Orthogonal Linear Groups#
The general orthogonal group \(GO(n,R)\) consists of all \(n \times n\) matrices over the ring \(R\) preserving an \(n\)-ary positive definite quadratic form. In cases where there are multiple non-isomorphic quadratic forms, additional data needs to be specified to disambiguate. The special orthogonal group is the normal subgroup of matrices of determinant one.
In characteristics different from 2, a quadratic form is equivalent to a bilinear symmetric form. Furthermore, over the real numbers a positive definite quadratic form is equivalent to the diagonal quadratic form, equivalent to the bilinear symmetric form defined by the identity matrix. Hence, the orthogonal group \(GO(n,\RR)\) is the group of orthogonal matrices in the usual sense.
In the case of a finite field and if the degree \(n\) is even, then
there are two inequivalent quadratic forms and a third parameter e
must be specified to disambiguate these two possibilities. The index
of \(SO(e,d,q)\) in \(GO(e,d,q)\) is \(2\) if \(q\) is odd, but \(SO(e,d,q) =
GO(e,d,q)\) if \(q\) is even.)
Warning
GAP and Sage use different notations:
GAP notation: The optional
ecomes first, that is,GO([e,] d, q),SO([e,] d, q).Sage notation: The optional
ecomes last, the standard Python convention:GO(d, GF(q), e=0),SO(d, GF(q), e=0).
EXAMPLES:
sage: GO(3,7) # optional - sage.rings.finite_rings
General Orthogonal Group of degree 3 over Finite Field of size 7
sage: G = SO(4, GF(7), 1); G # optional - sage.rings.finite_rings
Special Orthogonal Group of degree 4 and form parameter 1
over Finite Field of size 7
sage: G.random_element() # random # optional - sage.rings.finite_rings
[4 3 5 2]
[6 6 4 0]
[0 4 6 0]
[4 4 5 1]
AUTHORS:
David Joyner (2006-03): initial version
David Joyner (2006-05): added examples, _latex_, __str__, gens, as_matrix_group
William Stein (2006-12-09): rewrite
Volker Braun (2013-1) port to new Parent, libGAP, extreme refactoring.
Sebastian Oehms (2018-8) add
invariant_form()(as alias),_OG, option for user defined invariant bilinear form, and bug-fix in cmd-string for calling GAP (see github issue #26028)
- sage.groups.matrix_gps.orthogonal.GO(n, R, e=0, var='a', invariant_form=None)#
Return the general orthogonal group.
The general orthogonal group \(GO(n,R)\) consists of all \(n \times n\) matrices over the ring \(R\) preserving an \(n\)-ary positive definite quadratic form. In cases where there are multiple non-isomorphic quadratic forms, additional data needs to be specified to disambiguate.
In the case of a finite field and if the degree \(n\) is even, then there are two inequivalent quadratic forms and a third parameter
emust be specified to disambiguate these two possibilities.Note
This group is also available via
groups.matrix.GO().INPUT:
n– integer; the degreeR– ring or an integer; if an integer is specified, the corresponding finite field is usede–+1or-1, and ignored by default; only relevant for finite fields and if the degree is even: a parameter that distinguishes inequivalent invariant formsvar– (optional, default:'a') variable used to represent generator of the finite field, if neededinvariant_form– (optional) instances being accepted by the matrix-constructor which define a \(n \times n\) square matrix overRdescribing the symmetric form to be kept invariant by the orthogonal group; the form is checked to be non-degenerate and symmetric but not to be positive definite
OUTPUT:
The general orthogonal group of given degree, base ring, and choice of invariant form.
EXAMPLES:
sage: GO(3, GF(7)) # optional - sage.rings.finite_rings General Orthogonal Group of degree 3 over Finite Field of size 7 sage: GO(3, GF(7)).order() # optional - sage.rings.finite_rings 672 sage: GO(3, GF(7)).gens() # optional - sage.rings.finite_rings ( [3 0 0] [0 1 0] [0 5 0] [1 6 6] [0 0 1], [0 2 1] )
Using the
invariant_formoption:sage: m = matrix(QQ, 3, 3, [[0, 1, 0], [1, 0, 0], [0, 0, 3]]) sage: GO3 = GO(3, QQ) sage: GO3m = GO(3, QQ, invariant_form=m) sage: GO3 == GO3m False sage: GO3.invariant_form() [1 0 0] [0 1 0] [0 0 1] sage: GO3m.invariant_form() [0 1 0] [1 0 0] [0 0 3] sage: pm = Permutation([2,3,1]).to_matrix() # optional - sage.combinat sage: g = GO3(pm); g in GO3; g # optional - sage.combinat True [0 0 1] [1 0 0] [0 1 0] sage: GO3m(pm) # optional - sage.combinat Traceback (most recent call last): ... TypeError: matrix must be orthogonal with respect to the symmetric form [0 1 0] [1 0 0] [0 0 3] sage: GO(3,3, invariant_form=[[1,0,0], [0,2,0], [0,0,1]]) Traceback (most recent call last): ... NotImplementedError: invariant_form for finite groups is fixed by GAP sage: 5 + 5 10 sage: R.<x> = ZZ[] sage: GO(2, R, invariant_form=[[x,0], [0,1]]) General Orthogonal Group of degree 2 over Univariate Polynomial Ring in x over Integer Ring with respect to symmetric form [x 0] [0 1]
- class sage.groups.matrix_gps.orthogonal.OrthogonalMatrixGroup_generic(degree, base_ring, special, sage_name, latex_string, category=None, invariant_form=None)#
Bases:
NamedMatrixGroup_genericGeneral Orthogonal Group over arbitrary rings.
EXAMPLES:
sage: G = GO(3, GF(7)); G # optional - sage.rings.finite_rings General Orthogonal Group of degree 3 over Finite Field of size 7 sage: latex(G) # optional - sage.rings.finite_rings \text{GO}_{3}(\Bold{F}_{7}) sage: G = SO(3, GF(5)); G # optional - sage.rings.finite_rings Special Orthogonal Group of degree 3 over Finite Field of size 5 sage: latex(G) # optional - sage.rings.finite_rings \text{SO}_{3}(\Bold{F}_{5}) sage: CF3 = CyclotomicField(3); e3 = CF3.gen() # optional - sage.rings.number_field sage: m = matrix(CF3, 3,3, [[1,e3,0],[e3,2,0],[0,0,1]]) # optional - sage.rings.number_field sage: G = SO(3, CF3, invariant_form=m) # optional - sage.rings.number_field sage: latex(G) # optional - sage.rings.number_field \text{SO}_{3}(\Bold{Q}(\zeta_{3}))\text{ with respect to non positive definite symmetric form }\left(\begin{array}{rrr} 1 & \zeta_{3} & 0 \\ \zeta_{3} & 2 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 \end{array}\right)
- invariant_bilinear_form()#
Return the symmetric bilinear form preserved by
self.OUTPUT:
A matrix.
EXAMPLES:
sage: GO(2,3,+1).invariant_bilinear_form() # optional - sage.rings.finite_rings [0 1] [1 0] sage: GO(2,3,-1).invariant_bilinear_form() # optional - sage.rings.finite_rings [2 1] [1 1] sage: G = GO(4, QQ) sage: G.invariant_bilinear_form() [1 0 0 0] [0 1 0 0] [0 0 1 0] [0 0 0 1] sage: GO3m = GO(3, QQ, invariant_form=(1,0,0, 0,2,0, 0,0,3)) sage: GO3m.invariant_bilinear_form() [1 0 0] [0 2 0] [0 0 3]
- invariant_form()#
Return the symmetric bilinear form preserved by
self.OUTPUT:
A matrix.
EXAMPLES:
sage: GO(2,3,+1).invariant_bilinear_form() # optional - sage.rings.finite_rings [0 1] [1 0] sage: GO(2,3,-1).invariant_bilinear_form() # optional - sage.rings.finite_rings [2 1] [1 1] sage: G = GO(4, QQ) sage: G.invariant_bilinear_form() [1 0 0 0] [0 1 0 0] [0 0 1 0] [0 0 0 1] sage: GO3m = GO(3, QQ, invariant_form=(1,0,0, 0,2,0, 0,0,3)) sage: GO3m.invariant_bilinear_form() [1 0 0] [0 2 0] [0 0 3]
- invariant_quadratic_form()#
Return the symmetric bilinear form preserved by
self.OUTPUT:
A matrix.
EXAMPLES:
sage: GO(2,3,+1).invariant_bilinear_form() # optional - sage.rings.finite_rings [0 1] [1 0] sage: GO(2,3,-1).invariant_bilinear_form() # optional - sage.rings.finite_rings [2 1] [1 1] sage: G = GO(4, QQ) sage: G.invariant_bilinear_form() [1 0 0 0] [0 1 0 0] [0 0 1 0] [0 0 0 1] sage: GO3m = GO(3, QQ, invariant_form=(1,0,0, 0,2,0, 0,0,3)) sage: GO3m.invariant_bilinear_form() [1 0 0] [0 2 0] [0 0 3]
- sage.groups.matrix_gps.orthogonal.SO(n, R, e=None, var='a', invariant_form=None)#
Return the special orthogonal group.
The special orthogonal group \(GO(n,R)\) consists of all \(n \times n\) matrices with determinant one over the ring \(R\) preserving an \(n\)-ary positive definite quadratic form. In cases where there are multiple non-isomorphic quadratic forms, additional data needs to be specified to disambiguate.
Note
This group is also available via
groups.matrix.SO().INPUT:
n– integer; the degreeR– ring or an integer; if an integer is specified, the corresponding finite field is usede–+1or-1, and ignored by default; only relevant for finite fields and if the degree is even: a parameter that distinguishes inequivalent invariant formsvar– (optional, default:'a') variable used to represent generator of the finite field, if neededinvariant_form– (optional) instances being accepted by the matrix-constructor which define a \(n \times n\) square matrix overRdescribing the symmetric form to be kept invariant by the orthogonal group; the form is checked to be non-degenerate and symmetric but not to be positive definite
OUTPUT:
The special orthogonal group of given degree, base ring, and choice of invariant form.
EXAMPLES:
sage: G = SO(3,GF(5)) # optional - sage.rings.finite_rings sage: G # optional - sage.rings.finite_rings Special Orthogonal Group of degree 3 over Finite Field of size 5 sage: G = SO(3,GF(5)) # optional - sage.rings.finite_rings sage: G.gens() # optional - sage.rings.finite_rings ( [2 0 0] [3 2 3] [1 4 4] [0 3 0] [0 2 0] [4 0 0] [0 0 1], [0 3 1], [2 0 4] ) sage: G = SO(3,GF(5)) # optional - sage.rings.finite_rings sage: G.as_matrix_group() # optional - sage.rings.finite_rings Matrix group over Finite Field of size 5 with 3 generators ( [2 0 0] [3 2 3] [1 4 4] [0 3 0] [0 2 0] [4 0 0] [0 0 1], [0 3 1], [2 0 4] )
Using the
invariant_formoption:sage: CF3 = CyclotomicField(3); e3 = CF3.gen() # optional - sage.rings.number_field sage: m = matrix(CF3, 3, 3, [[1,e3,0], [e3,2,0], [0,0,1]]) # optional - sage.rings.number_field sage: SO3 = SO(3, CF3) # optional - sage.rings.number_field sage: SO3m = SO(3, CF3, invariant_form=m) # optional - sage.rings.number_field sage: SO3 == SO3m # optional - sage.rings.number_field False sage: SO3.invariant_form() # optional - sage.rings.number_field [1 0 0] [0 1 0] [0 0 1] sage: SO3m.invariant_form() # optional - sage.rings.number_field [ 1 zeta3 0] [zeta3 2 0] [ 0 0 1] sage: pm = Permutation([2,3,1]).to_matrix() # optional - sage.combinat sage: g = SO3(pm); g in SO3; g # optional - sage.combinat sage.rings.number_field True [0 0 1] [1 0 0] [0 1 0] sage: SO3m(pm) # optional - sage.combinat sage.rings.number_field Traceback (most recent call last): ... TypeError: matrix must be orthogonal with respect to the symmetric form [ 1 zeta3 0] [zeta3 2 0] [ 0 0 1] sage: SO(3, 5, invariant_form=[[1,0,0], [0,2,0], [0,0,3]]) # optional - sage.combinat sage.rings.number_field Traceback (most recent call last): ... NotImplementedError: invariant_form for finite groups is fixed by GAP sage: 5+5 10
- sage.groups.matrix_gps.orthogonal.normalize_args_e(degree, ring, e)#
Normalize the arguments that relate the choice of quadratic form for special orthogonal groups over finite fields.
INPUT:
degree– integer. The degree of the affine group, that is, the dimension of the affine space the group is acting on.ring– a ring. The base ring of the affine space.e– integer, one of \(+1\), \(0\), \(-1\). Only relevant for finite fields and if the degree is even. A parameter that distinguishes inequivalent invariant forms.
OUTPUT:
The integer
ewith values required by GAP.