Unitary Groups \(GU(n,q)\) and \(SU(n,q)\)#

These are \(n \times n\) unitary matrices with entries in \(GF(q^2)\).

EXAMPLES:

sage: # needs sage.rings.finite_rings
sage: G = SU(3,5)
sage: G.order()                                                                     # needs sage.libs.gap
378000
sage: G
Special Unitary Group of degree 3 over Finite Field in a of size 5^2
sage: G.gens()                                                                      # needs sage.libs.gap
(
[      a       0       0]  [4*a   4   1]
[      0 2*a + 2       0]  [  4   4   0]
[      0       0     3*a], [  1   0   0]
)
sage: G.base_ring()
Finite Field in a of size 5^2

AUTHORS:

  • David Joyner (2006-03): initial version, modified from special_linear (by W. Stein)

  • David Joyner (2006-05): minor additions (examples, _latex_, __str__, gens)

  • William Stein (2006-12): rewrite

  • Volker Braun (2013-1) port to new Parent, libGAP, extreme refactoring.

  • Sebastian Oehms (2018-8) add _UG, invariant_form(), option for user defined invariant bilinear form, and bug-fix in _check_matrix (see github issue #26028)

sage.groups.matrix_gps.unitary.GU(n, R, var='a', invariant_form=None)#

Return the general unitary group.

The general unitary group \(GU( d, R )\) consists of all \(d \times d\) matrices that preserve a nondegenerate sesquilinear form over the ring \(R\).

Note

For a finite field, the matrices that preserve a sesquilinear form over \(\GF{q}\) live over \(\GF{q^2}\). So GU(n,q) for a prime power \(q\) constructs the matrix group over the base ring GF(q^2).

Note

This group is also available via groups.matrix.GU().

INPUT:

  • n – a positive integer

  • R – ring or an integer; if an integer is specified, the corresponding finite field is used

  • var – (optional, default: 'a') variable used to represent generator of the finite field, if needed

  • invariant_form – (optional) instances being accepted by the matrix-constructor which define a \(n \times n\) square matrix over \(R\) describing the hermitian form to be kept invariant by the unitary group; the form is checked to be non-degenerate and hermitian but not to be positive definite

OUTPUT: The general unitary group.

EXAMPLES:

sage: G = GU(3, 7); G                                                           # needs sage.rings.finite_rings
General Unitary Group of degree 3 over Finite Field in a of size 7^2
sage: G.gens()                                                                  # needs sage.libs.gap sage.rings.finite_rings
(
[  a   0   0]  [6*a   6   1]
[  0   1   0]  [  6   6   0]
[  0   0 5*a], [  1   0   0]
)
sage: GU(2, QQ)
General Unitary Group of degree 2 over Rational Field

sage: G = GU(3, 5, var='beta')                                                  # needs sage.rings.finite_rings
sage: G.base_ring()                                                             # needs sage.rings.finite_rings
Finite Field in beta of size 5^2
sage: G.gens()                                                                  # needs sage.libs.gap sage.rings.finite_rings
(
[  beta      0      0]  [4*beta      4      1]
[     0      1      0]  [     4      4      0]
[     0      0 3*beta], [     1      0      0]
)

Using the invariant_form option:

sage: # needs sage.libs.gap sage.rings.number_field
sage: UCF = UniversalCyclotomicField(); e5 = UCF.gen(5)
sage: m = matrix(UCF, 3, 3, [[1,e5,0], [e5.conjugate(),2,0], [0,0,1]])
sage: G  = GU(3, UCF)
sage: Gm = GU(3, UCF, invariant_form=m)
sage: G == Gm
False
sage: G.invariant_form()
[1 0 0]
[0 1 0]
[0 0 1]
sage: Gm.invariant_form()
[     1   E(5)      0]
[E(5)^4      2      0]
[     0      0      1]
sage: pm = Permutation((1,2,3)).to_matrix()
sage: g = G(pm); g in G; g                                                      # needs sage.combinat
True
[0 0 1]
[1 0 0]
[0 1 0]
sage: Gm(pm)                                                                    # needs sage.combinat
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
TypeError: matrix must be unitary with respect to the hermitian form
[     1   E(5)      0]
[E(5)^4      2      0]
[     0      0      1]

sage: GU(3, 3, invariant_form=[[1,0,0], [0,2,0], [0,0,1]])                      # needs sage.libs.pari
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
NotImplementedError: invariant_form for finite groups is fixed by GAP

sage: GU(2, QQ, invariant_form=[[1,0], [2,0]])
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: invariant_form must be non-degenerate
sage.groups.matrix_gps.unitary.SU(n, R, var='a', invariant_form=None)#

The special unitary group \(SU( d, R )\) consists of all \(d \times d\) matrices that preserve a nondegenerate sesquilinear form over the ring \(R\) and have determinant \(1\).

Note

For a finite field the matrices that preserve a sesquilinear form over \(\GF{q}\) live over \(\GF{q^2}\). So SU(n,q) for a prime power \(q\) constructs the matrix group over the base ring GF(q^2).

Note

This group is also available via groups.matrix.SU().

INPUT:

  • n – a positive integer

  • R – ring or an integer; if an integer is specified, the corresponding finite field is used

  • var – (optional, default: 'a') variable used to represent generator of the finite field, if needed

  • invariant_form – (optional) instances being accepted by the matrix-constructor which define a \(n \times n\) square matrix over R describing the hermitian form to be kept invariant by the unitary group; the form is checked to be non-degenerate and hermitian but not to be positive definite

OUTPUT:

Return the special unitary group.

EXAMPLES:

sage: SU(3,5)                                                                   # needs sage.rings.finite_rings
Special Unitary Group of degree 3 over Finite Field in a of size 5^2
sage: SU(3, GF(5))                                                              # needs sage.rings.finite_rings
Special Unitary Group of degree 3 over Finite Field in a of size 5^2
sage: SU(3, QQ)
Special Unitary Group of degree 3 over Rational Field

Using the invariant_form option:

sage: # needs sage.rings.number_field
sage: CF3 = CyclotomicField(3); e3 = CF3.gen()
sage: m = matrix(CF3, 3, 3, [[1,e3,0], [e3.conjugate(),2,0], [0,0,1]])
sage: G  = SU(3, CF3)
sage: Gm = SU(3, CF3, invariant_form=m)
sage: G == Gm
False
sage: G.invariant_form()
[1 0 0]
[0 1 0]
[0 0 1]
sage: Gm.invariant_form()
[         1      zeta3          0]
[-zeta3 - 1          2          0]
[         0          0          1]
sage: pm = Permutation((1,2,3)).to_matrix()
sage: G(pm)                                                                     # needs sage.combinat
[0 0 1]
[1 0 0]
[0 1 0]
sage: Gm(pm)                                                                    # needs sage.combinat
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
TypeError: matrix must be unitary with respect to the hermitian form
[         1      zeta3          0]
[-zeta3 - 1          2          0]
[         0          0          1]

sage: SU(3, 5, invariant_form=[[1,0,0], [0,2,0], [0,0,3]])                      # needs sage.rings.finite_rings
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
NotImplementedError: invariant_form for finite groups is fixed by GAP
class sage.groups.matrix_gps.unitary.UnitaryMatrixGroup_generic(degree, base_ring, special, sage_name, latex_string, category=None, invariant_form=None)#

Bases: NamedMatrixGroup_generic

General Unitary Group over arbitrary rings.

EXAMPLES:

sage: G = GU(3, GF(7)); G                                                       # needs sage.rings.finite_rings
General Unitary Group of degree 3 over Finite Field in a of size 7^2
sage: latex(G)                                                                  # needs sage.rings.finite_rings
\text{GU}_{3}(\Bold{F}_{7^{2}})

sage: G = SU(3, GF(5));  G                                                      # needs sage.rings.finite_rings
Special Unitary Group of degree 3 over Finite Field in a of size 5^2
sage: latex(G)                                                                  # needs sage.rings.finite_rings
\text{SU}_{3}(\Bold{F}_{5^{2}})

sage: # needs sage.rings.number_field
sage: CF3 = CyclotomicField(3); e3 = CF3.gen()
sage: m = matrix(CF3, 3, 3, [[1,e3,0], [e3.conjugate(),2,0], [0,0,1]])
sage: G = SU(3, CF3, invariant_form=m)
sage: latex(G)
\text{SU}_{3}(\Bold{Q}(\zeta_{3}))\text{ with respect to positive definite hermitian form }\left(\begin{array}{rrr}
1 & \zeta_{3} & 0 \\
-\zeta_{3} - 1 & 2 & 0 \\
0 & 0 & 1
\end{array}\right)
invariant_form()#

Return the hermitian form preserved by the unitary group.

OUTPUT: A square matrix describing the bilinear form

EXAMPLES:

sage: SU4 = SU(4, QQ)
sage: SU4.invariant_form()
[1 0 0 0]
[0 1 0 0]
[0 0 1 0]
[0 0 0 1]
sage.groups.matrix_gps.unitary.finite_field_sqrt(ring)#

Helper function.

INPUT: A ring.

OUTPUT:

Integer \(q\) such that ring is the finite field with \(q^2\) elements.

EXAMPLES:

sage: from sage.groups.matrix_gps.unitary import finite_field_sqrt
sage: finite_field_sqrt(GF(4, 'a'))                                             # needs sage.rings.finite_rings
2