Rubik’s cube group functions

Note

“Rubiks cube” is trademarked. We shall omit the trademark symbol below for simplicity.

NOTATION:

\(B\) denotes a clockwise quarter turn of the back face, \(D\) denotes a clockwise quarter turn of the down face, and similarly for \(F\) (front), \(L\) (left), \(R\) (right), and \(U\) (up). Products of moves are read right to left, so for example, \(R \cdot U\) means move \(U\) first and then \(R\).

See CubeGroup.parse() for all possible input notations.

The “Singmaster notation”:

• moves: \(U, D, R, L, F, B\) as in the diagram below,

• corners: \(xyz\) means the facet is on face \(x\) (in \(R,F,L,U,D,B\)) and the clockwise rotation of the corner sends \(x-y-z\)

• edges: \(xy\) means the facet is on face \(x\) and a flip of the edge sends \(x-y\).

sage: rubik = CubeGroup()
sage: rubik.display2d("")
             ┌──────────────┐
             │  1    2    3 │
             │  4   top   5 │
             │  6    7    8 │
┌────────────┼──────────────┼─────────────┬────────────┐
│  9  10  11 │ 17   18   19 │ 25   26  27 │ 33  34  35 │
│ 12 left 13 │ 20  front 21 │ 28 right 29 │ 36 rear 37 │
│ 14  15  16 │ 22   23   24 │ 30   31  32 │ 38  39  40 │
└────────────┼──────────────┼─────────────┴────────────┘
             │ 41   42   43 │
             │ 44 bottom 45 │
             │ 46   47   48 │
             └──────────────┘

AUTHORS:

• David Joyner (2006-10-21): first version

• David Joyner (2007-05): changed faces, added legal and solve

• David Joyner(2007-06): added plotting functions

• David Joyner (2007, 2008): colors corrected, “solve” rewritten (again),typos fixed.

• Robert Miller (2007, 2008): editing, cleaned up display2d

• Robert Bradshaw (2007, 2008): RubiksCube object, 3d plotting.

• David Joyner (2007-09): rewrote docstring for CubeGroup’s “solve”.

• Robert Bradshaw (2007-09): Versatile parse function for all input types.

• Robert Bradshaw (2007-11): Cleanup.

REFERENCES:

• Cameron, P., Permutation Groups. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1999.

• Wielandt, H., Finite Permutation Groups. New York: Academic Press, 1964.

• Dixon, J. and Mortimer, B., Permutation Groups, Springer-Verlag, Berlin/New York, 1996.

• Joyner, D., Adventures in Group Theory, Johns Hopkins Univ Press, 2002.

class sage.groups.perm_gps.cubegroup.CubeGroup

Bases: PermutationGroup_generic

A python class to help compute Rubik’s cube group actions.

Note

This group is also available via groups.permutation.RubiksCube().

EXAMPLES:

If G denotes the cube group then it may be regarded as a subgroup of SymmetricGroup(48), where the 48 facets are labeled as follows.

sage: rubik = CubeGroup()
sage: rubik.display2d("")
             ┌──────────────┐
             │  1    2    3 │
             │  4   top   5 │
             │  6    7    8 │
┌────────────┼──────────────┼─────────────┬────────────┐
│  9  10  11 │ 17   18   19 │ 25   26  27 │ 33  34  35 │
│ 12 left 13 │ 20  front 21 │ 28 right 29 │ 36 rear 37 │
│ 14  15  16 │ 22   23   24 │ 30   31  32 │ 38  39  40 │
└────────────┼──────────────┼─────────────┴────────────┘
             │ 41   42   43 │
             │ 44 bottom 45 │
             │ 46   47   48 │
             └──────────────┘

sage: rubik
The Rubik's cube group with generators R,L,F,B,U,D in SymmetricGroup(48).

B()

Return the generator \(B\) in Singmaster notation.

EXAMPLES:

sage: rubik = CubeGroup()
sage: rubik.B()
(1,14,48,27)(2,12,47,29)(3,9,46,32)(33,35,40,38)(34,37,39,36)

D()

Return the generator \(D\) in Singmaster notation.

EXAMPLES:

sage: rubik = CubeGroup()
sage: rubik.D()
(14,22,30,38)(15,23,31,39)(16,24,32,40)(41,43,48,46)(42,45,47,44)

F()

Return the generator \(F\) in Singmaster notation.

EXAMPLES:

sage: rubik = CubeGroup()
sage: rubik.F()
(6,25,43,16)(7,28,42,13)(8,30,41,11)(17,19,24,22)(18,21,23,20)

L()

Return the generator \(L\) in Singmaster notation.

EXAMPLES:

sage: rubik = CubeGroup()
sage: rubik.L()
(1,17,41,40)(4,20,44,37)(6,22,46,35)(9,11,16,14)(10,13,15,12)

R()

Return the generator \(R\) in Singmaster notation.

EXAMPLES:

sage: rubik = CubeGroup()
sage: rubik.R()
(3,38,43,19)(5,36,45,21)(8,33,48,24)(25,27,32,30)(26,29,31,28)

U()

Return the generator \(U\) in Singmaster notation.

EXAMPLES:

sage: rubik = CubeGroup()
sage: rubik.U()
(1,3,8,6)(2,5,7,4)(9,33,25,17)(10,34,26,18)(11,35,27,19)

display2d(mv)

Print the 2d representation of self.

EXAMPLES:

sage: rubik = CubeGroup()
sage: rubik.display2d("R")
             ┌──────────────┐
             │  1    2   38 │
             │  4   top  36 │
             │  6    7   33 │
┌────────────┼──────────────┼─────────────┬────────────┐
│  9  10  11 │ 17   18    3 │ 27   29  32 │ 48  34  35 │
│ 12 left 13 │ 20  front  5 │ 26 right 31 │ 45 rear 37 │
│ 14  15  16 │ 22   23    8 │ 25   28  30 │ 43  39  40 │
└────────────┼──────────────┼─────────────┴────────────┘
             │ 41   42   19 │
             │ 44 bottom 21 │
             │ 46   47   24 │
             └──────────────┘

faces(mv)

Return the dictionary of faces created by the effect of the move mv, which is a string of the form \(X^a*Y^b*...\), where \(X, Y, \ldots\) are in \(\{R,L,F,B,U,D\}\) and \(a, b, \ldots\) are integers. We call this ordering of the faces the “BDFLRU, L2R, T2B ordering”.

EXAMPLES:

sage: rubik = CubeGroup()

Here is the dictionary of the solved state:

sage: sorted(rubik.faces("").items())
[('back', [[33, 34, 35], [36, 0, 37], [38, 39, 40]]),
 ('down', [[41, 42, 43], [44, 0, 45], [46, 47, 48]]),
 ('front', [[17, 18, 19], [20, 0, 21], [22, 23, 24]]),
 ('left', [[9, 10, 11], [12, 0, 13], [14, 15, 16]]),
 ('right', [[25, 26, 27], [28, 0, 29], [30, 31, 32]]),
 ('up', [[1, 2, 3], [4, 0, 5], [6, 7, 8]])]

Now the dictionary of the state obtained after making the move \(R\) followed by \(L\):

sage: sorted(rubik.faces("R*U").items())
[('back', [[48, 26, 27], [45, 0, 37], [43, 39, 40]]),
 ('down', [[41, 42, 11], [44, 0, 21], [46, 47, 24]]),
 ('front', [[9, 10, 8], [20, 0, 7], [22, 23, 6]]),
 ('left', [[33, 34, 35], [12, 0, 13], [14, 15, 16]]),
 ('right', [[19, 29, 32], [18, 0, 31], [17, 28, 30]]),
 ('up', [[3, 5, 38], [2, 0, 36], [1, 4, 25]])]

facets(g=None)

Return the set of facets on which the group acts. This function is a “constant”.

EXAMPLES:

sage: rubik = CubeGroup()
sage: rubik.facets() == list(range(1,49))
True

gen_names()

Return the names of the generators.

EXAMPLES:

sage: rubik = CubeGroup()
sage: rubik.gen_names()
['B', 'D', 'F', 'L', 'R', 'U']

legal(state, mode='quiet')

Return 1 (true) if the dictionary state (in the same format as returned by the faces method) represents a legal position (or state) of the Rubik’s cube or 0 (false) otherwise.

EXAMPLES:

sage: rubik = CubeGroup()
sage: r0 = rubik.faces("")
sage: r1 = {'back': [[33, 34, 35], [36, 0, 37], [38, 39, 40]], 'down': [[41, 42, 43], [44, 0, 45], [46, 47, 48]],'front': [[17, 18, 19], [20, 0, 21], [22, 23, 24]],'left': [[9, 10, 11], [12, 0, 13], [14, 15, 16]],'right': [[25, 26, 27], [28, 0, 29], [30, 31, 32]],'up': [[1, 2, 3], [4, 0, 5], [6, 8, 7]]}
sage: rubik.legal(r0)
1
sage: rubik.legal(r0,"verbose")
(1, ())
sage: rubik.legal(r1)
0

move(mv)

Return the group element and the reordered list of facets, as moved by the list mv (read left-to-right)

INPUT:

• mv – A string of the form Xa*Yb*..., where X, Y, … are in R, L, F, B, U, D and a, b, … are integers.

EXAMPLES:

sage: rubik = CubeGroup()
sage: rubik.move("")[0]
()
sage: rubik.move("R")[0]
(3,38,43,19)(5,36,45,21)(8,33,48,24)(25,27,32,30)(26,29,31,28)
sage: rubik.R()
(3,38,43,19)(5,36,45,21)(8,33,48,24)(25,27,32,30)(26,29,31,28)

parse(mv, check=True)

This function allows one to create the permutation group element from a variety of formats.

INPUT:

• mv – Can one of the following:

  • list - list of facets (as returned by self.facets())

  • dict - list of faces (as returned by self.faces())

  • str - either cycle notation (passed to GAP) or a product of generators or Singmaster notation

  • perm_group element - returned as an element of self

• check – check if the input is valid

EXAMPLES:

sage: C = CubeGroup()
sage: C.parse(list(range(1,49)))
()
sage: g = C.parse("L"); g
(1,17,41,40)(4,20,44,37)(6,22,46,35)(9,11,16,14)(10,13,15,12)
sage: C.parse(str(g)) == g
True
sage: facets = C.facets(g); facets
[17, 2, 3, 20, 5, 22, 7, 8, 11, 13, 16, 10, 15, 9, 12, 14, 41, 18, 19, 44, 21, 46, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 6, 36, 4, 38, 39, 1, 40, 42, 43, 37, 45, 35, 47, 48]
sage: C.parse(facets)
(1,17,41,40)(4,20,44,37)(6,22,46,35)(9,11,16,14)(10,13,15,12)
sage: C.parse(facets) == g
True
sage: faces = C.faces("L"); faces
{'back': [[33, 34, 6], [36, 0, 4], [38, 39, 1]],
 'down': [[40, 42, 43], [37, 0, 45], [35, 47, 48]],
 'front': [[41, 18, 19], [44, 0, 21], [46, 23, 24]],
 'left': [[11, 13, 16], [10, 0, 15], [9, 12, 14]],
 'right': [[25, 26, 27], [28, 0, 29], [30, 31, 32]],
 'up': [[17, 2, 3], [20, 0, 5], [22, 7, 8]]}
sage: C.parse(faces) == C.parse("L")
True
sage: C.parse("L' R2") == C.parse("L^(-1)*R^2")
True
sage: C.parse("L' R2")
(1,40,41,17)(3,43)(4,37,44,20)(5,45)(6,35,46,22)(8,48)(9,14,16,11)(10,12,15,13)(19,38)(21,36)(24,33)(25,32)(26,31)(27,30)(28,29)
sage: C.parse("L^4")
()
sage: C.parse("L^(-1)*R")
(1,40,41,17)(3,38,43,19)(4,37,44,20)(5,36,45,21)(6,35,46,22)(8,33,48,24)(9,14,16,11)(10,12,15,13)(25,27,32,30)(26,29,31,28)

plot3d_cube(mv, title=True)

Displays \(F,U,R\) faces of the cube after the given move mv. Mostly included for the purpose of drawing pictures and checking moves.

INPUT:

• mv – A string in the Singmaster notation

• title – (Default: True) Display the title information

The first one below is “superflip+4 spot” (in 26q* moves) and the second one is the superflip (in 20f* moves). Type show(P) to view them.

EXAMPLES:

sage: rubik = CubeGroup()
sage: P = rubik.plot3d_cube("U^2*F*U^2*L*R^(-1)*F^2*U*F^3*B^3*R*L*U^2*R*D^3*U*L^3*R*D*R^3*L^3*D^2")         # needs sage.plot
sage: P = rubik.plot3d_cube("R*L*D^2*B^3*L^2*F^2*R^2*U^3*D*R^3*D^2*F^3*B^3*D^3*F^2*D^3*R^2*U^3*F^2*D^3")    # needs sage.plot

plot_cube(mv, title=True, colors=[(1, 0.63, 1), (1, 1, 0), (1, 0, 0), (0, 1, 0), (1, 0.6, 0.3), (0, 0, 1)])

Input the move mv, as a string in the Singmaster notation, and output the 2D plot of the cube in that state.

Type P.show() to display any of the plots below.

EXAMPLES:

sage: rubik = CubeGroup()
sage: P = rubik.plot_cube("R^2*U^2*R^2*U^2*R^2*U^2", title=False)           # needs sage.plot
sage: # (R^2U^2)^3  permutes 2 pairs of edges (uf,ub)(fr,br)
sage: P = rubik.plot_cube("R*L*D^2*B^3*L^2*F^2*R^2*U^3*D*R^3*D^2*F^3*B^3*D^3*F^2*D^3*R^2*U^3*F^2*D^3")      # needs sage.plot
sage: # the superflip (in 20f* moves)
sage: P = rubik.plot_cube("U^2*F*U^2*L*R^(-1)*F^2*U*F^3*B^3*R*L*U^2*R*D^3*U*L^3*R*D*R^3*L^3*D^2")           # needs sage.plot
sage: # "superflip+4 spot" (in 26q* moves)

repr2d(mv)

Displays a 2D map of the Rubik’s cube after the move mv has been made. Nothing is returned.

EXAMPLES:

sage: rubik = CubeGroup()
sage: print(rubik.repr2d(""))
             ┌──────────────┐
             │  1    2    3 │
             │  4   top   5 │
             │  6    7    8 │
┌────────────┼──────────────┼─────────────┬────────────┐
│  9  10  11 │ 17   18   19 │ 25   26  27 │ 33  34  35 │
│ 12 left 13 │ 20  front 21 │ 28 right 29 │ 36 rear 37 │
│ 14  15  16 │ 22   23   24 │ 30   31  32 │ 38  39  40 │
└────────────┼──────────────┼─────────────┴────────────┘
             │ 41   42   43 │
             │ 44 bottom 45 │
             │ 46   47   48 │
             └──────────────┘

sage: print(rubik.repr2d("R"))
             ┌──────────────┐
             │  1    2   38 │
             │  4   top  36 │
             │  6    7   33 │
┌────────────┼──────────────┼─────────────┬────────────┐
│  9  10  11 │ 17   18    3 │ 27   29  32 │ 48  34  35 │
│ 12 left 13 │ 20  front  5 │ 26 right 31 │ 45 rear 37 │
│ 14  15  16 │ 22   23    8 │ 25   28  30 │ 43  39  40 │
└────────────┼──────────────┼─────────────┴────────────┘
             │ 41   42   19 │
             │ 44 bottom 21 │
             │ 46   47   24 │
             └──────────────┘

You can see the right face has been rotated but not the left face.

solve(state, algorithm='default')

Solve the cube in the state, given as a dictionary as in legal. See the solve method of the RubiksCube class for more details.

This may use GAP’s EpimorphismFromFreeGroup and PreImagesRepresentative as explained below, if ‘gap’ is passed in as the algorithm.

This algorithm

1. constructs the free group on 6 generators then computes a reasonable set of relations which they satisfy

2. computes a homomorphism from the cube group to this free group quotient

3. takes the cube position, regarded as a group element, and maps it over to the free group quotient

4. using those relations and tricks from combinatorial group theory (stabilizer chains), solves the “word problem” for that element.

5. uses python string parsing to rewrite that in cube notation.

The Rubik’s cube group has about \(4.3 \times 10^{19}\) elements, so this process is time-consuming. See https://www.gap-system.org/Doc/Examples/rubik.html for an interesting discussion of some GAP code analyzing the Rubik’s cube.

EXAMPLES:

sage: rubik = CubeGroup()
sage: state = rubik.faces("R")
sage: rubik.solve(state)
'R'
sage: state = rubik.faces("R*U")
sage: rubik.solve(state, algorithm='gap')       # long time
'R*U'

You can also check this another (but similar) way using the word_problem method (eg, G = rubik.group(); g = G(“(3,38,43,19)(5,36,45,21)(8,33,48,24)(25,27,32,30)(26,29,31,28)”); g.word_problem([b,d,f,l,r,u]), though the output will be less intuitive).

class sage.groups.perm_gps.cubegroup.RubiksCube(state=None, history=[], colors=[(1, 0.63, 1), (1, 1, 0), (1, 0, 0), (0, 1, 0), (1, 0.6, 0.3), (0, 0, 1)])

Bases: SageObject

The Rubik’s cube (in a given state).

EXAMPLES:

sage: C = RubiksCube().move("R U R'")
sage: C.show3d()                                                                # needs sage.plot

sage: C = RubiksCube("R*L"); C
             ┌──────────────┐
             │ 17    2   38 │
             │ 20   top  36 │
             │ 22    7   33 │
┌────────────┼──────────────┼─────────────┬────────────┐
│ 11  13  16 │ 41   18    3 │ 27   29  32 │ 48  34   6 │
│ 10 left 15 │ 44  front  5 │ 26 right 31 │ 45 rear  4 │
│  9  12  14 │ 46   23    8 │ 25   28  30 │ 43  39   1 │
└────────────┼──────────────┼─────────────┴────────────┘
             │ 40   42   19 │
             │ 37 bottom 21 │
             │ 35   47   24 │
             └──────────────┘
sage: C.show()                                                                  # needs sage.plot
sage: C.solve(algorithm='gap')  # long time
'L*R'
sage: C == RubiksCube("L*R")
True

cubie(size, gap, x, y, z, colors, stickers=True)

Return the cubie at \((x,y,z)\).

INPUT:

• size – The size of the cubie

• gap – The gap between cubies

• x,y,z – The position of the cubie

• colors – The list of colors

• stickers – (Default True) Boolean to display stickers

EXAMPLES:

sage: C = RubiksCube("R*U")
sage: C.cubie(0.15, 0.025, 0,0,0, C.colors*3)                               # needs sage.plot
Graphics3d Object

facets()

Return the facets of self.

EXAMPLES:

sage: C = RubiksCube("R*U")
sage: C.facets()
[3, 5, 38, 2, 36, 1, 4, 25, 33, 34, 35, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 9, 10,
 8, 20, 7, 22, 23, 6, 19, 29, 32, 18, 31, 17, 28, 30, 48, 26, 27,
 45, 37, 43, 39, 40, 41, 42, 11, 44, 21, 46, 47, 24]

move(g)

Move the Rubik’s cube by g.

EXAMPLES:

sage: RubiksCube().move("R*U") == RubiksCube("R*U")
True

plot()

Return a plot of self.

EXAMPLES:

sage: C = RubiksCube("R*U")
sage: C.plot()                                                              # needs sage.plot
Graphics object consisting of 55 graphics primitives

plot3d(stickers=True)

Return a 3D plot of self.

EXAMPLES:

sage: C = RubiksCube("R*U")
sage: C.plot3d()                                                            # needs sage.plot
Graphics3d Object

scramble(moves=30)

Scramble the Rubik’s cube.

EXAMPLES:

sage: C = RubiksCube()
sage: C.scramble() # random
             ┌──────────────┐
             │  3    5   38 │
             │  2   top  36 │
             │  1    4   25 │
┌────────────┼──────────────┼─────────────┬────────────┐
│ 33  34  35 │  9   10    8 │ 19   29  32 │ 48  26  27 │
│ 12 left 13 │ 20  front  7 │ 18 right 31 │ 45 rear 37 │
│ 14  15  16 │ 22   23    6 │ 17   28  30 │ 43  39  40 │
└────────────┼──────────────┼─────────────┴────────────┘
             │ 41   42   11 │
             │ 44 bottom 21 │
             │ 46   47   24 │
             └──────────────┘

show()

Show a plot of self.

EXAMPLES:

sage: C = RubiksCube("R*U")
sage: C.show()                                                              # needs sage.plot

show3d()

Show a 3D plot of self.

EXAMPLES:

sage: C = RubiksCube("R*U")
sage: C.show3d()                                                            # needs sage.plot

solve(algorithm='hybrid', timeout=15)

Solve the Rubik’s cube.

INPUT:

• algorithm – must be one of the following:

  • hybrid - try kociemba for timeout seconds, then dietz

  • kociemba - Use Dik T. Winter’s program (reasonable speed, few moves)

  • dietz - Use Eric Dietz’s cubex program (fast but lots of moves)

  • optimal - Use Michael Reid’s optimal program (may take a long time)

  • gap - Use GAP word solution (can be slow)

Any choice other than gap requires the optional package rubiks. Otherwise, the gap algorithm is used.

EXAMPLES:

sage: C = RubiksCube("R U F L B D")
sage: C.solve()           # optional - rubiks
'R U F L B D'

Dietz’s program is much faster, but may give highly non-optimal solutions:

sage: s = C.solve('dietz'); s   # optional - rubiks
"U' L' L' U L U' L U D L L D' L' D L' D' L D L' U' L D' L' U L' B' U' L' U B L D L D' U' L' U L B L B' L' U L U' L' F' L' F L' F L F' L' D' L' D D L D' B L B' L B' L B F' L F F B' L F' B D' D' L D B' B' L' D' B U' U' L' B' D' F' F' L D F'"
sage: C2 = RubiksCube(s)  # optional - rubiks
sage: C == C2             # optional - rubiks
True

undo()

Undo the last move of the Rubik’s cube.

EXAMPLES:

sage: C = RubiksCube()
sage: D = C.move("R*U")
sage: D.undo() == C
True

sage.groups.perm_gps.cubegroup.color_of_square(facet, colors=['lpurple', 'yellow', 'red', 'green', 'orange', 'blue'])

Return the color the facet has in the solved state.

EXAMPLES:

sage: from sage.groups.perm_gps.cubegroup import color_of_square
sage: color_of_square(41)
'blue'

sage.groups.perm_gps.cubegroup.create_poly(face, color)

Create the polygon given by face with color color.

EXAMPLES:

sage: from sage.groups.perm_gps.cubegroup import create_poly, red
sage: create_poly('ur', red)                                                    # needs sage.plot
Graphics object consisting of 1 graphics primitive

sage.groups.perm_gps.cubegroup.cubie_centers(label)

Return the cubie center list element given by label.

EXAMPLES:

sage: from sage.groups.perm_gps.cubegroup import cubie_centers
sage: cubie_centers(3)
[0, 2, 2]

sage.groups.perm_gps.cubegroup.cubie_colors(label, state0)

Return the color of the cubie given by label at state0.

EXAMPLES:

sage: from sage.groups.perm_gps.cubegroup import cubie_colors
sage: G = CubeGroup()
sage: g = G.parse("R*U")
sage: cubie_colors(3, G.facets(g))
[(1, 1, 1), (1, 0.63, 1), (1, 0.6, 0.3)]

sage.groups.perm_gps.cubegroup.cubie_faces()

This provides a map from the 6 faces of the 27 cubies to the 48 facets of the larger cube.

-1,-1,-1 is left, top, front

EXAMPLES:

sage: from sage.groups.perm_gps.cubegroup import cubie_faces
sage: sorted(cubie_faces().items())
[((-1, -1, -1), [6, 17, 11, 0, 0, 0]),
 ((-1, -1, 0), [4, 0, 10, 0, 0, 0]),
 ((-1, -1, 1), [1, 0, 9, 0, 35, 0]),
 ((-1, 0, -1), [0, 20, 13, 0, 0, 0]),
 ((-1, 0, 0), [0, 0, -5, 0, 0, 0]),
 ((-1, 0, 1), [0, 0, 12, 0, 37, 0]),
 ((-1, 1, -1), [0, 22, 16, 41, 0, 0]),
 ((-1, 1, 0), [0, 0, 15, 44, 0, 0]),
 ((-1, 1, 1), [0, 0, 14, 46, 40, 0]),
 ((0, -1, -1), [7, 18, 0, 0, 0, 0]),
 ((0, -1, 0), [-6, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0]),
 ((0, -1, 1), [2, 0, 0, 0, 34, 0]),
 ((0, 0, -1), [0, -4, 0, 0, 0, 0]),
 ((0, 0, 0), [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0]),
 ((0, 0, 1), [0, 0, 0, 0, -2, 0]),
 ((0, 1, -1), [0, 23, 0, 42, 0, 0]),
 ((0, 1, 0), [0, 0, 0, -1, 0, 0]),
 ((0, 1, 1), [0, 0, 0, 47, 39, 0]),
 ((1, -1, -1), [8, 19, 0, 0, 0, 25]),
 ((1, -1, 0), [5, 0, 0, 0, 0, 26]),
 ((1, -1, 1), [3, 0, 0, 0, 33, 27]),
 ((1, 0, -1), [0, 21, 0, 0, 0, 28]),
 ((1, 0, 0), [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, -3]),
 ((1, 0, 1), [0, 0, 0, 0, 36, 29]),
 ((1, 1, -1), [0, 24, 0, 43, 0, 30]),
 ((1, 1, 0), [0, 0, 0, 45, 0, 31]),
 ((1, 1, 1), [0, 0, 0, 48, 38, 32])]

sage.groups.perm_gps.cubegroup.index2singmaster(facet)

Translate index used (eg, 43) to Singmaster facet notation (eg, fdr).

EXAMPLES:

sage: from sage.groups.perm_gps.cubegroup import index2singmaster
sage: index2singmaster(41)
'dlf'

sage.groups.perm_gps.cubegroup.inv_list(lst)

Input a list of ints \(1, \ldots, m\) (in any order), outputs inverse perm.

EXAMPLES:

sage: from sage.groups.perm_gps.cubegroup import inv_list
sage: L = [2,3,1]
sage: inv_list(L)
[3, 1, 2]

sage.groups.perm_gps.cubegroup.plot3d_cubie(cnt, clrs)

Plot the front, up and right face of a cubie centered at cnt and rgbcolors given by clrs (in the order FUR).

Type P.show() to view.

EXAMPLES:

sage: from sage.groups.perm_gps.cubegroup import plot3d_cubie, blue, red, green
sage: clrF = blue; clrU = red; clrR = green
sage: P = plot3d_cubie([1/2,1/2,1/2],[clrF,clrU,clrR])                          # needs sage.plot

sage.groups.perm_gps.cubegroup.polygon_plot3d(points, tilt=30, turn=30, **kwargs)

Plot a polygon viewed from an angle determined by tilt, turn, and vertices points.

Warning

The ordering of the points is important to get “correct” and if you add several of these plots together, the one added first is also drawn first (ie, addition of Graphics objects is not commutative).

The following example produced a green-colored square with vertices at the points indicated.

EXAMPLES:

sage: from sage.groups.perm_gps.cubegroup import polygon_plot3d,green
sage: P = polygon_plot3d([[1,3,1],[2,3,1],[2,3,2],[1,3,2],[1,3,1]],             # needs sage.plot
....:                    rgbcolor=green)

sage.groups.perm_gps.cubegroup.rotation_list(tilt, turn)

Return a list \([\sin(\theta), \sin(\phi), \cos(\theta), \cos(\phi)]\) of rotations where \(\theta\) is tilt and \(\phi\) is turn.

EXAMPLES:

sage: from sage.groups.perm_gps.cubegroup import rotation_list
sage: rotation_list(30, 45)
[0.49999999999999994, 0.7071067811865475, 0.8660254037844387, 0.7071067811865476]

sage.groups.perm_gps.cubegroup.xproj(x, y, z, r)

Return the \(x\)-projection of \((x,y,z)\) rotated by \(r\).

EXAMPLES:

sage: from sage.groups.perm_gps.cubegroup import rotation_list, xproj
sage: rot = rotation_list(30, 45)
sage: xproj(1,2,3,rot)
0.6123724356957945

sage.groups.perm_gps.cubegroup.yproj(x, y, z, r)

Return the \(y\)-projection of \((x,y,z)\) rotated by \(r\).

EXAMPLES:

sage: from sage.groups.perm_gps.cubegroup import rotation_list, yproj
sage: rot = rotation_list(30, 45)
sage: yproj(1,2,3,rot)
1.378497416975604