# Local Generic Element¶

This file contains a common superclass for $$p$$-adic elements and power series elements.

AUTHORS:

• David Roe: initial version
class sage.rings.padics.local_generic_element.LocalGenericElement
add_bigoh(absprec)

Return a copy of this element with ablsolute precision decreased to absprec.

INPUT:

• absprec – an integer or positive infinity

EXAMPLES:

sage: K = QpCR(3,4)
sage: o = K(1); o
1 + O(3^4)
1 + O(3^2)
O(3^-5)


One cannot use add_bigoh to lift to a higher precision; this can be accomplished with lift_to_precision():

sage: o.add_bigoh(5)
1 + O(3^4)


Negative values of absprec return an element in the fraction field of the element’s parent:

sage: R = ZpCA(3,4)
O(3^-5)


For fixed-mod elements this method truncates the element:

sage: R = ZpFM(3,4)
0


If absprec exceeds the precision of the element, then this method has no effect:

sage: R(3).add_bigoh(5)
3


A negative value for absprec returns an element in the fraction field:

sage: R(3).add_bigoh(-1).parent()
3-adic Field with floating precision 4

euclidean_degree()

Return the degree of this element as an element of an Euclidean domain.

EXAMPLES:

For a field, this is always zero except for the zero element:

sage: K = Qp(2)
sage: K.one().euclidean_degree()
0
sage: K.gen().euclidean_degree()
0
sage: K.zero().euclidean_degree()
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: euclidean degree not defined for the zero element


For a ring which is not a field, this is the valuation of the element:

sage: R = Zp(2)
sage: R.one().euclidean_degree()
0
sage: R.gen().euclidean_degree()
1
sage: R.zero().euclidean_degree()
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: euclidean degree not defined for the zero element

inverse_of_unit()

Returns the inverse of self if self is a unit.

OUTPUT:

• an element in the same ring as self

EXAMPLES:

sage: R = ZpCA(3,5)
sage: a = R(2); a
2 + O(3^5)
sage: b = a.inverse_of_unit(); b
2 + 3 + 3^2 + 3^3 + 3^4 + O(3^5)


A ZeroDivisionError is raised if an element has no inverse in the ring:

sage: R(3).inverse_of_unit()
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ZeroDivisionError: inverse of 3 + O(3^5) does not exist


Unlike the usual inverse of an element, the result is in the same ring as self and not just in its fraction field:

sage: c = ~a; c
2 + 3 + 3^2 + 3^3 + 3^4 + O(3^5)
sage: a.parent()
3-adic Ring with capped absolute precision 5
sage: b.parent()
3-adic Ring with capped absolute precision 5
sage: c.parent()
3-adic Field with capped relative precision 5


For fields this does of course not make any difference:

sage: R = QpCR(3,5)
sage: a = R(2)
sage: b = a.inverse_of_unit()
sage: c = ~a
sage: a.parent()
3-adic Field with capped relative precision 5
sage: b.parent()
3-adic Field with capped relative precision 5
sage: c.parent()
3-adic Field with capped relative precision 5

is_integral()

Returns whether self is an integral element.

INPUT:

• self – a local ring element

OUTPUT:

• boolean – whether self is an integral element.

EXAMPLES:

sage: R = Qp(3,20)
sage: a = R(7/3); a.is_integral()
False
sage: b = R(7/5); b.is_integral()
True

is_padic_unit()

Returns whether self is a $$p$$-adic unit. That is, whether it has zero valuation.

INPUT:

• self – a local ring element

OUTPUT:

• boolean – whether self is a unit

EXAMPLES:

sage: R = Zp(3,20,'capped-rel'); K = Qp(3,20,'capped-rel')
False
True
True
False
False

is_unit()

Returns whether self is a unit

INPUT:

• self – a local ring element

OUTPUT:

• boolean – whether self is a unit

NOTES:

For fields all nonzero elements are units. For DVR’s, only those elements of valuation 0 are. An older implementation ignored the case of fields, and returned always the negation of self.valuation()==0. This behavior is now supported with self.is_padic_unit().

EXAMPLES:

sage: R = Zp(3,20,'capped-rel'); K = Qp(3,20,'capped-rel')
sage: R(0).is_unit()
False
sage: R(1).is_unit()
True
sage: R(2).is_unit()
True
sage: R(3).is_unit()
False
sage: Qp(5,5)(5).is_unit() # Note that 5 is invertible in QQ_5, even if it has positive valuation!
True
False

normalized_valuation()

Returns the normalized valuation of this local ring element, i.e., the valuation divided by the absolute ramification index.

INPUT:

self – a local ring element.

OUTPUT:

rational – the normalized valuation of self.

EXAMPLES:

sage: Q7 = Qp(7)
sage: R.<x> = Q7[]
sage: F.<z> = Q7.ext(x^3+7*x+7)
sage: z.normalized_valuation()
1/3

quo_rem(other, integral=False)

Return the quotient with remainder of the division of this element by other.

INPUT:

• other – an element in the same ring
• integral – if True, use integral-style remainders even when the parent is a field. Namely, the remainder will have no terms in its p-adic expansion above the valuation of other.

EXAMPLES:

sage: R = Zp(3, 5)
sage: R(12).quo_rem(R(2))
(2*3 + O(3^6), 0)
sage: R(2).quo_rem(R(12))
(O(3^4), 2 + O(3^5))

sage: K = Qp(3, 5)
sage: K(12).quo_rem(K(2))
(2*3 + O(3^6), 0)
sage: K(2).quo_rem(K(12))
(2*3^-1 + 1 + 3 + 3^2 + 3^3 + O(3^4), 0)


You can get the same behavior for fields as for rings by using integral=True:

sage: K(12).quo_rem(K(2), integral=True)
(2*3 + O(3^6), 0)
sage: K(2).quo_rem(K(12), integral=True)
(O(3^4), 2 + O(3^5))

slice(i, j, k=1, lift_mode='simple')

Returns the sum of the $$p^{i + l \cdot k}$$ terms of the series expansion of this element, for $$i + l \cdot k$$ between i and j-1 inclusive, and nonnegative integers $$l$$. Behaves analogously to the slice function for lists.

INPUT:

• i – an integer; if set to None, the sum will start with the first non-zero term of the series.
• j – an integer; if set to None or $$\infty$$, this method behaves as if it was set to the absolute precision of this element.
• k – (default: 1) a positive integer

EXAMPLES:

sage: R = Zp(5, 6, 'capped-rel')
sage: a = R(1/2); a
3 + 2*5 + 2*5^2 + 2*5^3 + 2*5^4 + 2*5^5 + O(5^6)
sage: a.slice(2, 4)
2*5^2 + 2*5^3 + O(5^4)
sage: a.slice(1, 6, 2)
2*5 + 2*5^3 + 2*5^5 + O(5^6)


The step size k has to be positive:

sage: a.slice(0, 3, 0)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: slice step must be positive
sage: a.slice(0, 3, -1)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: slice step must be positive


If i exceeds j, then the result will be zero, with the precision given by j:

sage: a.slice(5, 4)
O(5^4)
sage: a.slice(6, 5)
O(5^5)


However, the precision can not exceed the precision of the element:

sage: a.slice(101,100)
O(5^6)
sage: a.slice(0,5,2)
3 + 2*5^2 + 2*5^4 + O(5^5)
sage: a.slice(0,6,2)
3 + 2*5^2 + 2*5^4 + O(5^6)
sage: a.slice(0,7,2)
3 + 2*5^2 + 2*5^4 + O(5^6)


If start is left blank, it is set to the valuation:

sage: K = Qp(5, 6)
sage: x = K(1/25 + 5); x
5^-2 + 5 + O(5^4)
sage: x.slice(None, 3)
5^-2 + 5 + O(5^3)
sage: x[:3]
doctest:warning
...
DeprecationWarning: __getitem__ is changing to match the behavior of number fields. Please use expansion instead.
See http://trac.sagemath.org/14825 for details.
5^-2 + 5 + O(5^3)

sqrt(extend=True, all=False, algorithm=None)

Return the square root of this element.

INPUT:

• self – a $$p$$-adic element.
• extend – a boolean (default: True); if True, return a square root in an extension if necessary; if False and no root exists in the given ring or field, raise a ValueError.
• all – a boolean (default: False); if True, return a list of all square roots.
• algorithm"pari", "sage" or None (default: None); Sage provides an implementation for any extension of $$Q_p$$ whereas only square roots over $$Q_p$$ is implemented in Pari; the default is "pari" if the ground field is $$Q_p$$, "sage" otherwise.

OUTPUT:

The square root or the list of all square roots of this element.

NOTE:

The square root is chosen (resp. the square roots are ordered) in a deterministic way, which is compatible with change of precision.

EXAMPLES:

sage: R = Zp(3, 20)
sage: sqrt(R(0))
0

sage: sqrt(R(1))
1 + O(3^20)

sage: R(2).sqrt(extend=False)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: element is not a square

sage: s = sqrt(R(4)); -s
2 + O(3^20)

sage: s = sqrt(R(9)); s
3 + O(3^21)


Over the $$2$$-adics, the precision of the square root is less than the input:

sage: R2 = Zp(2, 20)
sage: sqrt(R2(1))
1 + O(2^19)
sage: sqrt(R2(4))
2 + O(2^20)

sage: R.<t> = Zq(2^10, 10)
sage: u = 1 + 8*t
sage: sqrt(u)
1 + t*2^2 + t^2*2^3 + t^2*2^4 + (t^4 + t^3 + t^2)*2^5 + (t^4 + t^2)*2^6 + (t^5 + t^2)*2^7 + (t^6 + t^5 + t^4 + t^2)*2^8 + O(2^9)

sage: R.<a> = Zp(2).extension(x^3 - 2)
sage: u = R(1 + a^4 + a^5 + a^7 + a^8, 10); u
1 + a^4 + a^5 + a^7 + a^8 + O(a^10)
sage: v = sqrt(u); v
1 + a^2 + a^4 + a^6 + O(a^7)


However, observe that the precision increases to its original value when we recompute the square of the square root:

sage: v^2
1 + a^4 + a^5 + a^7 + a^8 + O(a^10)


If the input does not have enough precision in order to determine if the given element has a square root in the ground field, an error is raised:

sage: R(1, 6).sqrt()
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
PrecisionError: not enough precision to be sure that this element has a square root

sage: R(1, 7).sqrt()
1 + O(a^4)

sage: R(1+a^6, 7).sqrt(extend=False)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: element is not a square


In particular, an error is raised when we try to compute the square root of an inexact