Jacobi elliptic functions#
This module implements the 12 Jacobi elliptic functions, along with their inverses and the Jacobi amplitude function.
Jacobi elliptic functions can be thought of as generalizations of both ordinary and hyperbolic trig functions. There are twelve Jacobian elliptic functions. Each of the twelve corresponds to an arrow drawn from one corner of a rectangle to another.
n ------------------- d
| |
| |
| |
s ------------------- c
Each of the corners of the rectangle are labeled, by convention, s
,
c
, d
, and n
. The rectangle is understood to be lying on the complex
plane, so that s
is at the origin, c
is on the real axis, and n
is
on the imaginary axis. The twelve Jacobian elliptic functions are
then \(\operatorname{pq}(x)\), where p
and q
are one of the letters
s
, c
, d
, n
.
The Jacobian elliptic functions are then the unique doubly-periodic, meromorphic functions satisfying the following three properties:
There is a simple zero at the corner
p
, and a simple pole at the cornerq
.The step from
p
toq
is equal to half the period of the function \(\operatorname{pq}(x)\); that is, the function \(\operatorname{pq}(x)\) is periodic in the directionpq
, with the period being twice the distance fromp
toq
. \(\operatorname{pq}(x)\) is periodic in the other two directions as well, with a period such that the distance fromp
to one of the other corners is a quarter period.If the function \(\operatorname{pq}(x)\) is expanded in terms of \(x\) at one of the corners, the leading term in the expansion has a coefficient of 1. In other words, the leading term of the expansion of \(\operatorname{pq}(x)\) at the corner
p
is \(x\); the leading term of the expansion at the cornerq
is \(1/x\), and the leading term of an expansion at the other two corners is 1.
We can write
where p
, q
, and r
are any of the
letters s
, c
, d
, n
, with
the understanding that \(\mathrm{ss} = \mathrm{cc} = \mathrm{dd}
= \mathrm{nn} = 1\).
Let
then the Jacobi elliptic function \(\operatorname{sn}(u)\) is given by
and \(\operatorname{cn}(u)\) is given by
and
To emphasize the dependence on \(m\), one can write \(\operatorname{sn}(u|m)\) for example (and similarly for \(\mathrm{cn}\) and \(\mathrm{dn}\)). This is the notation used below.
For a given \(k\) with \(0 < k < 1\) they therefore are solutions to the following nonlinear ordinary differential equations:
\(\operatorname{sn}\,(x;k)\) solves the differential equations
\[\frac{d^2 y}{dx^2} + (1+k^2) y - 2 k^2 y^3 = 0 \quad \text{ and } \quad \left(\frac{dy}{dx}\right)^2 = (1-y^2) (1-k^2 y^2).\]\(\operatorname{cn}(x;k)\) solves the differential equations
\[\frac{d^2 y}{dx^2} + (1-2k^2) y + 2 k^2 y^3 = 0 \quad \text{ and } \quad \left(\frac{dy}{dx}\right)^2 = (1-y^2)(1-k^2 + k^2 y^2).\]\(\operatorname{dn}(x;k)\) solves the differential equations
\[\frac{d^2 y}{dx^2} - (2 - k^2) y + 2 y^3 = 0 \quad \text{ and } \quad \left(\frac{dy}{dx}\right)^2 = y^2 (1 - k^2 - y^2).\]If \(K(m)\) denotes the complete elliptic integral of the first kind (named
elliptic_kc
in Sage), the elliptic functions \(\operatorname{sn}(x|m)\) and \(\operatorname{cn}(x|m)\) have real periods \(4K(m)\), whereas \(\operatorname{dn}(x|m)\) has a period \(2K(m)\). The limit \(m \rightarrow 0\) gives \(K(0) = \pi/2\) and trigonometric functions: \(\operatorname{sn}(x|0) = \sin{x}\), \(\operatorname{cn}(x|0) = \cos{x}\), \(\operatorname{dn}(x|0) = 1\). The limit \(m \rightarrow 1\) gives \(K(1) \rightarrow \infty\) and hyperbolic functions: \(\operatorname{sn}(x|1) = \tanh{x}\), \(\operatorname{cn}(x|1) = \operatorname{sech}{x}\), \(\operatorname{dn}(x|1) = \operatorname{sech}{x}\).
REFERENCES:
AUTHORS:
David Joyner (2006): initial version
Eviatar Bach (2013): complete rewrite, new numerical evaluation, and addition of the Jacobi amplitude function
- class sage.functions.jacobi.InverseJacobi(kind)[source]#
Bases:
BuiltinFunction
Base class for the inverse Jacobi elliptic functions.
- class sage.functions.jacobi.Jacobi(kind)[source]#
Bases:
BuiltinFunction
Base class for the Jacobi elliptic functions.
- class sage.functions.jacobi.JacobiAmplitude[source]#
Bases:
BuiltinFunction
The Jacobi amplitude function \(\operatorname{am}(x|m) = \int_0^x \operatorname{dn}(t|m) dt\) for \(-K(m) \leq x \leq K(m)\), \(F(\operatorname{am}(x|m)|m) = x\).
- sage.functions.jacobi.inverse_jacobi(kind, x, m, **kwargs)[source]#
The inverses of the 12 Jacobi elliptic functions. They have the property that
\[\operatorname{pq}(\operatorname{arcpq}(x|m)|m) = \operatorname{pq}(\operatorname{pq}^{-1}(x|m)|m) = x.\]INPUT:
kind
– a string of the form'pq'
, wherep
,q
are inc
,d
,n
,s
x
– a real numberm
– a real number; note that \(m = k^2\), where \(k\) is the elliptic modulus
EXAMPLES:
sage: jacobi('dn', inverse_jacobi('dn', 3, 0.4), 0.4) # needs mpmath 3.00000000000000 sage: inverse_jacobi('dn', 10, 1/10).n(digits=50) # needs mpmath 2.4777736267904273296523691232988240759001423661683*I sage: inverse_jacobi_dn(x, 1) # needs sage.symbolic arcsech(x) sage: inverse_jacobi_dn(1, 3) # needs mpmath 0 sage: # needs sage.symbolic sage: m = var('m') sage: z = inverse_jacobi_dn(x, m).series(x, 4).subs(x=0.1, m=0.7) sage: jacobi_dn(z, 0.7) 0.0999892750039819... sage: inverse_jacobi_nd(x, 1) arccosh(x) sage: # needs mpmath sage: inverse_jacobi_nd(1, 2) 0 sage: inverse_jacobi_ns(10^-5, 3).n() 5.77350269202456e-6 + 1.17142008414677*I sage: jacobi('sn', 1/2, 1/2) jacobi_sn(1/2, 1/2) sage: jacobi('sn', 1/2, 1/2).n() 0.470750473655657 sage: inverse_jacobi('sn', 0.47, 1/2) 0.499098231322220 sage: inverse_jacobi('sn', 0.4707504, 0.5) 0.499999911466555 sage: P = plot(inverse_jacobi('sn', x, 0.5), 0, 1) # needs sage.plot
>>> from sage.all import * >>> jacobi('dn', inverse_jacobi('dn', Integer(3), RealNumber('0.4')), RealNumber('0.4')) # needs mpmath 3.00000000000000 >>> inverse_jacobi('dn', Integer(10), Integer(1)/Integer(10)).n(digits=Integer(50)) # needs mpmath 2.4777736267904273296523691232988240759001423661683*I >>> inverse_jacobi_dn(x, Integer(1)) # needs sage.symbolic arcsech(x) >>> inverse_jacobi_dn(Integer(1), Integer(3)) # needs mpmath 0 >>> # needs sage.symbolic >>> m = var('m') >>> z = inverse_jacobi_dn(x, m).series(x, Integer(4)).subs(x=RealNumber('0.1'), m=RealNumber('0.7')) >>> jacobi_dn(z, RealNumber('0.7')) 0.0999892750039819... >>> inverse_jacobi_nd(x, Integer(1)) arccosh(x) >>> # needs mpmath >>> inverse_jacobi_nd(Integer(1), Integer(2)) 0 >>> inverse_jacobi_ns(Integer(10)**-Integer(5), Integer(3)).n() 5.77350269202456e-6 + 1.17142008414677*I >>> jacobi('sn', Integer(1)/Integer(2), Integer(1)/Integer(2)) jacobi_sn(1/2, 1/2) >>> jacobi('sn', Integer(1)/Integer(2), Integer(1)/Integer(2)).n() 0.470750473655657 >>> inverse_jacobi('sn', RealNumber('0.47'), Integer(1)/Integer(2)) 0.499098231322220 >>> inverse_jacobi('sn', RealNumber('0.4707504'), RealNumber('0.5')) 0.499999911466555 >>> P = plot(inverse_jacobi('sn', x, RealNumber('0.5')), Integer(0), Integer(1)) # needs sage.plot
- sage.functions.jacobi.inverse_jacobi_f(kind, x, m)[source]#
Internal function for numerical evaluation of a continuous complex branch of each inverse Jacobi function, as described in [Tee1997]. Only accepts real arguments.
- sage.functions.jacobi.jacobi(kind, z, m, **kwargs)[source]#
The 12 Jacobi elliptic functions.
INPUT:
kind
– a string of the form'pq'
, wherep
,q
are inc
,d
,n
,s
z
– a complex numberm
– a complex number; note that \(m = k^2\), where \(k\) is the elliptic modulus
EXAMPLES:
sage: # needs mpmath sage: jacobi('sn', 1, 1) tanh(1) sage: jacobi('cd', 1, 1/2) jacobi_cd(1, 1/2) sage: RDF(jacobi('cd', 1, 1/2)) 0.7240097216593705 sage: (RDF(jacobi('cn', 1, 1/2)), RDF(jacobi('dn', 1, 1/2)), ....: RDF(jacobi('cn', 1, 1/2) / jacobi('dn', 1, 1/2))) (0.5959765676721407, 0.8231610016315962, 0.7240097216593705) sage: jsn = jacobi('sn', x, 1) # needs sage.symbolic sage: P = plot(jsn, 0, 1) # needs sage.plot sage.symbolic
>>> from sage.all import * >>> # needs mpmath >>> jacobi('sn', Integer(1), Integer(1)) tanh(1) >>> jacobi('cd', Integer(1), Integer(1)/Integer(2)) jacobi_cd(1, 1/2) >>> RDF(jacobi('cd', Integer(1), Integer(1)/Integer(2))) 0.7240097216593705 >>> (RDF(jacobi('cn', Integer(1), Integer(1)/Integer(2))), RDF(jacobi('dn', Integer(1), Integer(1)/Integer(2))), ... RDF(jacobi('cn', Integer(1), Integer(1)/Integer(2)) / jacobi('dn', Integer(1), Integer(1)/Integer(2)))) (0.5959765676721407, 0.8231610016315962, 0.7240097216593705) >>> jsn = jacobi('sn', x, Integer(1)) # needs sage.symbolic >>> P = plot(jsn, Integer(0), Integer(1)) # needs sage.plot sage.symbolic