological manifold M

exp()

Exponential of the scalar field.

OUTPUT:

• the scalar field $$\exp f$$, where $$f$$ is the current scalar field

EXAMPLES:

sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M', structure='topological')
sage: X.<x,y> = M.chart()
sage: f = M.scalar_field({X: x+y}, name='f', latex_name=r"\Phi")
sage: g = exp(f) ; g
Scalar field exp(f) on the 2-dimensional topological manifold M
sage: g.display()
exp(f): M --> R
(x, y) |--> e^(x + y)
sage: latex(g)
\exp\left(\Phi\right)


Automatic simplifications occur:

sage: f = M.scalar_field({X: 2*ln(1+x^2)}, name='f')
sage: exp(f).display()
exp(f): M --> R
(x, y) |--> x^4 + 2*x^2 + 1


The inverse function is log():

sage: log(exp(f)) == f
True


Some tests:

sage: exp(M.zero_scalar_field()) == M.constant_scalar_field(1)
True
sage: exp(M.constant_scalar_field(1)) == M.constant_scalar_field(e)
True

expr(chart=None, from_chart=None)

Return the coordinate expression of the scalar field in a given chart.

INPUT:

• chart – (default: None) chart with respect to which the coordinate expression is required; if None, the default chart of the scalar field’s domain will be used
• from_chart – (default: None) chart from which the required expression is computed if it is not known already in the chart chart; if None, a chart is picked in self._express

OUTPUT:

• symbolic expression representing the coordinate expression of the scalar field in the given chart.

EXAMPLES:

Expression of a scalar field on a 2-dimensional manifold:

sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M', structure='topological')
sage: c_xy.<x,y> = M.chart()
sage: f = M.scalar_field(x*y^2)
sage: f.expr()
x*y^2
sage: f.expr(c_xy)  # equivalent form (since c_xy is the default chart)
x*y^2
sage: type(f.expr())
<type 'sage.symbolic.expression.Expression'>


Expression via a change of coordinates:

sage: c_uv.<u,v> = M.chart()
sage: c_uv.transition_map(c_xy, [u+v, u-v])
Change of coordinates from Chart (M, (u, v)) to Chart (M, (x, y))
sage: f._express # at this stage, f is expressed only in terms of (x,y) coordinates
{Chart (M, (x, y)): x*y^2}
sage: f.expr(c_uv) # forces the computation of the expression of f in terms of (u,v) coordinates
u^3 - u^2*v - u*v^2 + v^3
sage: bool( f.expr(c_uv) == (u+v)*(u-v)^2 ) # check
True
sage: f._express  # random (dict. output); f has now 2 coordinate expressions:
{Chart (M, (x, y)): x*y^2, Chart (M, (u, v)): u^3 - u^2*v - u*v^2 + v^3}

is_trivial_zero()

Check if self is trivially equal to zero without any simplification.

This method is supposed to be fast as compared with self.is_zero() or self == 0 and is intended to be used in library code where trying to obtain a mathematically correct result by applying potentially expensive rewrite rules is not desirable.

EXAMPLES:

sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M', structure='topological')
sage: X.<x,y> = M.chart()
sage: f = M.scalar_field({X: 0})
sage: f.is_trivial_zero()
True
sage: f = M.scalar_field(0)
sage: f.is_trivial_zero()
True
sage: M.zero_scalar_field().is_trivial_zero()
True
sage: f = M.scalar_field({X: x+y})
sage: f.is_trivial_zero()
False


Scalar field defined by means of two charts:

sage: U1 = M.open_subset('U1'); X1.<x1,y1> = U1.chart()
sage: U2 = M.open_subset('U2'); X2.<x2,y2> = U2.chart()
sage: f = M.scalar_field({X1: 0, X2: 0})
sage: f.is_trivial_zero()
True
sage: f = M.scalar_field({X1: 0, X2: 1})
sage: f.is_trivial_zero()
False


No simplification is attempted, so that False is returned for non-trivial cases:

sage: f = M.scalar_field({X: cos(x)^2 + sin(x)^2 - 1})
sage: f.is_trivial_zero()
False


On the contrary, the method is_zero() and the direct comparison to zero involve some simplification algorithms and return True:

sage: f.is_zero()
True
sage: f == 0
True

log()

Natural logarithm of the scalar field.

OUTPUT:

• the scalar field $$\ln f$$, where $$f$$ is the current scalar field

EXAMPLES:

sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M', structure='topological')
sage: X.<x,y> = M.chart()
sage: f = M.scalar_field({X: x+y}, name='f', latex_name=r"\Phi")
sage: g = log(f) ; g
Scalar field ln(f) on the 2-dimensional topological manifold M
sage: g.display()
ln(f): M --> R
(x, y) |--> log(x + y)
sage: latex(g)
\ln\left(\Phi\right)


The inverse function is exp():

sage: exp(log(f)) == f
True

restrict(subdomain)

Restriction of the scalar field to an open subset of its domain of definition.

INPUT:

• subdomain – an open subset of the scalar field’s domain

OUTPUT:

EXAMPLES:

Restriction of a scalar field defined on $$\RR^2$$ to the unit open disc:

sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M', structure='topological')
sage: X.<x,y> = M.chart()  # Cartesian coordinates
sage: U = M.open_subset('U', coord_def={X: x^2+y^2 < 1}) # U unit open disc
sage: f = M.scalar_field(cos(x*y), name='f')
sage: f_U = f.restrict(U) ; f_U
Scalar field f on the Open subset U of the 2-dimensional
topological manifold M
sage: f_U.display()
f: U --> R
(x, y) |--> cos(x*y)
sage: f.parent()
Algebra of scalar fields on the 2-dimensional topological
manifold M
sage: f_U.parent()
Algebra of scalar fields on the Open subset U of the 2-dimensional
topological manifold M


The restriction to the whole domain is the identity:

sage: f.restrict(M) is f
True
sage: f_U.restrict(U) is f_U
True


Restriction of the zero scalar field:

sage: M.zero_scalar_field().restrict(U)
Scalar field zero on the Open subset U of the 2-dimensional
topological manifold M
sage: M.zero_scalar_field().restrict(U) is U.zero_scalar_field()
True

set_expr(coord_expression, chart=None)

Set the coordinate expression of the scalar field.

The expressions with respect to other charts are deleted, in order to avoid any inconsistency. To keep them, use add_expr() instead.

INPUT:

• coord_expression – coordinate expression of the scalar field
• chart – (default: None) chart in which coord_expression is defined; if None, the default chart of the scalar field’s domain is assumed

EXAMPLES:

Setting scalar field expressions on a 2-dimensional manifold:

sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M', structure='topological')
sage: c_xy.<x,y> = M.chart()
sage: f = M.scalar_field(x^2 + 2*x*y +1)
sage: f._express
{Chart (M, (x, y)): x^2 + 2*x*y + 1}
sage: f.set_expr(3*y)
sage: f._express  # the (x,y) expression has been changed:
{Chart (M, (x, y)): 3*y}
sage: c_uv.<u,v> = M.chart()
sage: f.set_expr(cos(u)-sin(v), c_uv)
sage: f._express # the (x,y) expression has been lost:
{Chart (M, (u, v)): cos(u) - sin(v)}
sage: f.set_expr(3*y)
sage: f._express # the (u,v) expression has been lost:
{Chart (M, (x, y)): 3*y}

set_name(name=None, latex_name=None)

Set (or change) the text name and LaTeX name of the scalar field.

INPUT:

• name – (string; default: None) name given to the scalar field
• latex_name – (string; default: None) LaTeX symbol to denote the scalar field; if None while name is provided, the LaTeX symbol is set to name

EXAMPLES:

sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M', structure='topological')
sage: X.<x,y> = M.chart()
sage: f = M.scalar_field({X: x+y})
sage: f = M.scalar_field({X: x+y}); f
Scalar field on the 2-dimensional topological manifold M
sage: f.set_name('f'); f
Scalar field f on the 2-dimensional topological manifold M
sage: latex(f)
f
sage: f.set_name('f', latex_name=r'\Phi'); f
Scalar field f on the 2-dimensional topological manifold M
sage: latex(f)
\Phi

sin()

Sine of the scalar field.

OUTPUT:

• the scalar field $$\sin f$$, where $$f$$ is the current scalar field

EXAMPLES:

sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M', structure='topological')
sage: X.<x,y> = M.chart()
sage: f = M.scalar_field({X: x*y}, name='f', latex_name=r"\Phi")
sage: g = sin(f) ; g
Scalar field sin(f) on the 2-dimensional topological manifold M
sage: latex(g)
\sin\left(\Phi\right)
sage: g.display()
sin(f): M --> R
(x, y) |--> sin(x*y)


Some tests:

sage: sin(M.zero_scalar_field()) == M.zero_scalar_field()
True
sage: sin(M.constant_scalar_field(pi/2)) == M.constant_scalar_field(1)
True

sinh()

Hyperbolic sine of the scalar field.

OUTPUT:

• the scalar field $$\sinh f$$, where $$f$$ is the current scalar field

EXAMPLES:

sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M', structure='topological')
sage: X.<x,y> = M.chart()
sage: f = M.scalar_field({X: x*y}, name='f', latex_name=r"\Phi")
sage: g = sinh(f) ; g
Scalar field sinh(f) on the 2-dimensional topological manifold M
sage: latex(g)
\sinh\left(\Phi\right)
sage: g.display()
sinh(f): M --> R
(x, y) |--> sinh(x*y)


Some test:

sage: sinh(M.zero_scalar_field()) == M.zero_scalar_field()
True

sqrt()

Square root of the scalar field.

OUTPUT:

• the scalar field $$\sqrt f$$, where $$f$$ is the current scalar field

EXAMPLES:

sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M', structure='topological')
sage: X.<x,y> = M.chart()
sage: f = M.scalar_field({X: 1+x^2+y^2}, name='f',
....:                    latex_name=r"\Phi")
sage: g = sqrt(f) ; g
Scalar field sqrt(f) on the 2-dimensional topological manifold M
sage: latex(g)
\sqrt{\Phi}
sage: g.display()
sqrt(f): M --> R
(x, y) |--> sqrt(x^2 + y^2 + 1)


Some tests:

sage: g^2 == f
True
sage: sqrt(M.zero_scalar_field()) == M.zero_scalar_field()
True

tan()

Tangent of the scalar field.

OUTPUT:

• the scalar field $$\tan f$$, where $$f$$ is the current scalar field

EXAMPLES:

sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M', structure='topological')
sage: X.<x,y> = M.chart()
sage: f = M.scalar_field({X: x*y}, name='f', latex_name=r"\Phi")
sage: g = tan(f) ; g
Scalar field tan(f) on the 2-dimensional topological manifold M
sage: latex(g)
\tan\left(\Phi\right)
sage: g.display()
tan(f): M --> R
(x, y) |--> sin(x*y)/cos(x*y)


Some tests:

sage: tan(f) == sin(f) / cos(f)
True
sage: tan(M.zero_scalar_field()) == M.zero_scalar_field()
True
sage: tan(M.constant_scalar_field(pi/4)) == M.constant_scalar_field(1)
True

tanh()

Hyperbolic tangent of the scalar field.

OUTPUT:

• the scalar field $$\tanh f$$, where $$f$$ is the current scalar field

EXAMPLES:

sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M', structure='topological')
sage: X.<x,y> = M.chart()
sage: f = M.scalar_field({X: x*y}, name='f', latex_name=r"\Phi")
sage: g = tanh(f) ; g
Scalar field tanh(f) on the 2-dimensional topological manifold M
sage: latex(g)
\tanh\left(\Phi\right)
sage: g.display()
tanh(f): M --> R
(x, y) |--> sinh(x*y)/cosh(x*y)


Some tests:

sage: tanh(f) == sinh(f) / cosh(f)
True
sage: tanh(M.zero_scalar_field()) == M.zero_scalar_field()
True