Elliptic curves over finite fields#

AUTHORS:

William Stein (2005): Initial version
Robert Bradshaw et al….
John Cremona (2008-02): Point counting and group structure for non-prime fields, Frobenius endomorphism and order, elliptic logs
Mariah Lenox (2011-03): Added set_order method
Lorenz Panny, John Cremona (2023-02): .twists()
Lorenz Panny (2023): special_supersingular_curve()

class sage.schemes.elliptic_curves.ell_finite_field.EllipticCurve_finite_field(R, data, category=None)#

Bases: EllipticCurve_field, HyperellipticCurve_finite_field

Elliptic curve over a finite field.

EXAMPLES:

sage: EllipticCurve(GF(101),[2,3])
Elliptic Curve defined by y^2  = x^3 + 2*x + 3 over Finite Field of size 101

sage: # needs sage.rings.finite_rings
sage: F = GF(101^2, 'a')
sage: EllipticCurve([F(2),F(3)])
Elliptic Curve defined by y^2  = x^3 + 2*x + 3 over Finite Field in a of size 101^2

Elliptic curves over \(\ZZ/N\ZZ\) with \(N\) prime are of type “elliptic curve over a finite field”:

sage: F = Zmod(101)
sage: EllipticCurve(F, [2, 3])
Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 = x^3 + 2*x + 3 over Ring of integers modulo 101
sage: E = EllipticCurve([F(2), F(3)])
sage: type(E)
<class 'sage.schemes.elliptic_curves.ell_finite_field.EllipticCurve_finite_field_with_category'>
sage: E.category()
Category of abelian varieties over Ring of integers modulo 101

Elliptic curves over \(\ZZ/N\ZZ\) with \(N\) composite are of type “generic elliptic curve”:

sage: F = Zmod(95)
sage: EllipticCurve(F, [2, 3])
Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 = x^3 + 2*x + 3 over Ring of integers modulo 95
sage: E = EllipticCurve([F(2), F(3)])
sage: type(E)
<class 'sage.schemes.elliptic_curves.ell_generic.EllipticCurve_generic_with_category'>
sage: E.category()
Category of schemes over Ring of integers modulo 95
sage: TestSuite(E).run(skip=["_test_elements"])

abelian_group()#

Return the abelian group structure of the group of points on this elliptic curve.

See also

If you do not need the complete abelian group structure but only generators of the group, use gens() which can be much faster in some cases.

This method relies on gens(), which uses random points on the curve and hence the generators are likely to differ from one run to another. However, the group is cached, so the generators will not change in any one run of Sage.

OUTPUT:

an AdditiveAbelianGroupWrapper object encapsulating the abelian group of rational points on this elliptic curve

ALGORITHM:

We first call gens() to obtain a generating set \((P,Q)\). Letting \(P\) denote the point of larger order \(n_1\), we extend \(P\) to a basis \((P,Q')\) by computing a scalar \(x\) such that \(Q'=Q-[x]P\) has order \(n_2=\#E/n_1\). Finding \(x\) involves a (typically easy) discrete-logarithm computation.

The complexity of the algorithm is the cost of factoring the group order, plus \(\Theta(\sqrt{\ell})\) for each prime \(\ell\) such that the rational \(\ell^\infty\)-torsion of self is isomorphic to \(\ZZ/\ell^r\times\ZZ/\ell^s\) with \(r>s>0\), times a polynomial in the logarithm of the base-field size.

AUTHORS:

John Cremona: original implementation
Lorenz Panny (2021): current implementation

EXAMPLES:

sage: E = EllipticCurve(GF(11),[2,5])
sage: E.abelian_group()
Additive abelian group isomorphic to Z/10 embedded in
 Abelian group of points on Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 = x^3 + 2*x + 5
  over Finite Field of size 11

sage: E = EllipticCurve(GF(41),[2,5])
sage: E.abelian_group()
Additive abelian group isomorphic to Z/22 + Z/2 ...

sage: # needs sage.rings.finite_rings
sage: F.<a> = GF(3^6,'a')
sage: E = EllipticCurve([a^4 + a^3 + 2*a^2 + 2*a, 2*a^5 + 2*a^3 + 2*a^2 + 1])
sage: E.abelian_group()
Additive abelian group isomorphic to Z/26 + Z/26 ...

sage: # needs sage.rings.finite_rings
sage: F.<a> = GF(101^3,'a')
sage: E = EllipticCurve([2*a^2 + 48*a + 27, 89*a^2 + 76*a + 24])
sage: E.abelian_group()
Additive abelian group isomorphic to Z/1031352 ...

The group can be trivial:

sage: E = EllipticCurve(GF(2), [0,0,1,1,1])
sage: E.abelian_group()
Trivial group embedded in Abelian group of points on
 Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 + y = x^3 + x + 1 over Finite Field of size 2

Of course, there are plenty of points if we extend the field:

sage: E.cardinality(extension_degree=100)
1267650600228231653296516890625

This tests the patch for github issue #3111, using 10 primes randomly selected:

sage: E = EllipticCurve('389a')
sage: for p in [5927, 2297, 1571, 1709, 3851, 127, 3253, 5783, 3499, 4817]:
....:     G = E.change_ring(GF(p)).abelian_group()
sage: for p in prime_range(10000):  # long time (19s on sage.math, 2011)
....:     if p != 389:
....:         G = E.change_ring(GF(p)).abelian_group()

This tests that the bug reported in github issue #3926 has been fixed:

sage: # needs sage.rings.number_field
sage: K.<i> = QuadraticField(-1)
sage: OK = K.ring_of_integers()
sage: P = K.factor(10007)[0][0]
sage: OKmodP = OK.residue_field(P)
sage: E = EllipticCurve([0, 0, 0, i, i + 3])
sage: Emod = E.change_ring(OKmodP); Emod
Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 = x^3 + ibar*x + (ibar+3)
 over Residue field in ibar of Fractional ideal (10007)
sage: Emod.abelian_group() #random generators
(Multiplicative Abelian group isomorphic to C50067594 x C2,
 ((3152*ibar + 7679 : 7330*ibar + 7913 : 1), (8466*ibar + 1770 : 0 : 1)))

cardinality(algorithm=None, extension_degree=1)#

Return the number of points on this elliptic curve.

INPUT:

algorithm – (optional) string:
- 'pari' – use the PARI C-library function ellcard.
- 'bsgs' – use the baby-step giant-step method as
  implemented in Sage, with the Cremona-Sutherland version of Mestre’s trick.
- 'exhaustive' – naive point counting.
- 'subfield' – reduce to a smaller field, provided that the j-invariant lies in a subfield.
- 'all' – compute cardinality with both 'pari' and 'bsgs'; return result if they agree or raise a AssertionError if they do not
extension_degree – an integer \(d\) (default: 1): if the base field is \(\GF{q}\), return the cardinality of self over the extension \(\GF{q^d}\) of degree \(d\).

OUTPUT:

The order of the group of rational points of self over its base field, or over an extension field of degree \(d\) as above. The result is cached.

EXAMPLES:

sage: # needs sage.rings.finite_rings
sage: EllipticCurve(GF(4, 'a'), [1,2,3,4,5]).cardinality()
8
sage: k.<a> = GF(3^3)
sage: l = [a^2 + 1, 2*a^2 + 2*a + 1, a^2 + a + 1, 2, 2*a]
sage: EllipticCurve(k,l).cardinality()
29

sage: # needs sage.rings.finite_rings
sage: l = [1, 1, 0, 2, 0]
sage: EllipticCurve(k, l).cardinality()
38

An even bigger extension (which we check against Magma):

sage: # needs sage.rings.finite_rings
sage: EllipticCurve(GF(3^100, 'a'), [1,2,3,4,5]).cardinality()
515377520732011331036459693969645888996929981504
sage: magma.eval("Order(EllipticCurve([GF(3^100)|1,2,3,4,5]))")    # optional - magma
'515377520732011331036459693969645888996929981504'

sage: EllipticCurve(GF(10007), [1,2,3,4,5]).cardinality()
10076
sage: EllipticCurve(GF(10007), [1,2,3,4,5]).cardinality(algorithm='pari')
10076
sage: EllipticCurve(GF(next_prime(10**20)), [1,2,3,4,5]).cardinality()
100000000011093199520

The cardinality is cached:

sage: # needs sage.rings.finite_rings
sage: E = EllipticCurve(GF(3^100, 'a'), [1,2,3,4,5])
sage: E.cardinality() is E.cardinality()
True

The following is very fast since the curve is actually defined over the prime field:

sage: # needs sage.rings.finite_rings
sage: k.<a> = GF(11^100)
sage: E1 = EllipticCurve(k, [3,3])
sage: N1 = E1.cardinality(algorithm="subfield"); N1
137806123398222701841183371720896367762643312000384671846835266941791510341065565176497846502742959856128
sage: E1.cardinality_pari() == N1
True
sage: E2 = E1.quadratic_twist()
sage: N2 = E2.cardinality(algorithm="subfield"); N2
137806123398222701841183371720896367762643312000384656816094284101308193849980588362304472492174093035876
sage: E2.cardinality_pari() == N2
True
sage: N1 + N2 == 2*(k.cardinality() + 1)
True

We can count points over curves defined as a reduction:

sage: # needs sage.rings.number_field
sage: x = polygen(QQ)
sage: K.<w> = NumberField(x^2 + x + 1)
sage: EK = EllipticCurve(K, [0, 0, w, 2, 1])
sage: E = EK.base_extend(K.residue_field(2))
sage: E
Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 + wbar*y = x^3 + 1
 over Residue field in wbar of Fractional ideal (2)
sage: E.cardinality()
7
sage: E = EK.base_extend(K.residue_field(w - 1))
sage: E.abelian_group()
Trivial group embedded in Abelian group of points on Elliptic Curve defined
 by y^2 + y = x^3 + 2*x + 1 over Residue field of Fractional ideal (w - 1)

sage: R.<x> = GF(17)[]
sage: pol = R.irreducible_element(5)
sage: k.<a> = R.residue_field(pol)
sage: E = EllipticCurve(R, [1, x]).base_extend(k)
sage: E
Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 = x^3 + x + a
 over Residue field in a of Principal ideal (x^5 + x + 14)
  of Univariate Polynomial Ring in x over Finite Field of size 17
sage: E.cardinality()
1421004

cardinality_bsgs(verbose=False)#

Return the cardinality of self over the base field.

ALGORITHM: A variant of “Mestre’s trick” extended to all finite fields by Cremona and Sutherland, 2008.

Note

The Mestre-Schoof-Cremona-Sutherland algorithm may fail for a small finite number of curves over \(F_q\) for \(q\) at most 49, so for \(q<50\) we use an exhaustive count.
Quadratic twists are not implemented in characteristic 2 when \(j=0 (=1728)\); but this case is treated separately.

EXAMPLES:

sage: p = next_prime(10^3)
sage: E = EllipticCurve(GF(p), [3,4])
sage: E.cardinality_bsgs()
1020
sage: E = EllipticCurve(GF(3^4,'a'), [1,1])
sage: E.cardinality_bsgs()
64
sage: F.<a> = GF(101^3,'a')
sage: E = EllipticCurve([2*a^2 + 48*a + 27, 89*a^2 + 76*a + 24])
sage: E.cardinality_bsgs()
1031352

cardinality_exhaustive()#

Return the cardinality of self over the base field.

This simply adds up the number of points with each x-coordinate: only used for small field sizes!

EXAMPLES:

sage: p = next_prime(10^3)
sage: E = EllipticCurve(GF(p), [3,4])
sage: E.cardinality_exhaustive()
1020
sage: E = EllipticCurve(GF(3^4,'a'), [1,1])
sage: E.cardinality_exhaustive()
64

cardinality_pari()#

Return the cardinality of self using PARI.

This uses pari:ellcard.

EXAMPLES:

sage: p = next_prime(10^3)
sage: E = EllipticCurve(GF(p),[3,4])
sage: E.cardinality_pari()
1020
sage: K = GF(next_prime(10^6))
sage: E = EllipticCurve(K,[1,0,0,1,1])
sage: E.cardinality_pari()
999945

Since github issue #16931, this now works over finite fields which are not prime fields:

sage: # needs sage.rings.finite_rings
sage: k.<a> = GF(7^3)
sage: E = EllipticCurve_from_j(a)
sage: E.cardinality_pari()
318
sage: K.<a> = GF(3^20)
sage: E = EllipticCurve(K,[1,0,0,1,a])
sage: E.cardinality_pari()
3486794310

count_points(n=1)#

Return the cardinality of this elliptic curve over the base field or extensions.

INPUT:

n (int) – a positive integer

OUTPUT:

If \(n=1\), returns the cardinality of the curve over its base field.

If \(n>1\), returns a list \([c_1, c_2, ..., c_n]\) where \(c_d\) is the cardinality of the curve over the extension of degree \(d\) of its base field.

EXAMPLES:

sage: p = 101
sage: F = GF(p)
sage: E = EllipticCurve(F, [2,3])
sage: E.count_points(1)
96
sage: E.count_points(5)
[96, 10368, 1031904, 104053248, 10509895776]

sage: # needs sage.rings.finite_rings
sage: F.<a> = GF(p^2)
sage: E = EllipticCurve(F, [a,a])
sage: E.cardinality()
10295
sage: E.count_points()
10295
sage: E.count_points(1)
10295
sage: E.count_points(5)
[10295, 104072155, 1061518108880, 10828567126268595, 110462212555439192375]

endomorphism_discriminant_from_class_number(h)#

Return the endomorphism order discriminant of this ordinary elliptic curve, given its class number h.

INPUT:

h – a positive integer

OUTPUT:

(integer) The discriminant of the endomorphism ring \(\text{End}(E)\), if this has class number h. If \(\text{End}(E)\) does not have class number h, a ValueError is raised.

ALGORITHM:

Compute the trace of Frobenius and hence the discriminant \(D_0\) and class number \(h_0\) of the maximal order containing the endomorphism order. From the given value of \(h\), which must be a multiple of \(h_0\), compute the possible conductors, using height_above_floor() for each prime \(\ell\) dividing the quotient \(h/h_0\). If exactly one conductor \(f\) remains, return \(f^2D_0\), otherwise raise a ValueError; this can onlyhappen when the input value of \(h\) was incorrect.

Note

Adapted from [RouSuthZur2022]. The application for which one knows the class number in advance is in the recognition of Hilbert Class Polynomials: see sage.schemes.elliptic_curves.cm.is_HCP().

EXAMPLES:

sage: F = GF(312401)
sage: E = EllipticCurve(F,(0, 0, 0, 309381, 93465))
sage: E.endomorphism_discriminant_from_class_number(30)
-671

We check that this is the correct discriminant, and the input value of \(h\) was correct:

sage: H = hilbert_class_polynomial(-671)
sage: H(E.j_invariant()) == 0 and H.degree()==30
True

frobenius()#

Return the frobenius of self as an element of a quadratic order.

Note

This computes the curve cardinality, which may be time-consuming.

Frobenius is only determined up to conjugacy.

EXAMPLES:

sage: E = EllipticCurve(GF(11),[3,3])
sage: E.frobenius()
phi
sage: E.frobenius().minpoly()
x^2 - 4*x + 11

For some supersingular curves, Frobenius is in Z:

sage: # needs sage.rings.finite_rings
sage: E = EllipticCurve(GF(25,'a'),[0,0,0,0,1])
sage: E.frobenius()
-5

frobenius_discriminant()#

Return the discriminant of the ring \(\ZZ[\pi_E]\) where \(\pi_E\) is the Frobenius endomorphism.

EXAMPLES:

sage: # needs sage.rings.finite_rings
sage: F.<t> = GF(11^4)
sage: E = EllipticCurve([t,t])
sage: E.frobenius_discriminant()
-57339

frobenius_endomorphism()#

Return the \(q\)-power Frobenius endomorphism of this elliptic curve, where \(q\) is the cardinality of the (finite) base field.

EXAMPLES:

sage: # needs sage.rings.finite_rings
sage: F.<t> = GF(11^4)
sage: E = EllipticCurve([t,t])
sage: E.frobenius_endomorphism()
Frobenius endomorphism of degree 14641 = 11^4:
  From: Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 = x^3 + t*x + t over Finite Field in t of size 11^4
  To:   Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 = x^3 + t*x + t over Finite Field in t of size 11^4
sage: E.frobenius_endomorphism() == E.frobenius_isogeny(4)
True

See also

frobenius_isogeny()

frobenius_order()#

Return the quadratic order Z[phi] where phi is the Frobenius endomorphism of the elliptic curve.

Note

This computes the curve cardinality, which may be time-consuming.

EXAMPLES:

sage: E = EllipticCurve(GF(11),[3,3])
sage: E.frobenius_order()
Order of conductor 2 generated by phi
 in Number Field in phi with defining polynomial x^2 - 4*x + 11

For some supersingular curves, Frobenius is in Z and the Frobenius order is Z:

sage: # needs sage.rings.finite_rings
sage: E = EllipticCurve(GF(25,'a'),[0,0,0,0,1])
sage: R = E.frobenius_order()
sage: R
Order generated by []
 in Number Field in phi with defining polynomial x + 5
sage: R.degree()
1

frobenius_polynomial()#

Return the characteristic polynomial of Frobenius.

The Frobenius endomorphism of the elliptic curve has quadratic characteristic polynomial. In most cases this is irreducible and defines an imaginary quadratic order; for some supersingular curves, Frobenius is an integer a and the polynomial is \((x-a)^2\).

Note

This computes the curve cardinality, which may be time-consuming.

EXAMPLES:

sage: E = EllipticCurve(GF(11),[3,3])
sage: E.frobenius_polynomial()
x^2 - 4*x + 11

For some supersingular curves, Frobenius is in Z and the polynomial is a square:

sage: # needs sage.rings.finite_rings
sage: E = EllipticCurve(GF(25,'a'),[0,0,0,0,1])
sage: E.frobenius_polynomial().factor()
(x + 5)^2

gens()#

Return points which generate the abelian group of points on this elliptic curve.

The algorithm involves factoring the group order of self, but is otherwise (randomized) polynomial-time.

(The points returned by this function are not guaranteed to be the same each time, although they should remain fixed within a single run of Sage unless abelian_group() is called.)

OUTPUT: a tuple of points on the curve.

if the group is trivial: an empty tuple.
if the group is cyclic: a tuple with 1 point, a generator.
if the group is not cyclic: a tuple with 2 points, where the order of the first point equals the exponent of the group.

Warning

In the case of 2 generators \(P\) and \(Q\), it is not guaranteed that the group is the cartesian product of the 2 cyclic groups \(\langle P \rangle\) and \(\langle Q \rangle\). In other words, the order of \(Q\) is not as small as possible. If you really need a basis (rather than just a generating set) of the group, use abelian_group().

EXAMPLES:

sage: E = EllipticCurve(GF(11),[2,5])
sage: P = E.gens()[0]; P # random
(0 : 7 : 1)
sage: E.cardinality(), P.order()
(10, 10)
sage: E = EllipticCurve(GF(41),[2,5])
sage: E.gens()  # random
((20 : 38 : 1), (25 : 31 : 1))
sage: E.cardinality()
44

If the abelian group has been computed, return those generators instead:

sage: E.abelian_group()
Additive abelian group isomorphic to Z/22 + Z/2
 embedded in Abelian group of points on Elliptic Curve
 defined by y^2 = x^3 + 2*x + 5 over Finite Field of size 41
sage: ab_gens = E.abelian_group().gens()
sage: ab_gens == E.gens()
True
sage: E.gens()[0].order()
22
sage: E.gens()[1].order()
2

Examples with 1 and 0 generators:

sage: # needs sage.rings.finite_rings
sage: F.<a> = GF(3^6)
sage: E = EllipticCurve([a, a+1])
sage: pts = E.gens()
sage: len(pts)
1
sage: pts[0].order() == E.cardinality()
True

sage: E = EllipticCurve(GF(2), [0,0,1,1,1])
sage: E.gens()
()

This works over larger finite fields where abelian_group() may be too expensive:

sage: # needs sage.rings.finite_rings
sage: k.<a> = GF(5^60)
sage: E = EllipticCurve([a, a])
sage: len(E.gens())
2
sage: E.cardinality()
867361737988403547206134229616487867594472
sage: a = E.gens()[0].order(); a # random
433680868994201773603067114808243933797236
sage: b = E.gens()[1].order(); b # random
30977204928157269543076222486303138128374
sage: lcm(a,b)
433680868994201773603067114808243933797236

height_above_floor(ell, e)#

Return the height of the \(j\)-invariant of this ordinary elliptic curve on its \(\ell\)-volcano.

INPUT:

ell – a prime number
e – a non-negative integer, the ell-adic valuation of the conductor the Frobenius order

Note

For an ordinary \(E/\GF{q}\), and a prime \(\ell\), the height \(e\) of the \(\ell\)-volcano containing \(j(E)\) is the \(\ell\)-adic valuation of the conductor of the order generated by the Frobenius \(\pi_E\); the height of \(j(E)\) on its ell-volcano is the \(\ell\)-adic valuation of the conductor of the order \(\text{End}(E)\).

ALGORITHM:

See [RouSuthZur2022].

EXAMPLES:

sage: F = GF(312401)
sage: E = EllipticCurve(F,(0, 0, 0, 309381, 93465))
sage: D = E.frobenius_discriminant(); D
-687104
sage: D.factor()
-1 * 2^10 * 11 * 61
sage: E.height_above_floor(2,8)
5

is_isogenous(other, field=None, proof=True)#

Return whether or not self is isogenous to other.

INPUT:

other – another elliptic curve.
field (default None) – a field containing the base fields of the two elliptic curves into which the two curves may be extended to test if they are isogenous over this field. By default is_isogenous will not try to find this field unless one of the curves can be extended into the base field of the other, in which case it will test over the larger base field.
proof (default True) – this parameter is here only to be consistent with versions for other types of elliptic curves.

OUTPUT:

(bool) True if there is an isogeny from curve self to curve other defined over field.

EXAMPLES:

sage: # needs sage.rings.finite_rings
sage: E1 = EllipticCurve(GF(11^2,'a'),[2,7]); E1
Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 = x^3 + 2*x + 7 over Finite Field in a of size 11^2
sage: E1.is_isogenous(5)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: Second argument is not an Elliptic Curve.
sage: E1.is_isogenous(E1)
True

sage: # needs sage.rings.finite_rings
sage: E2 = EllipticCurve(GF(7^3,'b'),[3,1]); E2
Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 = x^3 + 3*x + 1 over Finite Field in b of size 7^3
sage: E1.is_isogenous(E2)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: The base fields must have the same characteristic.

sage: # needs sage.rings.finite_rings
sage: E3 = EllipticCurve(GF(11^2,'c'),[4,3]); E3
Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 = x^3 + 4*x + 3 over Finite Field in c of size 11^2
sage: E1.is_isogenous(E3)
False

sage: # needs sage.rings.finite_rings
sage: E4 = EllipticCurve(GF(11^6,'d'),[6,5]); E4
Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 = x^3 + 6*x + 5 over Finite Field in d of size 11^6
sage: E1.is_isogenous(E4)
True

sage: # needs sage.rings.finite_rings
sage: E5 = EllipticCurve(GF(11^7,'e'),[4,2]); E5
Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 = x^3 + 4*x + 2 over Finite Field in e of size 11^7
sage: E1.is_isogenous(E5)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: Curves have different base fields: use the field parameter.

When the field is given:

sage: # needs sage.rings.finite_rings
sage: E1 = EllipticCurve(GF(13^2,'a'),[2,7]); E1
Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 = x^3 + 2*x + 7 over Finite Field in a of size 13^2
sage: E1.is_isogenous(5,GF(13^6,'f'))
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: Second argument is not an Elliptic Curve.
sage: E6 = EllipticCurve(GF(11^3,'g'),[9,3]); E6
Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 = x^3 + 9*x + 3 over Finite Field in g of size 11^3
sage: E1.is_isogenous(E6,QQ)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: The base fields must have the same characteristic.
sage: E7 = EllipticCurve(GF(13^5,'h'),[2,9]); E7
Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 = x^3 + 2*x + 9 over Finite Field in h of size 13^5
sage: E1.is_isogenous(E7,GF(13^4,'i'))
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: Field must be an extension of the base fields of both curves
sage: E1.is_isogenous(E7,GF(13^10,'j'))
False
sage: E1.is_isogenous(E7,GF(13^30,'j'))
False

is_ordinary(proof=True)#

Return True if this elliptic curve is ordinary, else False.

INPUT:

proof (boolean, default True) – If True, returns a proved result. If False, then a return value of True is certain but a return value of False may be based on a probabilistic test. See the documentation of the function is_j_supersingular() for more details.

EXAMPLES:

sage: F = GF(101)
sage: EllipticCurve(j=F(0)).is_ordinary()
False
sage: EllipticCurve(j=F(1728)).is_ordinary()
True
sage: EllipticCurve(j=F(66)).is_ordinary()
False
sage: EllipticCurve(j=F(99)).is_ordinary()
True

is_supersingular(proof=True)#

Return True if this elliptic curve is supersingular, else False.

INPUT:

proof (boolean, default True) – If True, returns a proved result. If False, then a return value of False is certain but a return value of True may be based on a probabilistic test. See the documentation of the function is_j_supersingular() for more details.

EXAMPLES:

sage: F = GF(101)
sage: EllipticCurve(j=F(0)).is_supersingular()
True
sage: EllipticCurve(j=F(1728)).is_supersingular()
False
sage: EllipticCurve(j=F(66)).is_supersingular()
True
sage: EllipticCurve(j=F(99)).is_supersingular()
False

multiplication_by_p_isogeny()#

Return the multiplication-by-\(p\) isogeny.

EXAMPLES:

sage: p = 23
sage: K.<a> = GF(p^3)
sage: E = EllipticCurve(j=K.random_element())
sage: phi = E.multiplication_by_p_isogeny()
sage: assert phi.degree() == p**2
sage: P = E.random_element()
sage: assert phi(P) == P * p

order(algorithm=None, extension_degree=1)#

Return the number of points on this elliptic curve.

INPUT:

algorithm – (optional) string:
- 'pari' – use the PARI C-library function ellcard.
- 'bsgs' – use the baby-step giant-step method as
  implemented in Sage, with the Cremona-Sutherland version of Mestre’s trick.
- 'exhaustive' – naive point counting.
- 'subfield' – reduce to a smaller field, provided that the j-invariant lies in a subfield.
- 'all' – compute cardinality with both 'pari' and 'bsgs'; return result if they agree or raise a AssertionError if they do not
extension_degree – an integer \(d\) (default: 1): if the base field is \(\GF{q}\), return the cardinality of self over the extension \(\GF{q^d}\) of degree \(d\).

OUTPUT:

The order of the group of rational points of self over its base field, or over an extension field of degree \(d\) as above. The result is cached.

EXAMPLES:

sage: # needs sage.rings.finite_rings
sage: EllipticCurve(GF(4, 'a'), [1,2,3,4,5]).cardinality()
8
sage: k.<a> = GF(3^3)
sage: l = [a^2 + 1, 2*a^2 + 2*a + 1, a^2 + a + 1, 2, 2*a]
sage: EllipticCurve(k,l).cardinality()
29

sage: # needs sage.rings.finite_rings
sage: l = [1, 1, 0, 2, 0]
sage: EllipticCurve(k, l).cardinality()
38

An even bigger extension (which we check against Magma):

sage: # needs sage.rings.finite_rings
sage: EllipticCurve(GF(3^100, 'a'), [1,2,3,4,5]).cardinality()
515377520732011331036459693969645888996929981504
sage: magma.eval("Order(EllipticCurve([GF(3^100)|1,2,3,4,5]))")    # optional - magma
'515377520732011331036459693969645888996929981504'

sage: EllipticCurve(GF(10007), [1,2,3,4,5]).cardinality()
10076
sage: EllipticCurve(GF(10007), [1,2,3,4,5]).cardinality(algorithm='pari')
10076
sage: EllipticCurve(GF(next_prime(10**20)), [1,2,3,4,5]).cardinality()
100000000011093199520

The cardinality is cached:

sage: # needs sage.rings.finite_rings
sage: E = EllipticCurve(GF(3^100, 'a'), [1,2,3,4,5])
sage: E.cardinality() is E.cardinality()
True

The following is very fast since the curve is actually defined over the prime field:

sage: # needs sage.rings.finite_rings
sage: k.<a> = GF(11^100)
sage: E1 = EllipticCurve(k, [3,3])
sage: N1 = E1.cardinality(algorithm="subfield"); N1
137806123398222701841183371720896367762643312000384671846835266941791510341065565176497846502742959856128
sage: E1.cardinality_pari() == N1
True
sage: E2 = E1.quadratic_twist()
sage: N2 = E2.cardinality(algorithm="subfield"); N2
137806123398222701841183371720896367762643312000384656816094284101308193849980588362304472492174093035876
sage: E2.cardinality_pari() == N2
True
sage: N1 + N2 == 2*(k.cardinality() + 1)
True

We can count points over curves defined as a reduction:

sage: # needs sage.rings.number_field
sage: x = polygen(QQ)
sage: K.<w> = NumberField(x^2 + x + 1)
sage: EK = EllipticCurve(K, [0, 0, w, 2, 1])
sage: E = EK.base_extend(K.residue_field(2))
sage: E
Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 + wbar*y = x^3 + 1
 over Residue field in wbar of Fractional ideal (2)
sage: E.cardinality()
7
sage: E = EK.base_extend(K.residue_field(w - 1))
sage: E.abelian_group()
Trivial group embedded in Abelian group of points on Elliptic Curve defined
 by y^2 + y = x^3 + 2*x + 1 over Residue field of Fractional ideal (w - 1)

sage: R.<x> = GF(17)[]
sage: pol = R.irreducible_element(5)
sage: k.<a> = R.residue_field(pol)
sage: E = EllipticCurve(R, [1, x]).base_extend(k)
sage: E
Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 = x^3 + x + a
 over Residue field in a of Principal ideal (x^5 + x + 14)
  of Univariate Polynomial Ring in x over Finite Field of size 17
sage: E.cardinality()
1421004

plot(*args, **kwds)#

Draw a graph of this elliptic curve over a prime finite field.

INPUT:

*args, **kwds – all other options are passed to the circle graphing primitive.

EXAMPLES:

sage: E = EllipticCurve(FiniteField(17), [0,1])
sage: P = plot(E, rgbcolor=(0,0,1))                                         # needs sage.plot

points()#

All the points on this elliptic curve. The list of points is cached so subsequent calls are free.

EXAMPLES:

sage: p = 5
sage: F = GF(p)
sage: E = EllipticCurve(F, [1, 3])
sage: a_sub_p = E.change_ring(QQ).ap(p); a_sub_p
2

sage: len(E.points())
4
sage: p + 1 - a_sub_p
4
sage: E.points()
[(0 : 1 : 0), (1 : 0 : 1), (4 : 1 : 1), (4 : 4 : 1)]

sage: # needs sage.rings.finite_rings
sage: K = GF((p, 2),'a')
sage: E = E.change_ring(K)
sage: len(E.points())
32
sage: (p + 1)**2 - a_sub_p**2
32
sage: w = E.points(); w
[(0 : 1 : 0), (0 : 2*a + 4 : 1), (0 : 3*a + 1 : 1), (1 : 0 : 1), (2 : 2*a + 4 : 1), (2 : 3*a + 1 : 1), (3 : 2*a + 4 : 1), (3 : 3*a + 1 : 1), (4 : 1 : 1), (4 : 4 : 1), (a : 1 : 1), (a : 4 : 1), (a + 2 : a + 1 : 1), (a + 2 : 4*a + 4 : 1), (a + 3 : a : 1), (a + 3 : 4*a : 1), (a + 4 : 0 : 1), (2*a : 2*a : 1), (2*a : 3*a : 1), (2*a + 4 : a + 1 : 1), (2*a + 4 : 4*a + 4 : 1), (3*a + 1 : a + 3 : 1), (3*a + 1 : 4*a + 2 : 1), (3*a + 2 : 2*a + 3 : 1), (3*a + 2 : 3*a + 2 : 1), (4*a : 0 : 1), (4*a + 1 : 1 : 1), (4*a + 1 : 4 : 1), (4*a + 3 : a + 3 : 1), (4*a + 3 : 4*a + 2 : 1), (4*a + 4 : a + 4 : 1), (4*a + 4 : 4*a + 1 : 1)]

Note that the returned list is an immutable sorted Sequence:

sage: w[0] = 9                                                              # needs sage.rings.finite_rings
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: object is immutable; please change a copy instead.

random_element()#

Return a random point on this elliptic curve, uniformly chosen among all rational points.

ALGORITHM:

Choose the point at infinity with probability \(1/(2q + 1)\). Otherwise, take a random element from the field as x-coordinate and compute the possible y-coordinates. Return the i’th possible y-coordinate, where i is randomly chosen to be 0 or 1. If the i’th y-coordinate does not exist (either there is no point with the given x-coordinate or we hit a 2-torsion point with i == 1), try again.

This gives a uniform distribution because you can imagine \(2q + 1\) buckets, one for the point at infinity and 2 for each element of the field (representing the x-coordinates). This gives a 1-to-1 map of elliptic curve points into buckets. At every iteration, we simply choose a random bucket until we find a bucket containing a point.

AUTHORS:

Jeroen Demeyer (2014-09-09): choose points uniformly random, see github issue #16951.

EXAMPLES:

sage: k = GF(next_prime(7^5))
sage: E = EllipticCurve(k,[2,4])
sage: P = E.random_element(); P  # random
(16740 : 12486 : 1)
sage: type(P)
<class 'sage.schemes.elliptic_curves.ell_point.EllipticCurvePoint_finite_field'>
sage: P in E
True

sage: # needs sage.rings.finite_rings
sage: k.<a> = GF(7^5)
sage: E = EllipticCurve(k,[2,4])
sage: P = E.random_element(); P  # random
(5*a^4 + 3*a^3 + 2*a^2 + a + 4 : 2*a^4 + 3*a^3 + 4*a^2 + a + 5 : 1)
sage: type(P)
<class 'sage.schemes.elliptic_curves.ell_point.EllipticCurvePoint_finite_field'>
sage: P in E
True

sage: # needs sage.rings.finite_rings
sage: k.<a> = GF(2^5)
sage: E = EllipticCurve(k,[a^2,a,1,a+1,1])
sage: P = E.random_element(); P  # random
(a^4 + a : a^4 + a^3 + a^2 : 1)
sage: type(P)
<class 'sage.schemes.elliptic_curves.ell_point.EllipticCurvePoint_finite_field'>
sage: P in E
True

Ensure that the entire point set is reachable:

sage: E = EllipticCurve(GF(11), [2,1])
sage: S = set()
sage: while len(S) < E.cardinality():
....:     S.add(E.random_element())

random_point()#

Return a random point on this elliptic curve, uniformly chosen among all rational points.

ALGORITHM:

AUTHORS:

Jeroen Demeyer (2014-09-09): choose points uniformly random, see github issue #16951.

EXAMPLES:

sage: k = GF(next_prime(7^5))
sage: E = EllipticCurve(k,[2,4])
sage: P = E.random_element(); P  # random
(16740 : 12486 : 1)
sage: type(P)
<class 'sage.schemes.elliptic_curves.ell_point.EllipticCurvePoint_finite_field'>
sage: P in E
True

sage: # needs sage.rings.finite_rings
sage: k.<a> = GF(7^5)
sage: E = EllipticCurve(k,[2,4])
sage: P = E.random_element(); P  # random
(5*a^4 + 3*a^3 + 2*a^2 + a + 4 : 2*a^4 + 3*a^3 + 4*a^2 + a + 5 : 1)
sage: type(P)
<class 'sage.schemes.elliptic_curves.ell_point.EllipticCurvePoint_finite_field'>
sage: P in E
True

sage: # needs sage.rings.finite_rings
sage: k.<a> = GF(2^5)
sage: E = EllipticCurve(k,[a^2,a,1,a+1,1])
sage: P = E.random_element(); P  # random
(a^4 + a : a^4 + a^3 + a^2 : 1)
sage: type(P)
<class 'sage.schemes.elliptic_curves.ell_point.EllipticCurvePoint_finite_field'>
sage: P in E
True

Ensure that the entire point set is reachable:

sage: E = EllipticCurve(GF(11), [2,1])
sage: S = set()
sage: while len(S) < E.cardinality():
....:     S.add(E.random_element())

rational_points()#

All the points on this elliptic curve. The list of points is cached so subsequent calls are free.

EXAMPLES:

sage: p = 5
sage: F = GF(p)
sage: E = EllipticCurve(F, [1, 3])
sage: a_sub_p = E.change_ring(QQ).ap(p); a_sub_p
2

sage: len(E.points())
4
sage: p + 1 - a_sub_p
4
sage: E.points()
[(0 : 1 : 0), (1 : 0 : 1), (4 : 1 : 1), (4 : 4 : 1)]

sage: # needs sage.rings.finite_rings
sage: K = GF((p, 2),'a')
sage: E = E.change_ring(K)
sage: len(E.points())
32
sage: (p + 1)**2 - a_sub_p**2
32
sage: w = E.points(); w
[(0 : 1 : 0), (0 : 2*a + 4 : 1), (0 : 3*a + 1 : 1), (1 : 0 : 1), (2 : 2*a + 4 : 1), (2 : 3*a + 1 : 1), (3 : 2*a + 4 : 1), (3 : 3*a + 1 : 1), (4 : 1 : 1), (4 : 4 : 1), (a : 1 : 1), (a : 4 : 1), (a + 2 : a + 1 : 1), (a + 2 : 4*a + 4 : 1), (a + 3 : a : 1), (a + 3 : 4*a : 1), (a + 4 : 0 : 1), (2*a : 2*a : 1), (2*a : 3*a : 1), (2*a + 4 : a + 1 : 1), (2*a + 4 : 4*a + 4 : 1), (3*a + 1 : a + 3 : 1), (3*a + 1 : 4*a + 2 : 1), (3*a + 2 : 2*a + 3 : 1), (3*a + 2 : 3*a + 2 : 1), (4*a : 0 : 1), (4*a + 1 : 1 : 1), (4*a + 1 : 4 : 1), (4*a + 3 : a + 3 : 1), (4*a + 3 : 4*a + 2 : 1), (4*a + 4 : a + 4 : 1), (4*a + 4 : 4*a + 1 : 1)]

Note that the returned list is an immutable sorted Sequence:

sage: w[0] = 9                                                              # needs sage.rings.finite_rings
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: object is immutable; please change a copy instead.

set_order(value, check, num_checks)#

Set the value of self._order to value.

Use this when you know a priori the order of the curve to avoid a potentially expensive order calculation.

INPUT:

value – integer in the Hasse-Weil range for this curve.
check (boolean, default: True) – whether or not to run sanity checks on the input.
num_checks (integer, default: 8) – if check is True, the number of times to check whether value times a random point on this curve equals the identity.

OUTPUT:

None

EXAMPLES:

This example illustrates basic usage.

sage: E = EllipticCurve(GF(7), [0, 1]) # This curve has order 6
sage: E.set_order(6)
sage: E.order()
6
sage: E.order() * E.random_point()
(0 : 1 : 0)

We now give a more interesting case, the NIST-P521 curve. Its order is too big to calculate with Sage, and takes a long time using other packages, so it is very useful here.

sage: p = 2^521 - 1
sage: prev_proof_state = proof.arithmetic()
sage: proof.arithmetic(False) # turn off primality checking
sage: F = GF(p)
sage: A = p - 3
sage: B = 1093849038073734274511112390766805569936207598951683748994586394495953116150735016013708737573759623248592132296706313309438452531591012912142327488478985984
sage: q = 6864797660130609714981900799081393217269435300143305409394463459185543183397655394245057746333217197532963996371363321113864768612440380340372808892707005449
sage: E = EllipticCurve([F(A), F(B)])
sage: E.set_order(q)
sage: G = E.random_point()
sage: G.order() * G  # This takes practically no time.
(0 : 1 : 0)
sage: proof.arithmetic(prev_proof_state) # restore state

It is an error to pass a value which is not an integer in the Hasse-Weil range:

sage: E = EllipticCurve(GF(7), [0, 1]) # This curve has order 6
sage: E.set_order("hi")
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
TypeError: unable to convert 'hi' to an integer
sage: E.set_order(0)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: Value 0 illegal (not an integer in the Hasse range)
sage: E.set_order(1000)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: Value 1000 illegal (not an integer in the Hasse range)

It is also very likely an error to pass a value which is not the actual order of this curve. How unlikely is determined by num_checks, the factorization of the actual order, and the actual group structure:

sage: E = EllipticCurve(GF(7), [0, 1]) # This curve has order 6
sage: E.set_order(11)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: Value 11 illegal (multiple of random point not the identity)

However, set_order can be fooled, though it’s not likely in “real cases of interest”. For instance, the order can be set to a multiple of the actual order:

sage: E = EllipticCurve(GF(7), [0, 1]) # This curve has order 6
sage: E.set_order(12)  # 12 just fits in the Hasse range
sage: E.order()
12

Or, the order can be set incorrectly along with num_checks set too small:

sage: E = EllipticCurve(GF(7), [0, 1]) # This curve has order 6
sage: E.set_order(4, num_checks=0)
sage: E.order()
4

The value of num_checks must be an integer. Negative values are interpreted as zero, which means don’t do any checking:

sage: E = EllipticCurve(GF(7), [0, 1]) # This curve has order 6
sage: E.set_order(4, num_checks=-12)
sage: E.order()
4

AUTHORS:

Mariah Lenox (2011-02-16)

torsion_basis(n)#

Return a basis of the \(n\)-torsion subgroup of this elliptic curve, assuming it is fully rational.

EXAMPLES:

sage: # needs sage.rings.finite_rings
sage: E = EllipticCurve(GF(62207^2), [1,0])
sage: E.abelian_group()
Additive abelian group isomorphic to Z/62208 + Z/62208 embedded in
 Abelian group of points on Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 = x^3 + x
  over Finite Field in z2 of size 62207^2
sage: PA,QA = E.torsion_basis(2^8)
sage: PA.weil_pairing(QA, 2^8).multiplicative_order()
256
sage: PB,QB = E.torsion_basis(3^5)
sage: PB.weil_pairing(QB, 3^5).multiplicative_order()
243

sage: E = EllipticCurve(GF(101), [4,4])
sage: E.torsion_basis(23)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: curve does not have full rational 23-torsion
sage: F = E.division_field(23); F
Finite Field in t of size 101^11
sage: EE = E.change_ring(F)
sage: P, Q = EE.torsion_basis(23)
sage: P  # random
(89*z11^10 + 51*z11^9 + 96*z11^8 + 8*z11^7 + 67*z11^6
 + 31*z11^5 + 55*z11^4 + 59*z11^3 + 28*z11^2 + 8*z11 + 88
 : 40*z11^10 + 33*z11^9 + 80*z11^8 + 87*z11^7 + 97*z11^6
 + 69*z11^5 + 56*z11^4 + 17*z11^3 + 26*z11^2 + 69*z11 + 11
 : 1)
sage: Q  # random
(25*z11^10 + 61*z11^9 + 49*z11^8 + 17*z11^7 + 80*z11^6
 + 20*z11^5 + 49*z11^4 + 52*z11^3 + 61*z11^2 + 27*z11 + 61
 : 60*z11^10 + 91*z11^9 + 89*z11^8 + 7*z11^7 + 63*z11^6
 + 55*z11^5 + 23*z11^4 + 17*z11^3 + 90*z11^2 + 91*z11 + 68
 : 1)

See also

Use division_field() to determine a field extension containing the full \(\ell\)-torsion subgroup.

ALGORITHM:

This method currently uses abelian_group() and AdditiveAbelianGroupWrapper.torsion_subgroup().

trace_of_frobenius()#

Return the trace of Frobenius acting on this elliptic curve.

Note

This computes the curve cardinality, which may be time-consuming.

EXAMPLES:

sage: E = EllipticCurve(GF(101),[2,3])
sage: E.trace_of_frobenius()
6
sage: E = EllipticCurve(GF(11^5,'a'),[2,5])                                 # needs sage.rings.finite_rings
sage: E.trace_of_frobenius()                                                # needs sage.rings.finite_rings
802

The following shows that the issue from github issue #2849 is fixed:

sage: E = EllipticCurve(GF(3^5,'a'),[-1,-1])                                # needs sage.rings.finite_rings
sage: E.trace_of_frobenius()                                                # needs sage.rings.finite_rings
-27

twists()#

Return a list of \(k\)-isomorphism representatives of all twists of this elliptic curve, where \(k\) is the base field.

The input curve appears as the first entry of the result.

Note

A twist of \(E/k\) is an elliptic curve \(E'\) defined over \(k\) that is isomorphic to \(E\) over the algebraic closure \(\bar k\).

Most elliptic curves over a finite field only admit a single nontrivial twist (the quadratic twist); the only exceptions are curves with \(j\)-invariant \(0\) or \(1728\).

In all cases the sum over all the twists \(E'\) of \(1/|Aut(E')|\) is 1.

See also

EXAMPLES:

sage: E = EllipticCurve(GF(97), [1,1])
sage: E.j_invariant()
54
sage: E.twists()
[Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 = x^3 + x + 1 over Finite Field of size 97,
 Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 = x^3 + ... over Finite Field of size 97]

sage: E = EllipticCurve(GF(97), [1,0])
sage: E.j_invariant()
79
sage: E.twists()
[Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 = x^3 + x over Finite Field of size 97,
 Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 = x^3 + ... over Finite Field of size 97,
 Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 = x^3 + ... over Finite Field of size 97,
 Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 = x^3 + ... over Finite Field of size 97]

sage: E = EllipticCurve(GF(97), [0,1])
sage: E.j_invariant()
0
sage: E.twists()
[Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 = x^3 + 1 over Finite Field of size 97,
 Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 = x^3 + ... over Finite Field of size 97,
 Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 = x^3 + ... over Finite Field of size 97,
 Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 = x^3 + ... over Finite Field of size 97,
 Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 = x^3 + ... over Finite Field of size 97,
 Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 = x^3 + ... over Finite Field of size 97]

This can be useful to quickly compute a list of all elliptic curves over a finite field \(k\) up to \(k\)-isomorphism:

sage: Es = [E for j in GF(13) for E in EllipticCurve(j=j).twists()]
sage: len(Es)
32
sage: Es
[Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 = x^3 + 1 over Finite Field of size 13,
 ...
 Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 = x^3 + ... over Finite Field of size 13]

In characteristic 3, the number of twists is 2 except for \(j=0=1728\), when there are either 4 or 6 depending on whether the field has odd or even degree over \(\GF{3}\):

sage: # needs sage.rings.finite_rings
sage: K = GF(3**5)
sage: [E.ainvs() for E in EllipticCurve(j=K(1)).twists()]
[(0, 1, 0, 0, 2), (0, z5, 0, 0, 2*z5^3)]

sage: # needs sage.rings.finite_rings
sage: K = GF(3**5)
sage: [E.ainvs() for E in EllipticCurve(j=K(0)).twists()] # random
[(0, 0, 0, 1, 0),
 (0, 0, 0, 2, 0),
 (0, 0, 0, 2, z5^4 + z5^3 + z5^2),
 (0, 0, 0, 2, 2*z5^4 + 2*z5^3 + 2*z5^2)]

sage: # needs sage.rings.finite_rings
sage: K = GF(3**4)
sage: [E.ainvs() for E in EllipticCurve(j=K(1)).twists()]
[(0, 1, 0, 0, 2), (0, z4, 0, 0, 2*z4^3)]

sage: # needs sage.rings.finite_rings
sage: K = GF(3**4)
sage: [E.ainvs() for E in EllipticCurve(j=K(0)).twists()] # random
[(0, 0, 0, 1, 0),
 (0, 0, 0, 2, 2*z4^3 + 2*z4^2 + 2*z4 + 2),
 (0, 0, 0, 1, 0),
 (0, 0, 0, 1, 2*z4^3 + 2*z4^2 + 2*z4 + 2),
 (0, 0, 0, z4, 0),
 (0, 0, 0, z4^3, 0)]

In characteristic 2, the number of twists is 2 except for \(j=0=1728\), when there are either 3 or 7 depending on whether the field has odd or even degree over \(\GF{2}\):

sage: # needs sage.rings.finite_rings
sage: K = GF(2**7)
sage: [E.ainvs() for E in EllipticCurve(j=K(1)).twists()]
[(1, 0, 0, 0, 1), (1, 1, 0, 0, 1)]

sage: # needs sage.rings.finite_rings
sage: K = GF(2**7)
sage: [E.ainvs() for E in EllipticCurve(j=K(0)).twists()]
[(0, 0, 1, 0, 0), (0, 0, 1, 1, 0), (0, 0, 1, 1, 1)]

sage: # needs sage.rings.finite_rings
sage: K = GF(2**8)
sage: [E.ainvs() for E in EllipticCurve(j=K(1)).twists()] # random
[(1, 0, 0, 0, 1), (1, z8^7 + z8^6 + z8^5 + z8^4 + z8^2 + z8, 0, 0, 1)]

sage: # needs sage.rings.finite_rings
sage: K = GF(2**8)
sage: [E.ainvs() for E in EllipticCurve(j=K(0)).twists()] # random
[(0, 0, 1, 0, 0),
 (0, 0, 1, 0, z8^5 + z8^4 + z8^3),
 (0, 0, 1, z8^6 + z8^5 + z8^2 + 1, 0),
 (0, 0, z8^4 + z8^3 + z8^2 + 1, 0, 0),
 (0, 0, z8^4 + z8^3 + z8^2 + 1, 0, z8^3 + z8^2 + 1),
 (0, 0, z8^6 + z8^3 + z8^2, 0, 0),
 (0, 0, z8^6 + z8^3 + z8^2, 0, z8^3 + z8^2)]

sage.schemes.elliptic_curves.ell_finite_field.curves_with_j_0(K)#

Return a complete list of pairwise nonisomorphic elliptic curves with \(j\)-invariant 0 over the finite field \(K\).

Note

In characteristics 2 and 3 this function simply calls curves_with_j_0_char2 or curves_with_j_0_char3. Otherwise there are either 2 or 6 curves, parametrised by \(K^*/(K^*)^6\).

Examples:

For \(K=\GF{q}\) where \(q\equiv1\mod{6}\) there are six curves, the sextic twists of \(y^2=x^3+1\):

sage: from sage.schemes.elliptic_curves.ell_finite_field import curves_with_j_0
sage: sorted(curves_with_j_0(GF(7)), key = lambda E: E.a_invariants())
[Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 = x^3 + 1 over Finite Field of size 7,
 Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 = x^3 + 2 over Finite Field of size 7,
 Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 = x^3 + 3 over Finite Field of size 7,
 Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 = x^3 + 4 over Finite Field of size 7,
 Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 = x^3 + 5 over Finite Field of size 7,
 Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 = x^3 + 6 over Finite Field of size 7]
sage: curves_with_j_0(GF(25))                                                   # needs sage.rings.finite_rings
[Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 = x^3 + 1 over Finite Field in z2 of size 5^2,
 Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 = x^3 + z2 over Finite Field in z2 of size 5^2,
 Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 = x^3 + (z2+3) over Finite Field in z2 of size 5^2,
 Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 = x^3 + (4*z2+3) over Finite Field in z2 of size 5^2,
 Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 = x^3 + (2*z2+2) over Finite Field in z2 of size 5^2,
 Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 = x^3 + (4*z2+1) over Finite Field in z2 of size 5^2]

For \(K=\GF{q}\) where \(q\equiv5\mod{6}\) there are two curves, quadratic twists of each other by \(-3\): \(y^2=x^3+1\) and \(y^2=x^3-27\):

sage: from sage.schemes.elliptic_curves.ell_finite_field import curves_with_j_0
sage: curves_with_j_0(GF(5))
[Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 = x^3 + 1 over Finite Field of size 5,
 Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 = x^3 + 3 over Finite Field of size 5]
sage: curves_with_j_0(GF(11))
[Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 = x^3 + 1 over Finite Field of size 11,
 Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 = x^3 + 6 over Finite Field of size 11]

sage.schemes.elliptic_curves.ell_finite_field.curves_with_j_0_char2(K)#

Return a complete list of pairwise nonisomorphic elliptic curves with \(j\)-invariant 0 over the finite field \(K\) of characteristic 2.

Note

The number of twists is either 3 or 7 depending on whether the field has odd or even degree over \(\GF{2}\). See [Connell1999], pages 429-431.

Examples:

In odd degree, there are three isomorphism classes all with representatives defined over \(\GF{2}\):

sage: from sage.schemes.elliptic_curves.ell_finite_field import curves_with_j_0_char2
sage: # needs sage.rings.finite_rings
sage: K = GF(2**7)
sage: curves = curves_with_j_0_char2(K)
sage: len(curves)
3
sage: [E.ainvs() for E in curves]
[(0, 0, 1, 0, 0), (0, 0, 1, 1, 0), (0, 0, 1, 1, 1)]

Check that the curves are mutually non-isomorphic:

sage: all((e1 == e2 or not e1.is_isomorphic(e2))                                # needs sage.rings.finite_rings
....:     for e1 in curves for e2 in curves)
True

Check that the weight formula holds:

sage: sum(1/len(E.automorphisms()) for E in curves) == 1                        # needs sage.rings.finite_rings
True

In even degree there are seven isomorphism classes:

sage: from sage.schemes.elliptic_curves.ell_finite_field import curves_with_j_0_char2
sage: # needs sage.rings.finite_rings
sage: K = GF(2**8)
sage: curves = EllipticCurve(j=K(0)).twists()
sage: len(curves)
7
sage: [E.ainvs() for E in curves] # random
[(0, 0, 1, 0, 0),
 (0, 0, 1, 0, z8^5 + z8^4 + z8^3),
 (0, 0, 1, z8^6 + z8^5 + z8^2 + 1, 0),
 (0, 0, z8^4 + z8^3 + z8^2 + 1, 0, 0),
 (0, 0, z8^4 + z8^3 + z8^2 + 1, 0, z8^3 + z8^2 + 1),
 (0, 0, z8^6 + z8^3 + z8^2, 0, 0),
 (0, 0, z8^6 + z8^3 + z8^2, 0, z8^3 + z8^2)]

Check that the twists are mutually non-isomorphic:

sage: all((e1 == e2 or not e1.is_isomorphic(e2))                                # needs sage.rings.finite_rings
....:     for e1 in curves for e2 in curves)
True

Check that the weight formula holds:

sage: sum(1/len(E.automorphisms()) for E in curves) == 1                        # needs sage.rings.finite_rings
True

sage.schemes.elliptic_curves.ell_finite_field.curves_with_j_0_char3(K)#

Return a complete list of pairwise nonisomorphic elliptic curves with \(j\)-invariant 0 over the finite field \(K\) of characteristic 3.

Note

The number of twists is either 4 or 6 depending on whether the field has odd or even degree over \(\GF{3}\). See [Connell1999], pages 429-431.

Examples:

In odd degree, there are four isomorphism classes:

sage: from sage.schemes.elliptic_curves.ell_finite_field import curves_with_j_0_char3
sage: # needs sage.rings.finite_rings
sage: K = GF(3**5)
sage: curves = curves_with_j_0_char3(K)
sage: len(curves)
4
sage: [E.ainvs() for E in curves] # random
[(0, 0, 0, 1, 0),
 (0, 0, 0, 2, 0),
 (0, 0, 0, 2, z5^4 + z5^3 + z5^2),
 (0, 0, 0, 2, 2*z5^4 + 2*z5^3 + 2*z5^2)]

Check that the twists are mutually non-isomorphic:

sage: all((e1 == e2 or not e1.is_isomorphic(e2))                                # needs sage.rings.finite_rings
....:     for e1 in curves for e2 in curves)
True

Check that the weight formula holds:

sage: sum(1/len(E.automorphisms()) for E in curves) == 1                        # needs sage.rings.finite_rings
True

In even degree, there are six isomorphism classes:

sage: from sage.schemes.elliptic_curves.ell_finite_field import curves_with_j_0_char3
sage: # needs sage.rings.finite_rings
sage: K = GF(3**4)
sage: curves = EllipticCurve(j=K(0)).twists()
sage: len(curves)
6
sage: [E.ainvs() for E in curves] # random
[(0, 0, 0, 1, 0),
 (0, 0, 0, 2, 2*z4^3 + 2*z4^2 + 2*z4 + 2),
 (0, 0, 0, 1, 0),
 (0, 0, 0, 1, 2*z4^3 + 2*z4^2 + 2*z4 + 2),
 (0, 0, 0, z4, 0),
 (0, 0, 0, z4^3, 0)]

Check that the twists are mutually non-isomorphic:

sage: all((e1 == e2 or not e1.is_isomorphic(e2))                                # needs sage.rings.finite_rings
....:     for e1 in curves for e2 in curves)
True

Check that the weight formula holds:

sage: sum(1/len(E.automorphisms()) for E in curves) == 1                        # needs sage.rings.finite_rings
True

sage.schemes.elliptic_curves.ell_finite_field.curves_with_j_1728(K)#

Return a complete list of pairwise nonisomorphic elliptic curves with \(j\)-invariant 1728 over the finite field \(K\).

Note

In characteristics 2 and 3 (so 0=1728) this function simply calls curves_with_j_0_char2 or curves_with_j_0_char3. Otherwise there are either 2 or 4 curves, parametrised by \(K^*/(K^*)^4\).

EXAMPLES:

For \(K=\GF{q}\) where \(q\equiv1\mod{4}\), there are four curves, the quartic twists of \(y^2=x^3+x\):

sage: from sage.schemes.elliptic_curves.ell_finite_field import curves_with_j_1728
sage: sorted(curves_with_j_1728(GF(5)), key = lambda E: E.a_invariants())
[Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 = x^3 + x over Finite Field of size 5,
 Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 = x^3 + 2*x over Finite Field of size 5,
 Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 = x^3 + 3*x over Finite Field of size 5,
 Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 = x^3 + 4*x over Finite Field of size 5]
sage: curves_with_j_1728(GF(49))                                                # needs sage.rings.finite_rings
[Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 = x^3 + x over Finite Field in z2 of size 7^2,
 Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 = x^3 + z2*x over Finite Field in z2 of size 7^2,
 Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 = x^3 + (z2+4)*x over Finite Field in z2 of size 7^2,
 Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 = x^3 + (5*z2+4)*x over Finite Field in z2 of size 7^2]

For \(K=\GF{q}\) where \(q\equiv3\mod{4}\), there are two curves, quadratic twists of each other by \(-1\): \(y^2=x^3+x\) and \(y^2=x^3-x\):

sage: from sage.schemes.elliptic_curves.ell_finite_field import curves_with_j_1728
sage: curves_with_j_1728(GF(7))
[Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 = x^3 + x over Finite Field of size 7,
 Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 = x^3 + 6*x over Finite Field of size 7]
sage: curves_with_j_1728(GF(11))
[Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 = x^3 + x over Finite Field of size 11,
 Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 = x^3 + 10*x over Finite Field of size 11]

sage.schemes.elliptic_curves.ell_finite_field.fill_ss_j_dict()#

Fill the global cache of supersingular j-_polynomials.

This function does nothing except the first time it is called, when it fills supersingular_j_polynomials with precomputed values for \(p<300\). Setting the values this way avoids start-up costs.

sage.schemes.elliptic_curves.ell_finite_field.is_j_supersingular(j, proof=True)#

Return True if \(j\) is a supersingular \(j\)-invariant.

INPUT:

j (finite field element) – an element of a finite field
proof (boolean, default True) – If True, returns a proved result. If False, then a return value of False is certain but a return value of True may be based on a probabilistic test. See the ALGORITHM section below for more details.

OUTPUT:

(boolean) True if \(j\) is supersingular, else False.

ALGORITHM:

For small characteristics \(p\) we check whether the \(j\)-invariant is in a precomputed list of supersingular values. Otherwise we next check the \(j\)-invariant. If \(j=0\), the curve is supersingular if and only if \(p=2\) or \(p\equiv3\pmod{4}\); if \(j=1728\), the curve is supersingular if and only if \(p=3\) or \(p\equiv2\pmod{3}\). Next, if the base field is the prime field \({\rm GF}(p)\), we check that \((p+1)P=0\) for several random points \(P\), returning False if any fail: supersingular curves over \({\rm GF}(p)\) have cardinality \(p+1\). If Proof is false we now return True. Otherwise we compute the cardinality and return True if and only if it is divisible by \(p\).

EXAMPLES:

sage: from sage.schemes.elliptic_curves.ell_finite_field import is_j_supersingular, supersingular_j_polynomials
sage: [(p,[j for j in GF(p) if is_j_supersingular(j)]) for p in prime_range(30)]
[(2, [0]), (3, [0]), (5, [0]), (7, [6]), (11, [0, 1]), (13, [5]),
 (17, [0, 8]), (19, [7, 18]), (23, [0, 3, 19]), (29, [0, 2, 25])]

sage: [j for j in GF(109) if is_j_supersingular(j)]
[17, 41, 43]
sage: PolynomialRing(GF(109),'j')(supersingular_j_polynomials[109]).roots()
[(43, 1), (41, 1), (17, 1)]

sage: [p for p in prime_range(100) if is_j_supersingular(GF(p)(0))]
[2, 3, 5, 11, 17, 23, 29, 41, 47, 53, 59, 71, 83, 89]
sage: [p for p in prime_range(100) if is_j_supersingular(GF(p)(1728))]
[2, 3, 7, 11, 19, 23, 31, 43, 47, 59, 67, 71, 79, 83]
sage: [p for p in prime_range(100) if is_j_supersingular(GF(p)(123456))]
[2, 3, 59, 89]

sage.schemes.elliptic_curves.ell_finite_field.special_supersingular_curve(F, endomorphism)#

Given a finite field F, construct a “special” supersingular elliptic curve \(E\) defined over F.

Such a curve

has coefficients in \(\mathbb F_p\);
has group structure \(E(\mathbb F_p) \cong \ZZ/(p+1)\) and \(E(\mathbb F_{p^2}) \cong \ZZ/(p+1) \times \ZZ/(p+1)\);
has an endomorphism \(\vartheta\) of small degree \(q\) that anticommutes with the \(\mathbb F_p\)-Frobenius on \(E\).

(The significance of \(\vartheta\) is that any such endomorphism, together with the \(\mathbb F_p\)-Frobenius, generates the endomorphism algebra \(\mathrm{End}(E) \otimes \QQ\).)

INPUT:

F – finite field \(\mathbb F_{p^r}\);
endomorphism – boolean (optional, default False): When set to True, it is required that \(2 \mid r\), and the function then additionally returns \(\vartheta\).

EXAMPLES:

sage: special_supersingular_curve(GF(1013^2), endomorphism=True)
(Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 = x^3 + 1 over Finite Field in z2 of size 1013^2,
 Isogeny of degree 3 from Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 = x^3 + 1 over Finite Field in z2 of size 1013^2 to Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 = x^3 + 1 over Finite Field in z2 of size 1013^2)

sage: special_supersingular_curve(GF(1019^2), endomorphism=True)
(Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 = x^3 + x over Finite Field in z2 of size 1019^2,
 Elliptic-curve endomorphism of Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 = x^3 + x over Finite Field in z2 of size 1019^2
   Via:  (u,r,s,t) = (389*z2 + 241, 0, 0, 0))

sage: special_supersingular_curve(GF(1021^2), endomorphism=True)
(Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 = x^3 + 785*x + 794 over Finite Field in z2 of size 1021^2,
 Isogeny of degree 2 from Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 = x^3 + 785*x + 794 over Finite Field in z2 of size 1021^2 to Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 = x^3 + 785*x + 794 over Finite Field in z2 of size 1021^2)

sage: special_supersingular_curve(GF(1031^2), endomorphism=True)
(Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 = x^3 + x over Finite Field in z2 of size 1031^2,
 Elliptic-curve endomorphism of Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 = x^3 + x over Finite Field in z2 of size 1031^2
   Via:  (u,r,s,t) = (747*z2 + 284, 0, 0, 0))

sage: special_supersingular_curve(GF(1033^2), endomorphism=True)
(Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 = x^3 + 53*x + 980 over Finite Field in z2 of size 1033^2,
 Isogeny of degree 11 from Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 = x^3 + 53*x + 980 over Finite Field in z2 of size 1033^2 to Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 = x^3 + 53*x + 980 over Finite Field in z2 of size 1033^2)

sage: special_supersingular_curve(GF(1039^2), endomorphism=True)
(Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 = x^3 + x over Finite Field in z2 of size 1039^2,
 Elliptic-curve endomorphism of Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 = x^3 + x over Finite Field in z2 of size 1039^2
   Via:  (u,r,s,t) = (626*z2 + 200, 0, 0, 0))

sage: special_supersingular_curve(GF(1049^2), endomorphism=True)
(Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 = x^3 + 1 over Finite Field in z2 of size 1049^2,
 Isogeny of degree 3 from Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 = x^3 + 1 over Finite Field in z2 of size 1049^2 to Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 = x^3 + 1 over Finite Field in z2 of size 1049^2)

sage: special_supersingular_curve(GF(1051^2), endomorphism=True)
(Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 = x^3 + x over Finite Field in z2 of size 1051^2,
 Elliptic-curve endomorphism of Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 = x^3 + x over Finite Field in z2 of size 1051^2
   Via:  (u,r,s,t) = (922*z2 + 129, 0, 0, 0))

Note

This function makes no guarantees about the distribution of the output. The current implementation is deterministic in many cases.

ALGORITHM: [Bro2009], Algorithm 2.4

sage.schemes.elliptic_curves.ell_finite_field.supersingular_j_polynomial(p, use_cache=True)#

Return a polynomial whose roots are the supersingular \(j\)-invariants in characteristic \(p\), other than 0, 1728.

INPUT:

\(p\) (integer) – a prime number.
use_cache (boolean, default True) – use cached coefficients if they exist

ALGORITHM:

First compute H(X) whose roots are the Legendre \(\lambda\)-invariants of supersingular curves (Silverman V.4.1(b)) in characteristic \(p\). Then, using a resultant computation with the polynomial relating \(\lambda\) and \(j\) (Silverman III.1.7(b)), we recover the polynomial (in variable j) whose roots are the \(j\)-invariants. Factors of \(j\) and \(j-1728\) are removed if present.

Note

The only point of the use_cache parameter is to allow checking the precomputed coefficients.

EXAMPLES:

sage: from sage.schemes.elliptic_curves.ell_finite_field import supersingular_j_polynomial
sage: f = supersingular_j_polynomial(67); f
j^5 + 53*j^4 + 4*j^3 + 47*j^2 + 36*j + 8
sage: f.factor()
(j + 1) * (j^2 + 8*j + 45) * (j^2 + 44*j + 24)

sage: [supersingular_j_polynomial(p) for p in prime_range(30)]
[1, 1, 1, 1, 1, j + 8, j + 9, j + 12, j + 4, j^2 + 2*j + 21]