Details of external packages

Packages are in alphabetical order.

• 4ti2: Algebraic, geometric and combinatorial problems on linear spaces
• _bootstrap: Represents system packages required for running the top-level bootstrap script
• _develop: Represents system packages recommended for development
• _prereq: Represents system packages required for installing SageMath from source
• _recommended: Represents system packages recommended for additional functionality
• _sagemath: Downstream package of Sage in distributions
• admcycles: Computation in the tautological ring of the moduli space of curves
• alabaster: Default theme for the Sphinx documentation system
• anyio: High level compatibility layer for multiple asynchronous event loop implementations
• appdirs: Small Python module for determining appropriate platform-specific dirs, e.g. a “user data dir”
• appnope: Disable App Nap on macOS >= 10.9
• argon2_cffi: The secure Argon2 password hashing algorithm
• argon2_cffi_bindings: Low-level CFFI bindings for Argon2
• arrow: Better dates & times for Python
• asttokens: Annotate AST trees with source code positions
• async_lru: Simple LRU cache for asyncio
• attrs: Decorator for Python classes with attributes
• auditwheel_or_delocate: Repair wheels on Linux or macOS
• awali: Computation of/with finite state machines
• babel: Internationalization utilities
• barvinok: Projections of integer point sets of parametric polytopes
• beautifulsoup4: Screen-scraping library
• beniget: Extract semantic information about static Python code
• benzene: Generate fusenes and benzenoids with a given number of faces
• biopython: Tools for computational molecular biology
• bleach: An HTML-sanitizing tool
• bliss: Computing automorphism groups and canonical forms of graphs
• boost_cropped: Portable C++ libraries (subset needed for Sage)
• brial: Boolean Ring Algebra implementation using binary decision diagrams
• buckygen: Efficient generation of nonisomorphic fullerenes
• bzip2: High-quality data compressor
• cachetools: Extensible memoizing collections and decorators
• calver: Setuptools extension for CalVer package versions
• cbc: COIN-OR branch and cut solver for mixed-integer programs
• ccache: A compiler cache
• cddlib: Double description method for polyhedral representation conversion
• certifi: Python package for providing Mozilla’s CA Bundle
• cffi: Foreign Function Interface for Python calling C code
• chardet: Universal encoding detector for Python 3
• charset_normalizer: The Real First Universal Charset Detector. Open, modern and actively maintained alternative to Chardet.
• clarabel: Clarabel Conic Interior Point Solver for Rust / Python
• cliquer: Routines for clique searching
• cmake: A cross-platform build system generator
• cocoalib: Computations in commutative algebra
• colorama: Cross-platform colored terminal text
• combinatorial_designs: Data from the Handbook of Combinatorial Designs
• comm: Jupyter Python Comm implementation, for usage in ipykernel, xeus-python etc.
• configure: Files of the Sage distribution that are autogenerated in the bootstrapping phase
• contourpy: Python library for calculating contours of 2D quadrilateral grids
• conway_polynomials: Python interface to Frank Lübeck’s Conway polynomial database
• coxeter3: Library for Coxeter groups, Bruhat ordering, Kazhdan-Lusztig polynomials
• cppy: C++ headers for C extension development
• csdp: Solver for semidefinite programs
• cunningham_tables: List of the prime numbers occuring in the Cunningham table
• curl: Multiprotocol data transfer library and utility
• cvxopt: Python software for convex optimization
• cvxpy: Domain-specific language for modeling convex optimization problems in Python
• cycler: Composable cycles
• cylp: Python interface for CLP, CBC, and CGL
• cypari2: Python interface to the number theory library libpari
• cysignals: Interrupt and signal handling for Cython
• cython: C-Extensions for Python, an optimizing static compiler
• d3js: JavaScript library for manipulating documents based on data
• database_cremona_ellcurve: Database of elliptic curves
• database_cubic_hecke: Ivan Marin’s representations of the cubic Hecke algebra
• database_jones_numfield: Table of number fields
• database_knotinfo: Content of the KnotInfo and LinkInfo databases as lists of dictionaries
• database_kohel: Database of modular and Hilbert polynomials
• database_mutation_class: Database of exceptional mutation classes of quivers
• database_odlyzko_zeta: Table of zeros of the Riemann zeta function
• database_stein_watkins: Database of elliptic curves (full version)
• database_stein_watkins_mini: Database of elliptic curves (small version)
• database_symbolic_data: Database from the SymbolicData project
• dateutil: Extensions to the standard Python module datetime
• debugpy: Implementation of the Debug Adapter Protocol for Python
• decorator: Python library providing decorators
• deformation: Count points on hypersurfaces using the deformation method
• defusedxml: Addresses vulnerabilities of XML parsers and XML libraries
• distlib: Distribution utilities
• docutils: Processing plaintext documentation into useful formats, such as HTML or LaTeX
• dot2tex: Create PGF/TikZ commands from Graphviz output
• dsdp: Semidefinite programming solver
• e_antic: Real embedded number fields
• ecl: An implementation of the Common Lisp language
• eclib: Enumerating and computing with elliptic curves defined over the rational numbers
• ecm: Elliptic curve method for integer factorization
• ecos_python: Embedded Cone Solver (Python wrapper)
• editables: Editable installations
• elliptic_curves: Databases of elliptic curves
• entrypoints: Discover and load entry points from installed Python packages
• exceptiongroup: Backport of PEP 654 (exception groups)
• executing: Get the currently executing AST node of a frame, and other information
• fastjsonschema: Fastest Python implementation of JSON schema
• fflas_ffpack: Dense linear algebra over word-size finite fields
• ffmpeg: ffmpeg video converter
• filelock: Platform independent file lock
• flint: Fast Library for Number Theory
• flit_core: Distribution-building parts of Flit. See flit package for more information
• fonttools: Tools to manipulate font files
• fplll: Lattice algorithms, including LLL with floating-point orthogonalization
• fpylll: Python interface for FPLLL
• fqdn: Validates fully-qualified domain names against RFC 1123, so that they are acceptable to modern bowsers
• free_fonts: a free family of scalable outline fonts
• freetype: A free, high-quality, and portable font engine
• fricas: A general purpose computer algebra system
• frobby: Computations on monomial ideals
• furo: A clean customizable Sphinx documentation theme
• gap: Groups, Algorithms, Programming - a system for computational discrete algebra
• gap3: A minimal distribution of GAP 3 containing packages that have no equivalent in GAP 4
• gap_jupyter: Jupyter kernel for GAP
• gap_packages: A collection of GAP packages
• gast: Python AST that abstracts the underlying Python version
• gc: The Boehm-Demers-Weiser conservative garbage collector
• gcc: The GNU Compiler Collection or other suitable C and C++ compilers
• gdb: The GNU Project debugger
• gengetopt: getopt_long parser generator
• gf2x: Fast arithmetic in GF(2)[x] and searching for irreducible/primitive trinomials
• gfan: Groebner fans and tropical varieties
• gfortran: Fortran compiler from the GNU Compiler Collection
• giac: A general purpose computer algebra system
• git: Version control system
• github_cli: Command-line interface for GitHub
• gitpython: GitPython is a python library used to interact with Git repositories
• givaro: C++ library for arithmetic and algebraic computations
• glpk: GNU Linear Programming Kit
• glucose: A SAT solver
• gmp: Library for arbitrary precision arithmetic
• gmpy2: Python interface to GMP/MPIR, MPFR, and MPC
• gnulib: Modules imported from Gnulib
• gnumake_tokenpool: Jobclient and jobserver for the GNU make tokenpool protocol
• gp2c: A compiler for translating GP routines to C
• graphs: A database of combinatorial graphs
• graphviz: Graph visualization software
• gsl: The GNU Scientific Library
• h11: A pure-Python, bring-your-own-I/O implementation of HTTP/1.1
• hatchling: Modern, extensible Python build backend
• httpcore: Minimal low-level HTTP client
• httpx: The next generation HTTP client.
• hypothesis: A library for property-based testing
• iconv: Library for language/country-dependent character encodings
• idna: Internationalized Domain Names in Applications (IDNA)
• igraph: A library for creating and manipulating graphs
• imagemagick: A collection of tools and libraries for many image file formats
• imagesize: Getting image size from png/jpeg/jpeg2000/gif file
• iml: Integer Matrix Library
• importlib_metadata: Library to access the metadata for a Python package
• importlib_resources: Read resources from Python packages
• info: stand-alone Info documentation reader
• ipykernel: IPython Kernel for Jupyter
• ipympl: Matplotlib Jupyter Extension
• ipython: Interactive computing environment with an enhanced interactive Python shell
• ipython_genutils: Vestigial utilities from IPython
• ipywidgets: Interactive HTML widgets for Jupyter notebooks and the IPython kernel
• isl: Sets and relations of integer points bounded by affine constraints
• isoduration: Operations with ISO 8601 durations
• jedi: Static analysis tool providing IDE support for Python
• jinja2: General purpose template engine for Python
• jmol: Java viewer for chemical structures in 3D
• json5: Python implementation of the JSON5 data format
• jsonpointer: Identify specific nodes in a JSON document (RFC 6901)
• jsonschema: Python implementation of JSON Schema
• jsonschema_specifications: The JSON Schema meta-schemas and vocabularies, exposed as a Registry
• jupymake: A Python wrapper for the polymake shell
• jupyter_client: Jupyter protocol implementation and client libraries
• jupyter_core: Jupyter core package
• jupyter_events: Jupyter Event System library
• jupyter_jsmol: JSmol viewer widget for Jupyter
• jupyter_lsp: Multi-Language Server WebSocket proxy for Jupyter Notebook/Lab server
• jupyter_server: The backend (core services, APIs, REST endpoints) to Jupyter web applications
• jupyter_server_terminals: A Jupyter Server Extension Providing Terminals
• jupyter_sphinx: Jupyter Sphinx Extension
• jupyterlab: JupyterLab computational environment
• jupyterlab_mathjax2: A MathJax Typesetting provider for JupyterLab 4 and above
• jupyterlab_pygments: Pygments theme using JupyterLab CSS variables
• jupyterlab_server: Set of server components for JupyterLab and JupyterLab like applications
• jupyterlab_widgets: Jupyter interactive widgets for JupyterLab
• kenzo: Construct topological spaces and compute homology groups
• kissat: SAT solver
• kiwisolver: Fast implementation of the Cassowary constraint solver
• latte_int: Count lattice points, compute volumes, and integrate over convex polytopes
• lcalc: L-function calculator
• libatomic_ops: Access hardware-provided atomic memory update operations
• libbraiding: Computing with braids
• libffi: A portable foreign-function interface library
• libgd: Dynamic graphics generation tool
• libgraphviz: Graph visualization software (callable library)
• libhomfly: Compute the homfly polynomial of knots and links
• libjpeg: JPEG image support
• liblzma: General-purpose data compression software
• libnauty: Find automorphism groups of graphs, generate non-isomorphic graphs (callable library)
• libogg: Library for the Ogg multimedia container format
• libpng: Bitmap image support
• libsemigroups: Library for semigroups and monoids
• libtheora: Library for the Theora video codec
• libxml2: XML parser and toolkit
• lidia: A library for computational number theory
• lie: Library for the representation theory of complex semisimple Lie groups and algebras
• linbox: Linear algebra with dense, sparse, structured matrices over the integers and finite fields
• llvm: The LLVM Compiler Infrastructure, including the Clang C/C++/Objective-C compiler
• lrcalc: Littlewood-Richardson calculator
• lrcalc_python: Littlewood-Richardson calculator
• lrslib: Reverse search algorithm for vertex enumeration and convex hull problems
• m4ri: fast arithmetic with dense matrices over GF(2)
• m4rie: Arithmetic with dense matrices over GF(2^e)
• markupsafe: Safely add untrusted strings to HTML/XML markup
• mathics: General-purpose computer algebra system
• mathics_scanner: Character Tables and Tokenizer for Mathics and the Wolfram Language
• mathjax: A JavaScript library for displaying mathematical formulas
• matplotlib: Python 2D plotting library
• matplotlib_inline: Inline Matplotlib backend for Jupyter
• matroid_database: Python interface to matroid database
• maxima: System for manipulating symbolic and numerical expressions
• mcqd: An exact algorithm for finding a maximum clique in an undirected graph
• meataxe: Library for computing with modular representations
• memory_allocator: An extension class to allocate memory easily with Cython
• meson: A high performance build system
• meson_python: Meson Python build backend (PEP 517)
• mistune: Sane and fast Markdown parser with useful plugins and renderers
• modular_decomposition: A modular decomposition algorithm
• modular_resolution: Modular cohomology rings of finite groups
• mpc: Arithmetic of complex numbers with arbitrarily high precision and correct rounding
• mpfi: Multiple precision interval arithmetic library based on MPFR
• mpfr: Multiple-precision floating-point computations with correct rounding
• mpfrcx: Arithmetic of univariate polynomials over arbitrary precision real or complex numbers
• mpmath: Pure Python library for multiprecision floating-point arithmetic
• msolve: Multivariate polynomial system solver
• nauty: Find automorphism groups of graphs, generate non-isomorphic graphs
• nbclient: Client library for executing notebooks. Formerly nbconvert’s ExecutePreprocessor
• nbconvert: Converting Jupyter Notebooks
• nbformat: The Jupyter Notebook format
• ncurses: Classic terminal output library
• nest_asyncio: Patch asyncio to allow nested event loops
• networkx: Python package for complex networks
• nibabel: Access a multitude of neuroimaging data formats
• ninja_build: A build system with a focus on speed
• normaliz: Computations in affine monoids, vector configurations, lattice polytopes, and rational cones
• notebook: Jupyter notebook, a web-based notebook environment for interactive computing
• notebook_shim: A shim layer for notebook traits and config
• notedown: Create IPython notebooks from markdown
• ntl: A library for doing number theory
• numpy: Package for scientific computing with Python
• onetbb: oneAPI Threading Building Blocks
• openblas: An optimized implementation of BLAS (Basic Linear Algebra Subprograms)
• openssl: Implementation of the SSL and TLS protocols
• ore_algebra: Ore algebra
• osqp_python: The Operator Splitting QP Solver (Python wrapper)
• overrides: Decorator to automatically detect mismatch when overriding a method
• p_group_cohomology: Modular cohomology rings of finite groups
• packaging: Core utilities for Python packages
• palettable: Color palettes for Python
• palp: A package for Analyzing Lattice Polytopes
• pandoc: A document converter
• pandoc_attributes: A parser and generator for pandoc block attributes
• pandocfilters: A Python module for writing pandoc filters
• papilo: Parallel presolve for integer and linear optimization
• pari: Computer algebra system for fast computations in number theory
• pari_elldata: PARI data package for elliptic curves
• pari_galdata: PARI data package needed to compute Galois groups in degrees 8 through 11
• pari_galpol: PARI data package for polynomials defining Galois extensions of the rationals
• pari_jupyter: Jupyter kernel for PARI/GP
• pari_nftables: PARI data package for number fields
• pari_seadata: PARI data package needed by ellap for large primes (full version)
• pari_seadata_small: PARI data package needed by ellap for large primes (small version)
• parso: Python Parser
• patch: Applies diffs and patches to files
• patchelf: A small utility to modify the dynamic linker and RPATH of ELF executables
• pathspec: Utility library for gitignore style pattern matching of file paths
• pdf2svg: PDF to SVG convertor
• perl_cpan_polymake_prereq: Represents all Perl packages that are prerequisites for polymake
• perl_mongodb: A prerequisite for polymake’s PolyDB feature
• perl_term_readline_gnu: Perl extension for the GNU Readline/History libraries
• pexpect: Python module for controlling and automating other programs
• phitigra: Graph editor for SageMath/Jupyter
• pickleshare: A ‘shelve’ like datastore with concurrency support
• pillow: Python Imaging Library
• pint: Physical quantities module
• pip: Tool for installing and managing Python packages
• pkgconf: An implementation of the pkg-config spec
• pkgconfig: Python interface to pkg-config
• planarity: Planarity-related graph algorithms
• plantri: Generate non-isomorphic sphere-embdedded graphs
• platformdirs: Small Python package for determining appropriate platform-specific dirs, e.g. a “user data dir”
• pluggy: Plugin and hook calling mechanisms for python
• ply: Python Lex & Yacc
• polylib: Operations on unions of polyhedra
• polymake: Computations with polyhedra, fans, simplicial complexes, matroids, graphs, tropical hypersurfaces
• polytopes_db: Databases of 2- and 3-dimensional reflexive polytopes
• polytopes_db_4d: Database of 4-dimensional reflexive polytopes
• ppl: Parma Polyhedra Library
• pplpy: Python interface to the Parma Polyhedra Library
• pplpy_doc: Python interface to the Parma Polyhedra Library (documentation)
• primecount: Algorithms for counting primes
• primecountpy: Cython interface for C++ primecount library
• primesieve: CLI program and C/C++ library for generating primes
• prometheus_client: Python client for the systems monitoring and alerting toolkit Prometheus
• prompt_toolkit: Interactive command lines for Python
• psutil: Cross-platform lib for process and system monitoring in Python.
• ptyprocess: Python interaction with subprocesses in a pseudoterminal
• pure_eval: Safely evaluate AST nodes without side effects
• py: Library with cross-python path, ini-parsing, io, code, log facilities
• pybind11: Create Python bindings to C++ code
• pybtex: A BibTeX-compatible bibliography processor in Python
• pycosat: SAT solver picosat with Python bindings
• pycparser: Parser of the C language in Python
• pycryptosat: Python module of cryptominisat
• pygments: Generic syntax highlighter
• pygraphviz: Python interface to Graphviz
• pynormaliz: Python bindings for the normaliz library
• pyparsing: A Python parsing module
• pyppeteer: Headless chrome/chromium automation library
• pyproject_api: API to interact with the python pyproject.toml based projects
• pyproject_hooks: Wrappers to call pyproject.toml-based build backend hooks.
• pyproject_metadata: PEP 621 metadata parsing
• pyrsistent: Persistent data structures in Python
• pyscipopt: Python interface and modeling environment for SCIP
• pysingular: A basic Python interface to Singular
• pytest: Simple powerful testing with Python
• pytest_mock: Thin-wrapper around the mock package for easier use with pytest
• pytest_xdist: pytest xdist plugin for distributed testing and loop-on-failing modes
• python3: The Python programming language
• python_build: A simple, correct PEP517 package builder
• python_flint: Bindings for FLINT and Arb
• python_igraph: Python bindings for igraph
• python_json_logger: Python library adding a json log formatter
• pythran: Ahead of Time compiler for numeric kernels
• pytz: Timezone definitions for Python
• pytz_deprecation_shim: Shims to make deprecation of pytz easier
• pyx: Generate PostScript, PDF, and SVG files in Python
• pyyaml: YAML parser and emitter for Python
• pyzmq: Python bindings for the zeromq networking library
• qdldl_python: QDLDL, a free LDL factorization routine (Python wrapper)
• qepcad: Quantifier elimination by partial cylindrical algebraic decomposition
• qhull: Compute convex hulls, Delaunay triangulations, Voronoi diagrams
• r: A free software environment for statistical computing and graphics
• r_jupyter: Jupyter kernel for R
• readline: Command line editing library
• referencing: JSON Referencing + Python
• requests: An HTTP library for Python
• rfc3339_validator: A pure python RFC3339 validator
• rfc3986_validator: Pure python rfc3986 validator
• rpy2: Python interface to R
• rst2ipynb: Convert reStructuredText files to Jupyter notebooks
• rubiks: Programs for Rubik’s cube
• rw: Compute rank-width and rank-decompositions
• saclib: Computations with real algebraic numbers
• sage_conf: Configuration module for the SageMath library (distributable version)
• sage_docbuild: Build system of the Sage documentation
• sage_flatsurf: Flat surfaces in SageMath
• sage_numerical_backends_coin: COIN-OR backend for Sage MixedIntegerLinearProgram
• sage_numerical_backends_cplex: Cplex backend for Sage MixedIntegerLinearProgram
• sage_numerical_backends_gurobi: Gurobi backend for Sage MixedIntegerLinearProgram
• sage-setup: Build system of the SageMath library
• sage_sws2rst: Translate legacy Sage worksheet files (.sws) to reStructuredText (.rst) files
• sagemath_bliss: Graph (iso/auto)morphisms with bliss
• sagemath_categories: Sage categories and basic rings
• sagemath_coxeter3: Coxeter groups, Bruhat ordering, Kazhdan-Lusztig polynomials with coxeter3
• sagemath_doc_html: SageMath documentation in HTML format
• sagemath_doc_pdf: SageMath documentation in PDF format
• sagemath_environment: System and software environment
• sagemath_mcqd: Finding maximum cliques with mcqd
• sagemath_meataxe: Matrices over small finite fields with meataxe
• sagemath_objects: Sage objects, elements, parents, categories, coercion, metaclasses
• sagemath_repl: IPython kernel, Sage preparser, doctester
• sagemath_sirocco: Certified root continuation with sirocco
• sagemath_tdlib: Tree decompositions with tdlib
• sagenb_export: Convert legacy SageNB notebooks to Jupyter notebooks and other formats
• sagetex: Embed code, results of computations, and plots from Sage into LaTeX documents
• sbcl: a lisp compiler and runtime system
• scip: Mixed integer programming solver
• scip_sdp: Mixed integer semidefinite programming plugin for SCIP
• scipy: Scientific tools for Python
• scs: Splitting conic solver
• send2trash: Send file to trash natively under Mac OS X, Windows and Linux
• setuptools: Build system for Python packages
• setuptools_scm: Python build system extension to obtain package version from version control
• singular: Computer algebra system for polynomial computations, algebraic geometry, singularity theory
• singular_jupyter: Jupyter kernel for Singular
• sirocco: Compute topologically certified root continuation of bivariate polynomials
• six: Python 2 and 3 compatibility utilities
• slabbe: Sébastien Labbé’s Research code
• snappy: Topology and geometry of 3-manifolds, with a focus on hyperbolic structures
• sniffio: Sniff out which async library your code is running under
• snowballstemmer: Stemmer algorithms for natural language processing in Python
• soplex: Linear optimization solver using the revised simplex method
• soupsieve: Modern CSS selector implementation for Beautiful Soup
• sphinx: Python documentation generator
• sphinx_basic_ng: Modern skeleton for Sphinx themes
• sphinx_copybutton: Add a copy button to each of your code cells
• sphinx_inline_tabs: Add inline tabbed content to your Sphinx documentation
• sphinxcontrib_applehelp: Sphinx extension which outputs Apple help book
• sphinxcontrib_devhelp: Sphinx extension which outputs Devhelp documents
• sphinxcontrib_htmlhelp: Sphinx extension which outputs HTML help book
• sphinxcontrib_jsmath: Sphinx extension which renders display math in HTML via JavaScript
• sphinxcontrib_qthelp: Sphinx extension which outputs QtHelp documents
• sphinxcontrib_serializinghtml: Sphinx extension which outputs serialized HTML files
• sphinxcontrib_websupport: Sphinx API for Web apps
• sqlalchemy: A database abstraction library
• sqlite: An SQL database engine
• stack_data: Extract data from python stack frames and tracebacks for informative displays
• suitesparse: A suite of sparse matrix software
• surf: Visualization of algebraic curves, algebraic surfaces and hyperplane sections of surfaces
• surface_dynamics: dynamics on surfaces (measured foliations, interval exchange transformation, Teichmüller flow, etc)
• symengine: A C++ symbolic manipulation library
• symengine_py: Python wrappers for SymEngine
• symmetrica: Library for representation theory
• sympow: Computes special values of symmetric power elliptic curve L-functions
• sympy: Python library for symbolic mathematics
• tachyon: A ray tracing system
• tdlib: Algorithms for computing tree decompositions of graphs
• terminado: Tornado websocket backend for the term.js Javascript terminal emulator library
• texlive: A comprehensive TeX system
• texlive_luatex: LuaTeX packages
• texttable: Python module for creating simple ASCII tables
• threejs: JavaScript library to display 3D graphics in the browser
• tides: Integration of ODEs
• tinycss2: A tiny CSS parser
• tomli: A lil’ TOML parser
• topcom: Compute triangulations of point configurations and oriented matroids
• tornado: Python web framework and asynchronous networking library
• tox: tox is a generic virtualenv management and test command line tool
• traitlets: Traitlets Python configuration system
• trove_classifiers: Canonical source for classifiers on PyPI (pypi.org)
• types_python_dateutil: Typing stubs for python-dateutil
• typing_extensions: Backported and Experimental Type Hints for Python 3.8+
• tzdata: Provider of IANA time zone data
• tzlocal: Python timezone information for the local timezone
• uri_template: RFC 6570 URI Template Processor
• urllib3: HTTP library with thread-safe connection pooling, file post, and more
• valgrind: Memory error detector, call graph generator, runtime profiler
• virtualenv: Virtual Python Environment builder
• wcwidth: Measures the displayed width of unicode strings in a terminal
• webcolors: Library for working with the color formats defined by HTML and CSS
• webencodings: Character encoding aliases for legacy web content
• websocket_client: WebSocket client for Python with low level API options
• wheel: A built-package format for Python
• widgetsnbextension: Jupyter interactive widgets for Jupyter Notebook
• xindy: a general-purpose index processor
• xz: General-purpose data compression software
• zeromq: A modern networking library
• zipp: A pathlib-compatible zipfile object wrapper
• zlib: Data compression library