# Tree decompositions#

This module implements tree-decomposition methods.

A tree-decomposition of a graph $$G = (V, E)$$ is a pair $$(X, T)$$, where $$X=\{X_1, X_2, \ldots, X_t\}$$ is a family of subsets of $$V$$, usually called bags, and $$T$$ is a tree of order $$t$$ whose nodes are the subsets $$X_i$$ satisfying the following properties:

• The union of all sets $$X_i$$ equals $$V$$. That is, each vertex of the graph $$G$$ is associated with at least one tree node.

• For every edge $$(v, w)$$ in the graph, there is a subset $$X_i$$ that contains both $$v$$ and $$w$$. That is, each edge of the graph $$G$$ appears in a tree node.

• The nodes associated with vertex $$v \in V$$ form a connected subtree of $$T$$. That is, if $$X_i$$ and $$X_j$$ both contain a vertex $$v \in V$$, then all nodes $$X_k$$ of the tree in the (unique) path between $$X_i$$ and $$X_j$$ contain $$v$$ as well, and we have $$X_i \cap X_j \subseteq X_k$$.

The width of a tree decomposition is the size of the largest set $$X_i$$ minus one, i.e., $$\max_{X_i \in X} |X_i| - 1$$, and the treewidth $$tw(G)$$ of a graph $$G$$ is the minimum width among all possible tree decompositions of $$G$$. Observe that, the size of the largest set is diminished by one in order to make the treewidth of a tree equal to one.

The length of a tree decomposition, as proposed in [DG2006], is the maximum diameter in $$G$$ of its bags, where the diameter of a bag $$X_i$$ is the largest distance in $$G$$ between the vertices in $$X_i$$ (i.e., $$\max_{u, v \in X_i} dist_G(u, v)$$). The treelength $$tl(G)$$ of a graph $$G$$ is the minimum length among all possible tree decompositions of $$G$$.

While deciding whether a graph has treelength 1 can be done in linear time (equivalent to deciding if the graph is chordal), deciding if it has treelength at most $$k$$ for any fixed constant $$k \leq 2$$ is NP-complete [Lokshtanov2009].

Treewidth and treelength are different measures of tree-likeness. In particular, trees have treewidth and treelength 1:

sage: T = graphs.RandomTree(20)
sage: T.treewidth()
1
sage: T.treelength()
1


The treewidth of a cycle is 2 and its treelength is $$\lceil n/3 \rceil$$:

sage: [graphs.CycleGraph(n).treewidth() for n in range(3, 11)]
[2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2]
sage: [graphs.CycleGraph(n).treelength() for n in range(3, 11)]
[1, 2, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 4]


The treewidth of a clique is $$n-1$$ and its treelength is 1:

sage: [graphs.CompleteGraph(n).treewidth() for n in range(3, 11)]
[2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
sage: [graphs.CompleteGraph(n).treelength() for n in range(3, 11)]
[1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1]


This module contains the following methods

 treewidth() Compute the treewidth of $$G$$ (and provide a decomposition). treelength() Compute the treelength of $$G$$ (and provide a decomposition). is_valid_tree_decomposition() Check whether $$T$$ is a valid tree-decomposition for $$G$$. reduced_tree_decomposition() Return a reduced tree-decomposition of $$T$$. width_of_tree_decomposition() Return the width of the tree decomposition $$T$$ of $$G$$.

## Methods#

class sage.graphs.graph_decompositions.tree_decomposition.TreelengthConnected#

Bases: object

Compute the treelength of a connected graph (and provide a decomposition).

This class implements an algorithm for computing the treelength of a connected graph that virtually explores the graph of all pairs (vertex_cut, connected_component), where vertex_cut is a vertex cut of the graph of length $$\leq k$$, and connected_component is a connected component of the graph induced by G - vertex_cut.

We deduce that the pair (vertex_cut, connected_component) is feasible with treelength $$k$$ if connected_component is empty, or if a vertex v from vertex_cut can be replaced with a vertex from connected_component, such that the pair (vertex_cut + v, connected_component - v) is feasible.

INPUT:

• G – a sage Graph

• k – integer (default: None); indicates the length to be considered. When $$k$$ is an integer, the method checks that the graph has treelength $$\leq k$$. If $$k$$ is None (default), the method computes the optimal treelength.

• certificate – boolean (default: False); whether to also compute the tree-decomposition itself

OUTPUT:

TreelengthConnected(G) returns the treelength of $$G$$. When $$k$$ is specified, it returns False when no tree-decomposition of length $$\leq k$$ exists or True otherwise. When certificate=True, the tree-decomposition is also returned.

EXAMPLES:

A clique has treelength 1:

sage: from sage.graphs.graph_decompositions.tree_decomposition import TreelengthConnected
sage: TreelengthConnected(graphs.CompleteGraph(3)).get_length()
1
sage: TC = TreelengthConnected(graphs.CompleteGraph(4), certificate=True)
sage: TC.get_length()
1
sage: TC.get_tree_decomposition()
Tree decomposition of Complete graph: Graph on 1 vertex


A cycle has treelength $$\lceil n/3 \rceil$$:

sage: TreelengthConnected(graphs.CycleGraph(6)).get_length()
2
sage: TreelengthConnected(graphs.CycleGraph(7)).get_length()
3
sage: TreelengthConnected(graphs.CycleGraph(7), k=3).is_less_than_k()
True
sage: TreelengthConnected(graphs.CycleGraph(7), k=2).is_less_than_k()
False

get_length()#

Return the length of the tree decomposition.

EXAMPLES:

sage: from sage.graphs.graph_decompositions.tree_decomposition import TreelengthConnected
sage: G = graphs.CycleGraph(4)
sage: TreelengthConnected(G).get_length()
2
sage: TreelengthConnected(G, k=2).get_length()
2
sage: TreelengthConnected(G, k=1).get_length()
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: no tree decomposition with length <= 1 was found

get_tree_decomposition()#

Return the tree-decomposition.

EXAMPLES:

sage: from sage.graphs.graph_decompositions.tree_decomposition import TreelengthConnected
sage: G = graphs.CycleGraph(4)
sage: TreelengthConnected(G, certificate=True).get_tree_decomposition()
Tree decomposition of Cycle graph: Graph on 2 vertices
sage: G.diameter()
2
sage: TreelengthConnected(G, k=2, certificate=True).get_tree_decomposition()
Tree decomposition of Cycle graph: Graph on 1 vertex
sage: TreelengthConnected(G, k=1, certificate=True).get_tree_decomposition()
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: no tree decomposition with length <= 1 was found

is_less_than_k()#

Return whether a tree decomposition with length at most $$k$$ was found.

EXAMPLES:

sage: from sage.graphs.graph_decompositions.tree_decomposition import TreelengthConnected
sage: G = graphs.CycleGraph(4)
sage: TreelengthConnected(G, k=1).is_less_than_k()
False
sage: TreelengthConnected(G, k=2).is_less_than_k()
True
sage: TreelengthConnected(G).is_less_than_k()
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: parameter 'k' has not been specified

sage.graphs.graph_decompositions.tree_decomposition.is_valid_tree_decomposition(G, T)#

Check whether $$T$$ is a valid tree-decomposition for $$G$$.

INPUT:

• G – a sage Graph

• T – a tree decomposition, i.e., a tree whose vertices are the bags (subsets of vertices) of the decomposition

EXAMPLES:

sage: from sage.graphs.graph_decompositions.tree_decomposition import is_valid_tree_decomposition
sage: K = graphs.CompleteGraph(4)
sage: T = Graph()
sage: is_valid_tree_decomposition(K, T)
True

sage: G = graphs.RandomGNP(10, .2)
sage: T = G.treewidth(certificate=True)
sage: is_valid_tree_decomposition(G, T)
True


The union of the bags is the set of vertices of $$G$$:

sage: G = graphs.PathGraph(4)
sage: T = G.treewidth(certificate=True)
sage: is_valid_tree_decomposition(G, T)
False


Each edge of $$G$$ is contained in a bag:

sage: G = graphs.PathGraph(4)
sage: T = G.treewidth(certificate=True)
sage: is_valid_tree_decomposition(G, T)
False


The bags containing a vertex $$v$$ form a subtree of $$T$$:

sage: G = graphs.PathGraph(4)
sage: X1, X2, X3 = Set([0, 1]), Set([1, 2]), Set([2, 3])
sage: T = Graph([(X1, X3), (X3, X2)])
sage: is_valid_tree_decomposition(G, T)
False

sage.graphs.graph_decompositions.tree_decomposition.reduced_tree_decomposition(T)#

Return a reduced tree-decomposition of $$T$$.

We merge all edges between two sets $$S$$ and $$S'$$ where $$S$$ is a subset of $$S'$$. To do so, we use a simple union-find data structure to record merge operations and the good sets.

Warning

This method assumes that the vertices of the input tree $$T$$ are hashable and have attribute issuperset, e.g., frozenset or Set_object_enumerated.

INPUT:

• T – a tree-decomposition

EXAMPLES:

sage: from sage.graphs.graph_decompositions.tree_decomposition import reduced_tree_decomposition
sage: from sage.graphs.graph_decompositions.tree_decomposition import is_valid_tree_decomposition
sage: G = graphs.PathGraph(3)
sage: T = Graph()
sage: T.add_path([Set([0]), Set([0, 1]), Set([1]), Set([1, 2]),  Set([2])])
sage: T.order()
5
sage: is_valid_tree_decomposition(G, T)
True
sage: T2 = reduced_tree_decomposition(T)
sage: is_valid_tree_decomposition(G, T2)
True
sage: T2.order()
2

sage.graphs.graph_decompositions.tree_decomposition.treelength(G, k=None, certificate=False)#

Compute the treelength of $$G$$ (and provide a decomposition).

The length of a tree decomposition, as proposed in [DG2006], is the maximum diameter in $$G$$ of its bags, where the diameter of a bag $$X_i$$ is the largest distance in $$G$$ between the vertices in $$X_i$$ (i.e., $$\max_{u, v \in X_i} dist_G(u, v)$$). The treelength $$tl(G)$$ of a graph $$G$$ is the minimum length among all possible tree decompositions of $$G$$. See the documentation of the tree_decomposition module for more details.

INPUT:

• G – a sage Graph

• k – integer (default: None); indicates the length to be considered. When $$k$$ is an integer, the method checks that the graph has treelength $$\leq k$$. If $$k$$ is None (default), the method computes the optimal treelength.

• certificate – boolean (default: False); whether to also return the tree-decomposition itself

OUTPUT:

G.treelength() returns the treelength of $$G$$. When $$k$$ is specified, it returns False when no tree-decomposition of length $$\leq k$$ exists or True otherwise. When certificate=True, the tree-decomposition is also returned.

ALGORITHM:

This method virtually explores the graph of all pairs (vertex_cut, connected_component), where vertex_cut is a vertex cut of the graph of length $$\leq k$$, and connected_component is a connected component of the graph induced by G - vertex_cut.

We deduce that the pair (vertex_cut, connected_component) is feasible with treelength $$k$$ if connected_component is empty, or if a vertex v from vertex_cut can be replaced with a vertex from connected_component, such that the pair (vertex_cut + v, connected_component - v) is feasible.

In practice, this method decomposes the graph by its clique minimal separators into atoms, computes the treelength of each of atom and returns the maximum value over all the atoms. Indeed, we have that $$tl(G) = \max_{X \in A} tl(G[X])$$ where $$A$$ is the set of atoms of the decomposition by clique separators of $$G$$. When certificate == True, the tree-decompositions of the atoms are connected to each others by adding edges with respect to the clique separators.

EXAMPLES:

The PetersenGraph has treelength 2:

sage: G = graphs.PetersenGraph()
sage: G.treelength()
2


Disconnected graphs have infinite treelength:

sage: G = Graph(2)
sage: G.treelength()
+Infinity
sage: G.treelength(k=+Infinity)
True
sage: G.treelength(k=2)
False
sage: G.treelength(certificate=True)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: the tree decomposition of a disconnected graph is not defined


Chordal graphs have treelength 1:

sage: G = graphs.RandomChordalGraph(30)
sage: while not G.is_connected():
....:     G = graphs.RandomChordalGraph(30)
sage: G.treelength()
1


Cycles have treelength $$\lceil n/3 \rceil$$:

sage: [graphs.CycleGraph(n).treelength() for n in range(3, 11)]
[1, 2, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 4]

sage.graphs.graph_decompositions.tree_decomposition.treelength_lowerbound(G)#

Return a lower bound on the treelength of $$G$$.

See [DG2006] for more details.

INPUT:

• G – a sage Graph

EXAMPLES:

sage: from sage.graphs.graph_decompositions.tree_decomposition import treelength_lowerbound
sage: G = graphs.PetersenGraph()
sage: treelength_lowerbound(G)
1
sage: G.treelength()
2
sage: G = graphs.CycleGraph(5)
sage: treelength_lowerbound(G)
2
sage: G.treelength()
2

sage.graphs.graph_decompositions.tree_decomposition.treewidth(g, k=None, kmin=None, certificate=False, algorithm=None)#

Compute the treewidth of $$g$$ (and provide a decomposition).

INPUT:

• g – a sage Graph

• k – integer (default: None); indicates the width to be considered. When k is an integer, the method checks that the graph has treewidth $$\leq k$$. If k is None (default), the method computes the optimal tree-width.

• kmin – integer (default: None); when specified, search for a tree-decomposition of width at least kmin. This parameter is useful when the graph can be decomposed into atoms. This parameter is ignored when k is not None or when algorithm == 'tdlib'.

• certificate – boolean (default: False); whether to return the tree-decomposition itself.

• algorithm – whether to use "sage" or "tdlib" (requires the installation of the ‘tdlib’ package). The default behaviour is to use ‘tdlib’ if it is available, and Sage’s own algorithm when it is not.

OUTPUT:

g.treewidth() returns the treewidth of g. When k is specified, it returns False when no tree-decomposition of width $$\leq k$$ exists or True otherwise. When certificate=True, the tree-decomposition is also returned.

ALGORITHM:

This function virtually explores the graph of all pairs (vertex_cut,cc), where vertex_cut is a vertex cut of the graph of cardinality $$\leq k+1$$, and connected_component is a connected component of the graph induced by G-vertex_cut.

We deduce that the pair (vertex_cut,cc) is feasible with tree-width $$k$$ if cc is empty, or if a vertex v from vertex_cut can be replaced with a vertex from cc, such that the pair (vertex_cut+v,cc-v) is feasible.

Note

The implementation would be much faster if cc, the argument of the recursive function, was a bitset. It would also be very nice to not copy the graph in order to compute connected components, for this is really a waste of time.

path_decomposition() computes the pathwidth of a graph. See also the vertex_separation module.

EXAMPLES:

The PetersenGraph has treewidth 4:

sage: graphs.PetersenGraph().treewidth()
4
sage: graphs.PetersenGraph().treewidth(certificate=True)
Tree decomposition: Graph on 6 vertices


The treewidth of a 2d grid is its smallest side:

sage: graphs.Grid2dGraph(2,5).treewidth()
2
sage: graphs.Grid2dGraph(3,5).treewidth()
3


When parameter kmin is specified, the method search for a tree-decomposition of width at least kmin:

sage: g = graphs.PetersenGraph()
sage: g.treewidth()
4
sage: g.treewidth(kmin=2, algorithm='sage')
4
sage: g.treewidth(kmin=g.order(), certificate=True, algorithm='sage')
Tree decomposition: Graph on 1 vertex

sage.graphs.graph_decompositions.tree_decomposition.width_of_tree_decomposition(G, T, check=True)#

Return the width of the tree decomposition $$T$$ of $$G$$.

The width of a tree-decomposition is the size of the largest bag minus 1. The empty graph and a graph of order 1 have treewidth 0.

INPUT:

• G – a sage Graph

• T – a tree-decomposition for $$G$$

• check – boolean (default: True); whether to check that the tree-decomposition $$T$$ is valid for $$G$$

EXAMPLES:

sage: from sage.graphs.graph_decompositions.tree_decomposition import width_of_tree_decomposition
sage: G = graphs.PathGraph(3)
sage: T = G.treewidth(certificate=True)
sage: width_of_tree_decomposition(G, T, check=True)
1