Multivector Fields¶

Let \(U\) and \(M\) be two differentiable manifolds. Given a positive integer \(p\) and a differentiable map \(\Phi: U \rightarrow M\), a multivector field of degree \(p\), or \(p\)-vector field, along \(U\) with values on \(M\) is a field along \(U\) of alternating contravariant tensors of rank \(p\) in the tangent spaces to \(M\). The standard case of a multivector field on a differentiable manifold corresponds to \(U = M\) and \(\Phi = \mathrm{Id}_M\). Other common cases are \(\Phi\) being an immersion and \(\Phi\) being a curve in \(M\) (\(U\) is then an open interval of \(\RR\)).

Two classes implement multivector fields, depending whether the manifold \(M\) is parallelizable:

MultivectorFieldParal when \(M\) is parallelizable
MultivectorField when \(M\) is not assumed parallelizable.

AUTHORS:

Eric Gourgoulhon (2017): initial version

REFERENCES:

R. L. Bishop and S. L. Goldberg (1980) [BG1980]
C.-M. Marle (1997) [Mar1997]

class sage.manifolds.differentiable.multivectorfield.MultivectorField(vector_field_module, degree, name=None, latex_name=None)[source]¶

Bases: TensorField

Multivector field with values on a generic (i.e. a priori not parallelizable) differentiable manifold.

Given a differentiable manifold \(U\), a differentiable map \(\Phi: U \rightarrow M\) to a differentiable manifold \(M\) and a positive integer \(p\), a multivector field of degree \(p\) (or \(p\)-vector field) along \(U\) with values on \(M\supset\Phi(U)\) is a differentiable map

\[a:\ U \longrightarrow T^{(p,0)}M\]

(\(T^{(p,0)}M\) being the tensor bundle of type \((p,0)\) over \(M\)) such that

\[\forall x \in U,\quad a(x) \in \Lambda^p(T_{\Phi(x)} M) ,\]

where \(T_{\Phi(x)} M\) is the vector space tangent to \(M\) at \(\Phi(x)\) and \(\Lambda^p\) stands for the exterior power of degree \(p\) (cf. ExtPowerFreeModule). In other words, \(a(x)\) is an alternating contravariant tensor of degree \(p\) of the tangent vector space \(T_{\Phi(x)} M\).

The standard case of a multivector field on a manifold \(M\) corresponds to \(U = M\) and \(\Phi = \mathrm{Id}_M\). Other common cases are \(\Phi\) being an immersion and \(\Phi\) being a curve in \(M\) (\(U\) is then an open interval of \(\RR\)).

Note

If \(M\) is parallelizable, the class MultivectorFieldParal must be used instead.

INPUT:

vector_field_module – module \(\mathfrak{X}(U,\Phi)\) of vector fields along \(U\) with values on \(M\) via the map \(\Phi\)
degree – the degree of the multivector field (i.e. its tensor rank)
name – (default: None) name given to the multivector field
latex_name – (default: None) LaTeX symbol to denote the multivector field; if none is provided, the LaTeX symbol is set to name

EXAMPLES:

Multivector field of degree 2 on a non-parallelizable 2-dimensional manifold:

Sage

sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M')
sage: U = M.open_subset('U') ; V = M.open_subset('V')
sage: M.declare_union(U,V)   # M is the union of U and V
sage: c_xy.<x,y> = U.chart() ; c_uv.<u,v> = V.chart()
sage: xy_to_uv = c_xy.transition_map(c_uv, (x+y, x-y),
....:                         intersection_name='W',
....:                         restrictions1= x>0, restrictions2= u+v>0)
sage: uv_to_xy = xy_to_uv.inverse()
sage: W = U.intersection(V)
sage: eU = c_xy.frame() ; eV = c_uv.frame()
sage: a = M.multivector_field(2, name='a') ; a
2-vector field a on the 2-dimensional differentiable manifold M
sage: a.parent()
Module A^2(M) of 2-vector fields on the 2-dimensional differentiable
 manifold M
sage: a.degree()
2

Python

>>> from sage.all import *
>>> M = Manifold(Integer(2), 'M')
>>> U = M.open_subset('U') ; V = M.open_subset('V')
>>> M.declare_union(U,V)   # M is the union of U and V
>>> c_xy = U.chart(names=('x', 'y',)); (x, y,) = c_xy._first_ngens(2); c_uv = V.chart(names=('u', 'v',)); (u, v,) = c_uv._first_ngens(2)
>>> xy_to_uv = c_xy.transition_map(c_uv, (x+y, x-y),
...                         intersection_name='W',
...                         restrictions1= x>Integer(0), restrictions2= u+v>Integer(0))
>>> uv_to_xy = xy_to_uv.inverse()
>>> W = U.intersection(V)
>>> eU = c_xy.frame() ; eV = c_uv.frame()
>>> a = M.multivector_field(Integer(2), name='a') ; a
2-vector field a on the 2-dimensional differentiable manifold M
>>> a.parent()
Module A^2(M) of 2-vector fields on the 2-dimensional differentiable
 manifold M
>>> a.degree()
2

Setting the components of a:

Sage

sage: a[eU,0,1] = x*y^2 + 2*x
sage: a.add_comp_by_continuation(eV, W, c_uv)
sage: a.display(eU)
a = (x*y^2 + 2*x) ∂/∂x∧∂/∂y
sage: a.display(eV)
a = (-1/4*u^3 + 1/4*u*v^2 - 1/4*v^3 + 1/4*(u^2 - 8)*v - 2*u) ∂/∂u∧∂/∂v

Python

>>> from sage.all import *
>>> a[eU,Integer(0),Integer(1)] = x*y**Integer(2) + Integer(2)*x
>>> a.add_comp_by_continuation(eV, W, c_uv)
>>> a.display(eU)
a = (x*y^2 + 2*x) ∂/∂x∧∂/∂y
>>> a.display(eV)
a = (-1/4*u^3 + 1/4*u*v^2 - 1/4*v^3 + 1/4*(u^2 - 8)*v - 2*u) ∂/∂u∧∂/∂v

It is also possible to set the components while defining the 2-vector field definition, via a dictionary whose keys are the vector frames:

Sage

sage: a1 = M.multivector_field(2, {eU: [[0, x*y^2 + 2*x],
....:                                   [-x*y^2 - 2*x, 0]]}, name='a')
sage: a1.add_comp_by_continuation(eV, W, c_uv)
sage: a1 == a
True

Python

>>> from sage.all import *
>>> a1 = M.multivector_field(Integer(2), {eU: [[Integer(0), x*y**Integer(2) + Integer(2)*x],
...                                   [-x*y**Integer(2) - Integer(2)*x, Integer(0)]]}, name='a')
>>> a1.add_comp_by_continuation(eV, W, c_uv)
>>> a1 == a
True

The exterior product of two vector fields is a 2-vector field:

Sage

sage: a = M.vector_field({eU: [-y, x]}, name='a')
sage: a.add_comp_by_continuation(eV, W, c_uv)
sage: b = M.vector_field({eU: [1+x*y, x^2]}, name='b')
sage: b.add_comp_by_continuation(eV, W, c_uv)
sage: s = a.wedge(b) ; s
2-vector field a∧b on the 2-dimensional differentiable manifold M
sage: s.display(eU)
a∧b = (-2*x^2*y - x) ∂/∂x∧∂/∂y
sage: s.display(eV)
a∧b = (1/2*u^3 - 1/2*u*v^2 - 1/2*v^3 + 1/2*(u^2 + 2)*v + u) ∂/∂u∧∂/∂v

Python

>>> from sage.all import *
>>> a = M.vector_field({eU: [-y, x]}, name='a')
>>> a.add_comp_by_continuation(eV, W, c_uv)
>>> b = M.vector_field({eU: [Integer(1)+x*y, x**Integer(2)]}, name='b')
>>> b.add_comp_by_continuation(eV, W, c_uv)
>>> s = a.wedge(b) ; s
2-vector field a∧b on the 2-dimensional differentiable manifold M
>>> s.display(eU)
a∧b = (-2*x^2*y - x) ∂/∂x∧∂/∂y
>>> s.display(eV)
a∧b = (1/2*u^3 - 1/2*u*v^2 - 1/2*v^3 + 1/2*(u^2 + 2)*v + u) ∂/∂u∧∂/∂v

Multiplying a 2-vector field by a scalar field results in another 2-vector field:

Sage

sage: f = M.scalar_field({c_xy: (x+y)^2, c_uv: u^2}, name='f')
sage: s = f*s ; s
2-vector field f*(a∧b) on the 2-dimensional differentiable manifold M
sage: s.display(eU)
f*(a∧b) = (-2*x^2*y^3 - x^3 - (4*x^3 + x)*y^2 - 2*(x^4 + x^2)*y) ∂/∂x∧∂/∂y
sage: s.display(eV)
f*(a∧b) = (1/2*u^5 - 1/2*u^3*v^2 - 1/2*u^2*v^3 + u^3 + 1/2*(u^4 + 2*u^2)*v)
  ∂/∂u∧∂/∂v

Python

>>> from sage.all import *
>>> f = M.scalar_field({c_xy: (x+y)**Integer(2), c_uv: u**Integer(2)}, name='f')
>>> s = f*s ; s
2-vector field f*(a∧b) on the 2-dimensional differentiable manifold M
>>> s.display(eU)
f*(a∧b) = (-2*x^2*y^3 - x^3 - (4*x^3 + x)*y^2 - 2*(x^4 + x^2)*y) ∂/∂x∧∂/∂y
>>> s.display(eV)
f*(a∧b) = (1/2*u^5 - 1/2*u^3*v^2 - 1/2*u^2*v^3 + u^3 + 1/2*(u^4 + 2*u^2)*v)
  ∂/∂u∧∂/∂v

bracket(other)[source]¶

Return the Schouten-Nijenhuis bracket of self with another multivector field.

The Schouten-Nijenhuis bracket extends the Lie bracket of vector fields (cf. bracket()) to multivector fields.

Denoting by \(A^p(M)\) the \(C^k(M)\)-module of \(p\)-vector fields on the \(C^k\)-differentiable manifold \(M\) over the field \(K\) (cf. MultivectorModule), the Schouten-Nijenhuis bracket is a \(K\)-bilinear map

\[\begin{split}\begin{array}{ccc} A^p(M)\times A^q(M) & \longrightarrow & A^{p+q-1}(M) \\ (a,b) & \longmapsto & [a,b] \end{array}\end{split}\]

which obeys the following properties:

if \(p=0\) and \(q=0\), (i.e. \(a\) and \(b\) are two scalar fields), \([a,b]=0\)
if \(p=0\) (i.e. \(a\) is a scalar field) and \(q\geq 1\), \([a,b] = - \iota_{\mathrm{d}a} b\) (minus the interior product of the differential of \(a\) by \(b\))
if \(p=1\) (i.e. \(a\) is a vector field), \([a,b] = \mathcal{L}_a b\) (the Lie derivative of \(b\) along \(a\))
\([a,b] = -(-1)^{(p-1)(q-1)} [b,a]\)
for any multivector field \(c\) and \((a,b) \in A^p(M)\times A^q(M)\), \([a,.]\) obeys the graded Leibniz rule

\[[a,b\wedge c] = [a,b]\wedge c + (-1)^{(p-1)q} b\wedge [a,c]\]

for \((a,b,c) \in A^p(M)\times A^q(M)\times A^r(M)\), the graded Jacobi identity holds:

\[(-1)^{(p-1)(r-1)}[a,[b,c]] + (-1)^{(q-1)(p-1)}[b,[c,a]] + (-1)^{(r-1)(q-1)}[c,[a,b]] = 0\]

Note

There are two definitions of the Schouten-Nijenhuis bracket in the literature, which differ from each other when \(p\) is even by an overall sign. The definition adopted here is that of [Mar1997], [Kos1985] and Wikipedia article Schouten-Nijenhuis_bracket. The other definition, adopted e.g. by [Nij1955], [Lic1977] and [Vai1994], is \([a,b]' = (-1)^{p+1} [a,b]\).

INPUT:

other – a multivector field

OUTPUT:

instance of MultivectorField (or of DiffScalarField if \(p=1\) and \(q=0\)) representing the Schouten-Nijenhuis bracket \([a,b]\), where \(a\) is self and \(b\) is other

EXAMPLES:

Bracket of two vector fields on the 2-sphere:

Sage

sage: M = Manifold(2, 'S^2', start_index=1) # the sphere S^2
sage: U = M.open_subset('U') ; V = M.open_subset('V')
sage: M.declare_union(U,V)   # S^2 is the union of U and V
sage: c_xy.<x,y> = U.chart() # stereographic coord. North
sage: c_uv.<u,v> = V.chart() # stereographic coord. South
sage: xy_to_uv = c_xy.transition_map(c_uv, (x/(x^2+y^2), y/(x^2+y^2)),
....:                intersection_name='W', restrictions1= x^2+y^2!=0,
....:                restrictions2= u^2+v^2!=0)
sage: uv_to_xy = xy_to_uv.inverse()
sage: W = U.intersection(V) # The complement of the two poles
sage: e_xy = c_xy.frame() ; e_uv = c_uv.frame()
sage: a = M.vector_field({e_xy: [y, x]}, name='a')
sage: a.add_comp_by_continuation(e_uv, W, c_uv)
sage: b = M.vector_field({e_xy: [x*y, x-y]}, name='b')
sage: b.add_comp_by_continuation(e_uv, W, c_uv)
sage: s = a.bracket(b); s
Vector field [a,b] on the 2-dimensional differentiable manifold S^2
sage: s.display(e_xy)
[a,b] = (x^2 + y^2 - x + y) ∂/∂x + (-(x - 1)*y - x) ∂/∂y

Python

>>> from sage.all import *
>>> M = Manifold(Integer(2), 'S^2', start_index=Integer(1)) # the sphere S^2
>>> U = M.open_subset('U') ; V = M.open_subset('V')
>>> M.declare_union(U,V)   # S^2 is the union of U and V
>>> c_xy = U.chart(names=('x', 'y',)); (x, y,) = c_xy._first_ngens(2)# stereographic coord. North
>>> c_uv = V.chart(names=('u', 'v',)); (u, v,) = c_uv._first_ngens(2)# stereographic coord. South
>>> xy_to_uv = c_xy.transition_map(c_uv, (x/(x**Integer(2)+y**Integer(2)), y/(x**Integer(2)+y**Integer(2))),
...                intersection_name='W', restrictions1= x**Integer(2)+y**Integer(2)!=Integer(0),
...                restrictions2= u**Integer(2)+v**Integer(2)!=Integer(0))
>>> uv_to_xy = xy_to_uv.inverse()
>>> W = U.intersection(V) # The complement of the two poles
>>> e_xy = c_xy.frame() ; e_uv = c_uv.frame()
>>> a = M.vector_field({e_xy: [y, x]}, name='a')
>>> a.add_comp_by_continuation(e_uv, W, c_uv)
>>> b = M.vector_field({e_xy: [x*y, x-y]}, name='b')
>>> b.add_comp_by_continuation(e_uv, W, c_uv)
>>> s = a.bracket(b); s
Vector field [a,b] on the 2-dimensional differentiable manifold S^2
>>> s.display(e_xy)
[a,b] = (x^2 + y^2 - x + y) ∂/∂x + (-(x - 1)*y - x) ∂/∂y

For two vector fields, the bracket coincides with the Lie derivative:

Sage

sage: s == b.lie_derivative(a)
True

Python

>>> from sage.all import *
>>> s == b.lie_derivative(a)
True

Schouten-Nijenhuis bracket of a 2-vector field and a 1-vector field:

Sage

sage: c = a.wedge(b); c
2-vector field a∧b on the 2-dimensional differentiable
 manifold S^2
sage: s = c.bracket(a); s
2-vector field [a∧b,a] on the 2-dimensional differentiable
 manifold S^2
sage: s.display(e_xy)
[a∧b,a] = (x^3 + (2*x - 1)*y^2 - x^2 + 2*x*y) ∂/∂x∧∂/∂y

Python

>>> from sage.all import *
>>> c = a.wedge(b); c
2-vector field a∧b on the 2-dimensional differentiable
 manifold S^2
>>> s = c.bracket(a); s
2-vector field [a∧b,a] on the 2-dimensional differentiable
 manifold S^2
>>> s.display(e_xy)
[a∧b,a] = (x^3 + (2*x - 1)*y^2 - x^2 + 2*x*y) ∂/∂x∧∂/∂y

Since \(a\) is a vector field, we have in this case:

Sage

sage: s == - c.lie_derivative(a)
True

Python

>>> from sage.all import *
>>> s == - c.lie_derivative(a)
True

See also

interior_product() for the interior product of a differential form with a multivector field

EXAMPLES:

Interior product of a vector field (\(p=1\)) with a 2-form (\(q=2\)) on the 2-sphere:

Sage

sage: M = Manifold(2, 'S^2', start_index=1) # the sphere S^2
sage: U = M.open_subset('U') ; V = M.open_subset('V')
sage: M.declare_union(U,V)   # S^2 is the union of U and V
sage: c_xy.<x,y> = U.chart() # stereographic coord. North
sage: c_uv.<u,v> = V.chart() # stereographic coord. South
sage: xy_to_uv = c_xy.transition_map(c_uv, (x/(x^2+y^2), y/(x^2+y^2)),
....:                intersection_name='W', restrictions1= x^2+y^2!=0,
....:                restrictions2= u^2+v^2!=0)
sage: uv_to_xy = xy_to_uv.inverse()
sage: W = U.intersection(V) # The complement of the two poles
sage: e_xy = c_xy.frame() ; e_uv = c_uv.frame()
sage: a = M.vector_field({e_xy: [-y, x]}, name='a')
sage: a.add_comp_by_continuation(e_uv, W, c_uv)
sage: b = M.diff_form(2, name='b')
sage: b[e_xy,1,2] = 4/(x^2+y^2+1)^2   # the standard area 2-form
sage: b.add_comp_by_continuation(e_uv, W, c_uv)
sage: b.display(e_xy)
b = 4/(x^2 + y^2 + 1)^2 dx∧dy
sage: b.display(e_uv)
b = -4/(u^4 + v^4 + 2*(u^2 + 1)*v^2 + 2*u^2 + 1) du∧dv
sage: s = a.interior_product(b); s
1-form i_a b on the 2-dimensional differentiable manifold S^2
sage: s.display(e_xy)
i_a b = -4*x/(x^4 + y^4 + 2*(x^2 + 1)*y^2 + 2*x^2 + 1) dx
 - 4*y/(x^4 + y^4 + 2*(x^2 + 1)*y^2 + 2*x^2 + 1) dy
sage: s.display(e_uv)
 i_a b = 4*u/(u^4 + v^4 + 2*(u^2 + 1)*v^2 + 2*u^2 + 1) du
  + 4*v/(u^4 + v^4 + 2*(u^2 + 1)*v^2 + 2*u^2 + 1) dv
sage: s == a.contract(b)
True

Python

>>> from sage.all import *
>>> M = Manifold(Integer(2), 'S^2', start_index=Integer(1)) # the sphere S^2
>>> U = M.open_subset('U') ; V = M.open_subset('V')
>>> M.declare_union(U,V)   # S^2 is the union of U and V
>>> c_xy = U.chart(names=('x', 'y',)); (x, y,) = c_xy._first_ngens(2)# stereographic coord. North
>>> c_uv = V.chart(names=('u', 'v',)); (u, v,) = c_uv._first_ngens(2)# stereographic coord. South
>>> xy_to_uv = c_xy.transition_map(c_uv, (x/(x**Integer(2)+y**Integer(2)), y/(x**Integer(2)+y**Integer(2))),
...                intersection_name='W', restrictions1= x**Integer(2)+y**Integer(2)!=Integer(0),
...                restrictions2= u**Integer(2)+v**Integer(2)!=Integer(0))
>>> uv_to_xy = xy_to_uv.inverse()
>>> W = U.intersection(V) # The complement of the two poles
>>> e_xy = c_xy.frame() ; e_uv = c_uv.frame()
>>> a = M.vector_field({e_xy: [-y, x]}, name='a')
>>> a.add_comp_by_continuation(e_uv, W, c_uv)
>>> b = M.diff_form(Integer(2), name='b')
>>> b[e_xy,Integer(1),Integer(2)] = Integer(4)/(x**Integer(2)+y**Integer(2)+Integer(1))**Integer(2)   # the standard area 2-form
>>> b.add_comp_by_continuation(e_uv, W, c_uv)
>>> b.display(e_xy)
b = 4/(x^2 + y^2 + 1)^2 dx∧dy
>>> b.display(e_uv)
b = -4/(u^4 + v^4 + 2*(u^2 + 1)*v^2 + 2*u^2 + 1) du∧dv
>>> s = a.interior_product(b); s
1-form i_a b on the 2-dimensional differentiable manifold S^2
>>> s.display(e_xy)
i_a b = -4*x/(x^4 + y^4 + 2*(x^2 + 1)*y^2 + 2*x^2 + 1) dx
 - 4*y/(x^4 + y^4 + 2*(x^2 + 1)*y^2 + 2*x^2 + 1) dy
>>> s.display(e_uv)
 i_a b = 4*u/(u^4 + v^4 + 2*(u^2 + 1)*v^2 + 2*u^2 + 1) du
  + 4*v/(u^4 + v^4 + 2*(u^2 + 1)*v^2 + 2*u^2 + 1) dv
>>> s == a.contract(b)
True

Example with \(p=2\) and \(q=2\):

Sage

sage: a = M.multivector_field(2, name='a')
sage: a[e_xy,1,2] = x*y
sage: a.add_comp_by_continuation(e_uv, W, c_uv)
sage: a.display(e_xy)
a = x*y ∂/∂x∧∂/∂y
sage: a.display(e_uv)
a = -u*v ∂/∂u∧∂/∂v
sage: s = a.interior_product(b); s
Scalar field i_a b on the 2-dimensional differentiable manifold S^2
sage: s.display()
i_a b: S^2 → ℝ
on U: (x, y) ↦ 8*x*y/(x^4 + y^4 + 2*(x^2 + 1)*y^2 + 2*x^2 + 1)
on V: (u, v) ↦ 8*u*v/(u^4 + v^4 + 2*(u^2 + 1)*v^2 + 2*u^2 + 1)

Python

>>> from sage.all import *
>>> a = M.multivector_field(Integer(2), name='a')
>>> a[e_xy,Integer(1),Integer(2)] = x*y
>>> a.add_comp_by_continuation(e_uv, W, c_uv)
>>> a.display(e_xy)
a = x*y ∂/∂x∧∂/∂y
>>> a.display(e_uv)
a = -u*v ∂/∂u∧∂/∂v
>>> s = a.interior_product(b); s
Scalar field i_a b on the 2-dimensional differentiable manifold S^2
>>> s.display()
i_a b: S^2 → ℝ
on U: (x, y) ↦ 8*x*y/(x^4 + y^4 + 2*(x^2 + 1)*y^2 + 2*x^2 + 1)
on V: (u, v) ↦ 8*u*v/(u^4 + v^4 + 2*(u^2 + 1)*v^2 + 2*u^2 + 1)

Some checks:

Sage

sage: s == a.contract(0, 1, b, 0, 1)
True
sage: s.restrict(U) == 2 * a[[e_xy,1,2]] * b[[e_xy,1,2]]
True
sage: s.restrict(V) == 2 * a[[e_uv,1,2]] * b[[e_uv,1,2]]
True

Python

>>> from sage.all import *
>>> s == a.contract(Integer(0), Integer(1), b, Integer(0), Integer(1))
True
>>> s.restrict(U) == Integer(2) * a[[e_xy,Integer(1),Integer(2)]] * b[[e_xy,Integer(1),Integer(2)]]
True
>>> s.restrict(V) == Integer(2) * a[[e_uv,Integer(1),Integer(2)]] * b[[e_uv,Integer(1),Integer(2)]]
True

wedge(other)[source]¶

Exterior product with another multivector field.

INPUT:

other – another multivector field (on the same manifold)

OUTPUT:

instance of MultivectorField representing the exterior product self ∧ other

EXAMPLES:

Exterior product of two vector fields on the 2-sphere:

Sage

sage: M = Manifold(2, 'S^2', start_index=1) # the sphere S^2
sage: U = M.open_subset('U') ; V = M.open_subset('V')
sage: M.declare_union(U,V)   # S^2 is the union of U and V
sage: c_xy.<x,y> = U.chart() # stereographic coord. North
sage: c_uv.<u,v> = V.chart() # stereographic coord. South
sage: xy_to_uv = c_xy.transition_map(c_uv, (x/(x^2+y^2), y/(x^2+y^2)),
....:                intersection_name='W', restrictions1= x^2+y^2!=0,
....:                restrictions2= u^2+v^2!=0)
sage: uv_to_xy = xy_to_uv.inverse()
sage: W = U.intersection(V) # The complement of the two poles
sage: e_xy = c_xy.frame() ; e_uv = c_uv.frame()
sage: a = M.vector_field({e_xy: [y, x]}, name='a')
sage: a.add_comp_by_continuation(e_uv, W, c_uv)
sage: b = M.vector_field({e_xy: [x^2 + y^2, y]}, name='b')
sage: b.add_comp_by_continuation(e_uv, W, c_uv)
sage: c = a.wedge(b); c
2-vector field a∧b on the 2-dimensional differentiable
 manifold S^2
sage: c.display(e_xy)
a∧b = (-x^3 - (x - 1)*y^2) ∂/∂x∧∂/∂y
sage: c.display(e_uv)
a∧b = (-v^2 + u) ∂/∂u∧∂/∂v

Python

>>> from sage.all import *
>>> M = Manifold(Integer(2), 'S^2', start_index=Integer(1)) # the sphere S^2
>>> U = M.open_subset('U') ; V = M.open_subset('V')
>>> M.declare_union(U,V)   # S^2 is the union of U and V
>>> c_xy = U.chart(names=('x', 'y',)); (x, y,) = c_xy._first_ngens(2)# stereographic coord. North
>>> c_uv = V.chart(names=('u', 'v',)); (u, v,) = c_uv._first_ngens(2)# stereographic coord. South
>>> xy_to_uv = c_xy.transition_map(c_uv, (x/(x**Integer(2)+y**Integer(2)), y/(x**Integer(2)+y**Integer(2))),
...                intersection_name='W', restrictions1= x**Integer(2)+y**Integer(2)!=Integer(0),
...                restrictions2= u**Integer(2)+v**Integer(2)!=Integer(0))
>>> uv_to_xy = xy_to_uv.inverse()
>>> W = U.intersection(V) # The complement of the two poles
>>> e_xy = c_xy.frame() ; e_uv = c_uv.frame()
>>> a = M.vector_field({e_xy: [y, x]}, name='a')
>>> a.add_comp_by_continuation(e_uv, W, c_uv)
>>> b = M.vector_field({e_xy: [x**Integer(2) + y**Integer(2), y]}, name='b')
>>> b.add_comp_by_continuation(e_uv, W, c_uv)
>>> c = a.wedge(b); c
2-vector field a∧b on the 2-dimensional differentiable
 manifold S^2
>>> c.display(e_xy)
a∧b = (-x^3 - (x - 1)*y^2) ∂/∂x∧∂/∂y
>>> c.display(e_uv)
a∧b = (-v^2 + u) ∂/∂u∧∂/∂v

class sage.manifolds.differentiable.multivectorfield.MultivectorFieldParal(vector_field_module, degree, name=None, latex_name=None)[source]¶

Bases: AlternatingContrTensor, TensorFieldParal

Multivector field with values on a parallelizable manifold.

Given a differentiable manifold \(U\), a differentiable map \(\Phi: U \rightarrow M\) to a parallelizable manifold \(M\) and a positive integer \(p\), a multivector field of degree \(p\) (or \(p\)-vector field) along \(U\) with values on \(M\supset\Phi(U)\) is a differentiable map

\[a:\ U \longrightarrow T^{(p,0)}M\]

(\(T^{(p,0)}M\) being the tensor bundle of type \((p,0)\) over \(M\)) such that

\[\forall x \in U,\quad a(x) \in \Lambda^p(T_{\Phi(x)} M) ,\]

Note

If \(M\) is not parallelizable, the class MultivectorField must be used instead.

INPUT:

vector_field_module – free module \(\mathfrak{X}(U,\Phi)\) of vector fields along \(U\) with values on \(M\) via the map \(\Phi\)
degree – the degree of the multivector field (i.e. its tensor rank)
name – (default: None) name given to the multivector field
latex_name – (default: None) LaTeX symbol to denote the multivector field; if none is provided, the LaTeX symbol is set to name

EXAMPLES:

A 2-vector field on a 4-dimensional manifold:

Sage

sage: M = Manifold(4, 'M')
sage: c_txyz.<t,x,y,z> = M.chart()
sage: a = M.multivector_field(2, name='a') ; a
2-vector field a on the 4-dimensional differentiable manifold M
sage: a.parent()
Free module A^2(M) of 2-vector fields on the 4-dimensional
 differentiable manifold M

Python

>>> from sage.all import *
>>> M = Manifold(Integer(4), 'M')
>>> c_txyz = M.chart(names=('t', 'x', 'y', 'z',)); (t, x, y, z,) = c_txyz._first_ngens(4)
>>> a = M.multivector_field(Integer(2), name='a') ; a
2-vector field a on the 4-dimensional differentiable manifold M
>>> a.parent()
Free module A^2(M) of 2-vector fields on the 4-dimensional
 differentiable manifold M

A multivector field is a tensor field of purely contravariant type:

Sage

sage: a.tensor_type()
(2, 0)

Python

>>> from sage.all import *
>>> a.tensor_type()
(2, 0)

It is antisymmetric, its components being CompFullyAntiSym:

Sage

sage: a.symmetries()
no symmetry;  antisymmetry: (0, 1)
sage: a[0,1] = 2*x
sage: a[1,0]
-2*x
sage: a.comp()
Fully antisymmetric 2-indices components w.r.t. Coordinate frame
 (M, (∂/∂t,∂/∂x,∂/∂y,∂/∂z))
sage: type(a.comp())
<class 'sage.tensor.modules.comp.CompFullyAntiSym'>

Python

>>> from sage.all import *
>>> a.symmetries()
no symmetry;  antisymmetry: (0, 1)
>>> a[Integer(0),Integer(1)] = Integer(2)*x
>>> a[Integer(1),Integer(0)]
-2*x
>>> a.comp()
Fully antisymmetric 2-indices components w.r.t. Coordinate frame
 (M, (∂/∂t,∂/∂x,∂/∂y,∂/∂z))
>>> type(a.comp())
<class 'sage.tensor.modules.comp.CompFullyAntiSym'>

Setting a component with repeated indices to a nonzero value results in an error:

Sage

sage: a[1,1] = 3
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: by antisymmetry, the component cannot have a nonzero value
 for the indices (1, 1)
sage: a[1,1] = 0  # OK, albeit useless
sage: a[1,2] = 3  # OK

Python

>>> from sage.all import *
>>> a[Integer(1),Integer(1)] = Integer(3)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: by antisymmetry, the component cannot have a nonzero value
 for the indices (1, 1)
>>> a[Integer(1),Integer(1)] = Integer(0)  # OK, albeit useless
>>> a[Integer(1),Integer(2)] = Integer(3)  # OK

The expansion of a multivector field with respect to a given frame is displayed via the method display():

Sage

sage: a.display() # expansion w.r.t. the default frame
a = 2*x ∂/∂t∧∂/∂x + 3 ∂/∂x∧∂/∂y
sage: latex(a.display()) # output for the notebook
a = 2 \, x \frac{\partial}{\partial t }\wedge \frac{\partial}{\partial x }
 + 3 \frac{\partial}{\partial x }\wedge \frac{\partial}{\partial y }

Python

>>> from sage.all import *
>>> a.display() # expansion w.r.t. the default frame
a = 2*x ∂/∂t∧∂/∂x + 3 ∂/∂x∧∂/∂y
>>> latex(a.display()) # output for the notebook
a = 2 \, x \frac{\partial}{\partial t }\wedge \frac{\partial}{\partial x }
 + 3 \frac{\partial}{\partial x }\wedge \frac{\partial}{\partial y }

Multivector fields can be added or subtracted:

Sage

sage: b = M.multivector_field(2)
sage: b[0,1], b[0,2], b[0,3] = y, 2, x+z
sage: s = a + b ; s
2-vector field on the 4-dimensional differentiable manifold M
sage: s.display()
(2*x + y) ∂/∂t∧∂/∂x + 2 ∂/∂t∧∂/∂y + (x + z) ∂/∂t∧∂/∂z + 3 ∂/∂x∧∂/∂y
sage: s = a - b ; s
2-vector field on the 4-dimensional differentiable manifold M
sage: s.display()
(2*x - y) ∂/∂t∧∂/∂x - 2 ∂/∂t∧∂/∂y + (-x - z) ∂/∂t∧∂/∂z + 3 ∂/∂x∧∂/∂y

Python

>>> from sage.all import *
>>> b = M.multivector_field(Integer(2))
>>> b[Integer(0),Integer(1)], b[Integer(0),Integer(2)], b[Integer(0),Integer(3)] = y, Integer(2), x+z
>>> s = a + b ; s
2-vector field on the 4-dimensional differentiable manifold M
>>> s.display()
(2*x + y) ∂/∂t∧∂/∂x + 2 ∂/∂t∧∂/∂y + (x + z) ∂/∂t∧∂/∂z + 3 ∂/∂x∧∂/∂y
>>> s = a - b ; s
2-vector field on the 4-dimensional differentiable manifold M
>>> s.display()
(2*x - y) ∂/∂t∧∂/∂x - 2 ∂/∂t∧∂/∂y + (-x - z) ∂/∂t∧∂/∂z + 3 ∂/∂x∧∂/∂y

An example of 3-vector field in \(\RR^3\) with Cartesian coordinates:

Sage

sage: M = Manifold(3, 'R3', latex_name=r'\RR^3', start_index=1)
sage: c_cart.<x,y,z> = M.chart()
sage: a = M.multivector_field(3, name='a')
sage: a[1,2,3] = x^2+y^2+z^2  # the only independent component
sage: a[:] # all the components are set from the previous line:
[[[0, 0, 0], [0, 0, x^2 + y^2 + z^2], [0, -x^2 - y^2 - z^2, 0]],
 [[0, 0, -x^2 - y^2 - z^2], [0, 0, 0], [x^2 + y^2 + z^2, 0, 0]],
 [[0, x^2 + y^2 + z^2, 0], [-x^2 - y^2 - z^2, 0, 0], [0, 0, 0]]]
sage: a.display()
a = (x^2 + y^2 + z^2) ∂/∂x∧∂/∂y∧∂/∂z

Python

>>> from sage.all import *
>>> M = Manifold(Integer(3), 'R3', latex_name=r'\RR^3', start_index=Integer(1))
>>> c_cart = M.chart(names=('x', 'y', 'z',)); (x, y, z,) = c_cart._first_ngens(3)
>>> a = M.multivector_field(Integer(3), name='a')
>>> a[Integer(1),Integer(2),Integer(3)] = x**Integer(2)+y**Integer(2)+z**Integer(2)  # the only independent component
>>> a[:] # all the components are set from the previous line:
[[[0, 0, 0], [0, 0, x^2 + y^2 + z^2], [0, -x^2 - y^2 - z^2, 0]],
 [[0, 0, -x^2 - y^2 - z^2], [0, 0, 0], [x^2 + y^2 + z^2, 0, 0]],
 [[0, x^2 + y^2 + z^2, 0], [-x^2 - y^2 - z^2, 0, 0], [0, 0, 0]]]
>>> a.display()
a = (x^2 + y^2 + z^2) ∂/∂x∧∂/∂y∧∂/∂z

Spherical components from the tensorial change-of-frame formula:

Sage

sage: c_spher.<r,th,ph> = M.chart(r'r:[0,+oo) th:[0,pi]:\theta ph:[0,2*pi):\phi')
sage: spher_to_cart = c_spher.transition_map(c_cart,
....:                [r*sin(th)*cos(ph), r*sin(th)*sin(ph), r*cos(th)])
sage: cart_to_spher = spher_to_cart.set_inverse(sqrt(x^2+y^2+z^2),
....:                              atan2(sqrt(x^2+y^2),z), atan2(y, x))
Check of the inverse coordinate transformation:
  r == r  *passed*
  th == arctan2(r*sin(th), r*cos(th))  **failed**
  ph == arctan2(r*sin(ph)*sin(th), r*cos(ph)*sin(th))  **failed**
  x == x  *passed*
  y == y  *passed*
  z == z  *passed*
NB: a failed report can reflect a mere lack of simplification.
sage: a.comp(c_spher.frame()) # computation of components w.r.t. spherical frame
Fully antisymmetric 3-indices components w.r.t. Coordinate frame
 (R3, (∂/∂r,∂/∂th,∂/∂ph))
sage: a.comp(c_spher.frame())[1,2,3, c_spher]
1/sin(th)
sage: a.display(c_spher.frame())
a = sqrt(x^2 + y^2 + z^2)/sqrt(x^2 + y^2) ∂/∂r∧∂/∂th∧∂/∂ph
sage: a.display(c_spher.frame(), c_spher)
a = 1/sin(th) ∂/∂r∧∂/∂th∧∂/∂ph

Python

>>> from sage.all import *
>>> c_spher = M.chart(r'r:[0,+oo) th:[0,pi]:\theta ph:[0,2*pi):\phi', names=('r', 'th', 'ph',)); (r, th, ph,) = c_spher._first_ngens(3)
>>> spher_to_cart = c_spher.transition_map(c_cart,
...                [r*sin(th)*cos(ph), r*sin(th)*sin(ph), r*cos(th)])
>>> cart_to_spher = spher_to_cart.set_inverse(sqrt(x**Integer(2)+y**Integer(2)+z**Integer(2)),
...                              atan2(sqrt(x**Integer(2)+y**Integer(2)),z), atan2(y, x))
Check of the inverse coordinate transformation:
  r == r  *passed*
  th == arctan2(r*sin(th), r*cos(th))  **failed**
  ph == arctan2(r*sin(ph)*sin(th), r*cos(ph)*sin(th))  **failed**
  x == x  *passed*
  y == y  *passed*
  z == z  *passed*
NB: a failed report can reflect a mere lack of simplification.
>>> a.comp(c_spher.frame()) # computation of components w.r.t. spherical frame
Fully antisymmetric 3-indices components w.r.t. Coordinate frame
 (R3, (∂/∂r,∂/∂th,∂/∂ph))
>>> a.comp(c_spher.frame())[Integer(1),Integer(2),Integer(3), c_spher]
1/sin(th)
>>> a.display(c_spher.frame())
a = sqrt(x^2 + y^2 + z^2)/sqrt(x^2 + y^2) ∂/∂r∧∂/∂th∧∂/∂ph
>>> a.display(c_spher.frame(), c_spher)
a = 1/sin(th) ∂/∂r∧∂/∂th∧∂/∂ph

As a shortcut of the above command, on can pass just the chart c_spher to display, the vector frame being then assumed to be the coordinate frame associated with the chart:

Sage

sage: a.display(c_spher)
a = 1/sin(th) ∂/∂r∧∂/∂th∧∂/∂ph

Python

>>> from sage.all import *
>>> a.display(c_spher)
a = 1/sin(th) ∂/∂r∧∂/∂th∧∂/∂ph

The exterior product of two multivector fields is performed via the method wedge():

Sage

sage: a = M.vector_field([x*y, -z*x, y], name='A')
sage: b = M.vector_field([y, z+y, x^2-z^2], name='B')
sage: ab = a.wedge(b) ; ab
2-vector field A∧B on the 3-dimensional differentiable manifold R3
sage: ab.display()
A∧B = (x*y^2 + 2*x*y*z) ∂/∂x∧∂/∂y + (x^3*y - x*y*z^2 - y^2) ∂/∂x∧∂/∂z
 + (x*z^3 - y^2 - (x^3 + y)*z) ∂/∂y∧∂/∂z

Python

>>> from sage.all import *
>>> a = M.vector_field([x*y, -z*x, y], name='A')
>>> b = M.vector_field([y, z+y, x**Integer(2)-z**Integer(2)], name='B')
>>> ab = a.wedge(b) ; ab
2-vector field A∧B on the 3-dimensional differentiable manifold R3
>>> ab.display()
A∧B = (x*y^2 + 2*x*y*z) ∂/∂x∧∂/∂y + (x^3*y - x*y*z^2 - y^2) ∂/∂x∧∂/∂z
 + (x*z^3 - y^2 - (x^3 + y)*z) ∂/∂y∧∂/∂z

Let us check the formula relating the exterior product to the tensor product for vector fields:

Sage

sage: a.wedge(b) == a*b - b*a
True

Python

>>> from sage.all import *
>>> a.wedge(b) == a*b - b*a
True

The tensor product of a vector field and a 2-vector field is not a 3-vector field but a tensor field of type \((3,0)\) with less symmetries:

Sage

sage: c = a*ab ; c
Tensor field A⊗(A∧B) of type (3,0) on the 3-dimensional differentiable
 manifold R3
sage: c.symmetries()  # the antisymmetry is only w.r.t. the last 2 arguments:
no symmetry;  antisymmetry: (1, 2)

Python

>>> from sage.all import *
>>> c = a*ab ; c
Tensor field A⊗(A∧B) of type (3,0) on the 3-dimensional differentiable
 manifold R3
>>> c.symmetries()  # the antisymmetry is only w.r.t. the last 2 arguments:
no symmetry;  antisymmetry: (1, 2)

The Lie derivative of a 2-vector field is a 2-vector field:

Sage

sage: ab.lie_der(a)
2-vector field on the 3-dimensional differentiable manifold R3

Python

>>> from sage.all import *
>>> ab.lie_der(a)
2-vector field on the 3-dimensional differentiable manifold R3

bracket(other)[source]¶

Return the Schouten-Nijenhuis bracket of self with another multivector field.

The Schouten-Nijenhuis bracket extends the Lie bracket of vector fields (cf. bracket()) to multivector fields.

\[\begin{split}\begin{array}{ccc} A^p(M)\times A^q(M) & \longrightarrow & A^{p+q-1}(M) \\ (a,b) & \longmapsto & [a,b] \end{array}\end{split}\]

which obeys the following properties:

if \(p=0\) and \(q=0\), (i.e. \(a\) and \(b\) are two scalar fields), \([a,b]=0\)
if \(p=0\) (i.e. \(a\) is a scalar field) and \(q\geq 1\), \([a,b] = - \iota_{\mathrm{d}a} b\) (minus the interior product of the differential of \(a\) by \(b\))
if \(p=1\) (i.e. \(a\) is a vector field), \([a,b] = \mathcal{L}_a b\) (the Lie derivative of \(b\) along \(a\))
\([a,b] = -(-1)^{(p-1)(q-1)} [b,a]\)
for any multivector field \(c\) and \((a,b) \in A^p(M)\times A^q(M)\), \([a,.]\) obeys the graded Leibniz rule

\[[a,b\wedge c] = [a,b]\wedge c + (-1)^{(p-1)q} b\wedge [a,c]\]

for \((a,b,c) \in A^p(M)\times A^q(M)\times A^r(M)\), the graded Jacobi identity holds:

\[(-1)^{(p-1)(r-1)}[a,[b,c]] + (-1)^{(q-1)(p-1)}[b,[c,a]] + (-1)^{(r-1)(q-1)}[c,[a,b]] = 0\]

Note

INPUT:

other – a multivector field

OUTPUT:

instance of MultivectorFieldParal (or of DiffScalarField if \(p=1\) and \(q=0\)) representing the Schouten-Nijenhuis bracket \([a,b]\), where \(a\) is self and \(b\) is other

EXAMPLES:

Let us consider two vector fields on a 3-dimensional manifold:

Sage

sage: M = Manifold(3, 'M')
sage: X.<x,y,z> = M.chart()
sage: a = M.vector_field([x*y+z, x+y-z, z-2*x+y], name='a')
sage: b = M.vector_field([y+2*z-x, x^2-y+z, z-x], name='b')

Python

>>> from sage.all import *
>>> M = Manifold(Integer(3), 'M')
>>> X = M.chart(names=('x', 'y', 'z',)); (x, y, z,) = X._first_ngens(3)
>>> a = M.vector_field([x*y+z, x+y-z, z-Integer(2)*x+y], name='a')
>>> b = M.vector_field([y+Integer(2)*z-x, x**Integer(2)-y+z, z-x], name='b')

and form their Schouten-Nijenhuis bracket:

Sage

sage: s = a.bracket(b); s
Vector field [a,b] on the 3-dimensional differentiable manifold M
sage: s.display()
[a,b] = (-x^3 + (x + 3)*y - y^2 - (x + 2*y + 1)*z - 2*x) ∂/∂x
 + (2*x^2*y - x^2 + 2*x*z - 3*x) ∂/∂y
 + (-x^2 - (x - 4)*y - 3*x + 2*z) ∂/∂z

Python

>>> from sage.all import *
>>> s = a.bracket(b); s
Vector field [a,b] on the 3-dimensional differentiable manifold M
>>> s.display()
[a,b] = (-x^3 + (x + 3)*y - y^2 - (x + 2*y + 1)*z - 2*x) ∂/∂x
 + (2*x^2*y - x^2 + 2*x*z - 3*x) ∂/∂y
 + (-x^2 - (x - 4)*y - 3*x + 2*z) ∂/∂z

Check that \([a,b]\) is actually the Lie bracket:

Sage

sage: f = M.scalar_field({X: x+y*z}, name='f')
sage: s(f) == a(b(f)) - b(a(f))
True

Python

>>> from sage.all import *
>>> f = M.scalar_field({X: x+y*z}, name='f')
>>> s(f) == a(b(f)) - b(a(f))
True

Check that \([a,b]\) coincides with the Lie derivative of \(b\) along \(a\):

Sage

sage: s == b.lie_derivative(a)
True

Python

>>> from sage.all import *
>>> s == b.lie_derivative(a)
True

Schouten-Nijenhuis bracket for \(p=0\) and \(q=1\):

Sage

sage: s = f.bracket(a); s
Scalar field -i_df a on the 3-dimensional differentiable manifold M
sage: s.display()
-i_df a: M → ℝ
   (x, y, z) ↦ x*y - y^2 - (x + 2*y + 1)*z + z^2

Python

>>> from sage.all import *
>>> s = f.bracket(a); s
Scalar field -i_df a on the 3-dimensional differentiable manifold M
>>> s.display()
-i_df a: M → ℝ
   (x, y, z) ↦ x*y - y^2 - (x + 2*y + 1)*z + z^2

Check that \([f,a] = - \iota_{\mathrm{d}f} a = - \mathrm{d}f(a)\):

Sage

sage: s == - f.differential()(a)
True

Python

>>> from sage.all import *
>>> s == - f.differential()(a)
True

Schouten-Nijenhuis bracket for \(p=0\) and \(q=2\):

Sage

sage: c = M.multivector_field(2, name='c')
sage: c[0,1], c[0,2], c[1,2] = x+z+1, x*y+z, x-y
sage: s = f.bracket(c); s
Vector field -i_df c on the 3-dimensional differentiable manifold M
sage: s.display()
-i_df c = (x*y^2 + (x + y + 1)*z + z^2) ∂/∂x
 + (x*y - y^2 - x - z - 1) ∂/∂y + (-x*y - (x - y + 1)*z) ∂/∂z

Python

>>> from sage.all import *
>>> c = M.multivector_field(Integer(2), name='c')
>>> c[Integer(0),Integer(1)], c[Integer(0),Integer(2)], c[Integer(1),Integer(2)] = x+z+Integer(1), x*y+z, x-y
>>> s = f.bracket(c); s
Vector field -i_df c on the 3-dimensional differentiable manifold M
>>> s.display()
-i_df c = (x*y^2 + (x + y + 1)*z + z^2) ∂/∂x
 + (x*y - y^2 - x - z - 1) ∂/∂y + (-x*y - (x - y + 1)*z) ∂/∂z

Check that \([f,c] = - \iota_{\mathrm{d}f} c\):

Sage

sage: s == - f.differential().interior_product(c)
True

Python

>>> from sage.all import *
>>> s == - f.differential().interior_product(c)
True

Schouten-Nijenhuis bracket for \(p=1\) and \(q=2\):

Sage

sage: s = a.bracket(c); s
2-vector field [a,c] on the 3-dimensional differentiable manifold M
sage: s.display()
[a,c] = ((x - 1)*y - (y - 2)*z - 2*x - 1) ∂/∂x∧∂/∂y
 + ((x + 1)*y - (x + 1)*z - 3*x - 1) ∂/∂x∧∂/∂z
 + (-5*x + y - z - 2) ∂/∂y∧∂/∂z

Python

>>> from sage.all import *
>>> s = a.bracket(c); s
2-vector field [a,c] on the 3-dimensional differentiable manifold M
>>> s.display()
[a,c] = ((x - 1)*y - (y - 2)*z - 2*x - 1) ∂/∂x∧∂/∂y
 + ((x + 1)*y - (x + 1)*z - 3*x - 1) ∂/∂x∧∂/∂z
 + (-5*x + y - z - 2) ∂/∂y∧∂/∂z

Again, since \(a\) is a vector field, the Schouten-Nijenhuis bracket coincides with the Lie derivative:

Sage

sage: s == c.lie_derivative(a)
True

Python

>>> from sage.all import *
>>> s == c.lie_derivative(a)
True

Schouten-Nijenhuis bracket for \(p=2\) and \(q=2\):

Sage

sage: d = M.multivector_field(2, name='d')
sage: d[0,1], d[0,2], d[1,2] = x-y^2, x+z, z-x-1
sage: s = c.bracket(d); s
3-vector field [c,d] on the 3-dimensional differentiable manifold M
sage: s.display()
[c,d] = (-y^3 + (3*x + 1)*y - y^2 - x - z + 2) ∂/∂x∧∂/∂y∧∂/∂z

Python

>>> from sage.all import *
>>> d = M.multivector_field(Integer(2), name='d')
>>> d[Integer(0),Integer(1)], d[Integer(0),Integer(2)], d[Integer(1),Integer(2)] = x-y**Integer(2), x+z, z-x-Integer(1)
>>> s = c.bracket(d); s
3-vector field [c,d] on the 3-dimensional differentiable manifold M
>>> s.display()
[c,d] = (-y^3 + (3*x + 1)*y - y^2 - x - z + 2) ∂/∂x∧∂/∂y∧∂/∂z

Let us check the component formula (with respect to the manifold’s default coordinate chart, i.e. X) for \(p=q=2\), taking into account the tensor antisymmetries:

Sage

sage: s[0,1,2] == - sum(c[i,0]*d[1,2].diff(i)
....:                 + c[i,1]*d[2,0].diff(i) + c[i,2]*d[0,1].diff(i)
....:                 + d[i,0]*c[1,2].diff(i) + d[i,1]*c[2,0].diff(i)
....:                 + d[i,2]*c[0,1].diff(i) for i in M.irange())
True

Python

>>> from sage.all import *
>>> s[Integer(0),Integer(1),Integer(2)] == - sum(c[i,Integer(0)]*d[Integer(1),Integer(2)].diff(i)
...                 + c[i,Integer(1)]*d[Integer(2),Integer(0)].diff(i) + c[i,Integer(2)]*d[Integer(0),Integer(1)].diff(i)
...                 + d[i,Integer(0)]*c[Integer(1),Integer(2)].diff(i) + d[i,Integer(1)]*c[Integer(2),Integer(0)].diff(i)
...                 + d[i,Integer(2)]*c[Integer(0),Integer(1)].diff(i) for i in M.irange())
True

Schouten-Nijenhuis bracket for \(p=1\) and \(q=3\):

Sage

sage: e = M.multivector_field(3, name='e')
sage: e[0,1,2] = x+y*z+1
sage: s = a.bracket(e); s
3-vector field [a,e] on the 3-dimensional differentiable manifold M
sage: s.display()
[a,e] = (-(2*x + 1)*y + y^2 - (y^2 - x - 1)*z - z^2
 - 2*x - 2) ∂/∂x∧∂/∂y∧∂/∂z

Python

>>> from sage.all import *
>>> e = M.multivector_field(Integer(3), name='e')
>>> e[Integer(0),Integer(1),Integer(2)] = x+y*z+Integer(1)
>>> s = a.bracket(e); s
3-vector field [a,e] on the 3-dimensional differentiable manifold M
>>> s.display()
[a,e] = (-(2*x + 1)*y + y^2 - (y^2 - x - 1)*z - z^2
 - 2*x - 2) ∂/∂x∧∂/∂y∧∂/∂z

Again, since \(p=1\), the bracket coincides with the Lie derivative:

Sage

sage: s == e.lie_derivative(a)
True

Python

>>> from sage.all import *
>>> s == e.lie_derivative(a)
True

Schouten-Nijenhuis bracket for \(p=2\) and \(q=3\):

Sage

sage: s = c.bracket(e); s
4-vector field [c,e] on the 3-dimensional differentiable manifold M

Python

>>> from sage.all import *
>>> s = c.bracket(e); s
4-vector field [c,e] on the 3-dimensional differentiable manifold M

Since on a 3-dimensional manifold, any 4-vector field is zero, we have:

Sage

sage: s.display()
[c,e] = 0

Python

>>> from sage.all import *
>>> s.display()
[c,e] = 0

Let us check the graded commutation law \([a,b] = -(-1)^{(p-1)(q-1)} [b,a]\) for various values of \(p\) and \(q\):

Sage

sage: f.bracket(a) == - a.bracket(f)  # p=0 and q=1
True
sage: f.bracket(c) == c.bracket(f)    # p=0 and q=2
True
sage: a.bracket(b) == - b.bracket(a)  # p=1 and q=1
True
sage: a.bracket(c) == - c.bracket(a)  # p=1 and q=2
True
sage: c.bracket(d) == d.bracket(c)    # p=2 and q=2
True

Python

>>> from sage.all import *
>>> f.bracket(a) == - a.bracket(f)  # p=0 and q=1
True
>>> f.bracket(c) == c.bracket(f)    # p=0 and q=2
True
>>> a.bracket(b) == - b.bracket(a)  # p=1 and q=1
True
>>> a.bracket(c) == - c.bracket(a)  # p=1 and q=2
True
>>> c.bracket(d) == d.bracket(c)    # p=2 and q=2
True

Let us check the graded Leibniz rule for \(p=1\) and \(q=1\):

Sage

sage: a.bracket(b.wedge(c)) == a.bracket(b).wedge(c) + b.wedge(a.bracket(c))  # long time
True

Python

>>> from sage.all import *
>>> a.bracket(b.wedge(c)) == a.bracket(b).wedge(c) + b.wedge(a.bracket(c))  # long time
True

as well as for \(p=2\) and \(q=1\):

Sage

sage: c.bracket(a.wedge(b)) == c.bracket(a).wedge(b) - a.wedge(c.bracket(b))  # long time
True

Python

>>> from sage.all import *
>>> c.bracket(a.wedge(b)) == c.bracket(a).wedge(b) - a.wedge(c.bracket(b))  # long time
True

Finally let us check the graded Jacobi identity for \(p=1\), \(q=1\) and \(r=2\):

Sage

sage: # long time
sage: a_bc = a.bracket(b.bracket(c))
sage: b_ca = b.bracket(c.bracket(a))
sage: c_ab = c.bracket(a.bracket(b))
sage: a_bc + b_ca + c_ab == 0
True

Python

>>> from sage.all import *
>>> # long time
>>> a_bc = a.bracket(b.bracket(c))
>>> b_ca = b.bracket(c.bracket(a))
>>> c_ab = c.bracket(a.bracket(b))
>>> a_bc + b_ca + c_ab == Integer(0)
True

as well as for \(p=1\), \(q=2\) and \(r=2\):

Sage

sage: # long time
sage: a_cd = a.bracket(c.bracket(d))
sage: c_da = c.bracket(d.bracket(a))
sage: d_ac = d.bracket(a.bracket(c))
sage: a_cd + c_da - d_ac == 0
True

Python

>>> from sage.all import *
>>> # long time
>>> a_cd = a.bracket(c.bracket(d))
>>> c_da = c.bracket(d.bracket(a))
>>> d_ac = d.bracket(a.bracket(c))
>>> a_cd + c_da - d_ac == Integer(0)
True

interior_product(form)[source]¶

Interior product with a differential form.

\[(\iota_A B)_{i_1\ldots i_{q-p}} = A^{k_1\ldots k_p} B_{k_1\ldots k_p i_1\ldots i_{q-p}}\]

Note

INPUT:

form – differential form \(B\) (instance of DiffFormParal); the degree of \(B\) must be at least equal to the degree of self

OUTPUT:

scalar field (case \(p=q\)) or DiffFormParal (case \(p<q\)) representing the interior product \(\iota_A B\), where \(A\) is self