Finite Coxeter Groups#
- class sage.categories.finite_coxeter_groups.FiniteCoxeterGroups(base_category)#
Bases:
CategoryWithAxiom
The category of finite Coxeter groups.
EXAMPLES:
sage: CoxeterGroups.Finite() Category of finite coxeter groups sage: FiniteCoxeterGroups().super_categories() [Category of finite generalized coxeter groups, Category of coxeter groups] sage: G = CoxeterGroups().Finite().example() sage: G.cayley_graph(side = "right").plot() Graphics object consisting of 40 graphics primitives
Here are some further examples:
sage: WeylGroups().Finite().example() The symmetric group on {0, ..., 3} sage: WeylGroup(["B", 3]) Weyl Group of type ['B', 3] (as a matrix group acting on the ambient space)
Those other examples will eventually be also in this category:
sage: SymmetricGroup(4) Symmetric group of order 4! as a permutation group sage: DihedralGroup(5) Dihedral group of order 10 as a permutation group
- class ElementMethods#
Bases:
object
- bruhat_upper_covers()#
Returns all the elements that cover
self
in Bruhat order.EXAMPLES:
sage: W = WeylGroup(["A",4]) sage: w = W.from_reduced_word([3,2]) sage: print([v.reduced_word() for v in w.bruhat_upper_covers()]) [[4, 3, 2], [3, 4, 2], [2, 3, 2], [3, 1, 2], [3, 2, 1]] sage: W = WeylGroup(["B",6]) sage: w = W.from_reduced_word([1,2,1,4,5]) sage: C = w.bruhat_upper_covers() sage: len(C) 9 sage: print([v.reduced_word() for v in C]) [[6, 4, 5, 1, 2, 1], [4, 5, 6, 1, 2, 1], [3, 4, 5, 1, 2, 1], [2, 3, 4, 5, 1, 2], [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 1], [4, 5, 4, 1, 2, 1], [4, 5, 3, 1, 2, 1], [4, 5, 2, 3, 1, 2], [4, 5, 1, 2, 3, 1]] sage: ww = W.from_reduced_word([5,6,5]) sage: CC = ww.bruhat_upper_covers() sage: print([v.reduced_word() for v in CC]) [[6, 5, 6, 5], [4, 5, 6, 5], [5, 6, 4, 5], [5, 6, 5, 4], [5, 6, 5, 3], [5, 6, 5, 2], [5, 6, 5, 1]]
Recursive algorithm: write \(w\) for
self
. If \(i\) is a non-descent of \(w\), then the covers of \(w\) are exactly \(\{ws_i, u_1s_i, u_2s_i,..., u_js_i\}\), where the \(u_k\) are those covers of \(ws_i\) that have a descent at \(i\).
- covered_reflections_subgroup()#
Return the subgroup of \(W\) generated by the conjugates by \(w\) of the simple reflections indexed by right descents of \(w\).
This is used to compute the shard intersection order on \(W\).
EXAMPLES:
sage: W = CoxeterGroup(['A',3], base_ring=ZZ) sage: len(W.long_element().covered_reflections_subgroup()) 24 sage: s = W.simple_reflection(1) sage: Gs = s.covered_reflections_subgroup() sage: len(Gs) 2 sage: s in [u.lift() for u in Gs] True sage: len(W.one().covered_reflections_subgroup()) 1
- coxeter_knuth_graph()#
Return the Coxeter-Knuth graph of type \(A\).
The Coxeter-Knuth graph of type \(A\) is generated by the Coxeter-Knuth relations which are given by \(a a+1 a \sim a+1 a a+1\), \(abc \sim acb\) if \(b<a<c\) and \(abc \sim bac\) if \(a<c<b\).
EXAMPLES:
sage: W = WeylGroup(['A',4], prefix='s') sage: w = W.from_reduced_word([1,2,1,3,2]) sage: D = w.coxeter_knuth_graph() sage: D.vertices(sort=True) [(1, 2, 1, 3, 2), (1, 2, 3, 1, 2), (2, 1, 2, 3, 2), (2, 1, 3, 2, 3), (2, 3, 1, 2, 3)] sage: D.edges(sort=True) [((1, 2, 1, 3, 2), (1, 2, 3, 1, 2), None), ((1, 2, 1, 3, 2), (2, 1, 2, 3, 2), None), ((2, 1, 2, 3, 2), (2, 1, 3, 2, 3), None), ((2, 1, 3, 2, 3), (2, 3, 1, 2, 3), None)] sage: w = W.from_reduced_word([1,3]) sage: D = w.coxeter_knuth_graph() sage: D.vertices(sort=True) [(1, 3), (3, 1)] sage: D.edges(sort=False) []
- coxeter_knuth_neighbor(w)#
Return the Coxeter-Knuth (oriented) neighbors of the reduced word \(w\) of
self
.INPUT:
w
– reduced word ofself
The Coxeter-Knuth relations are given by \(a a+1 a \sim a+1 a a+1\), \(abc \sim acb\) if \(b<a<c\) and \(abc \sim bac\) if \(a<c<b\). This method returns all neighbors of
w
under the Coxeter-Knuth relations oriented from left to right.EXAMPLES:
sage: W = WeylGroup(['A',4], prefix='s') sage: word = [1,2,1,3,2] sage: w = W.from_reduced_word(word) sage: w.coxeter_knuth_neighbor(word) {(1, 2, 3, 1, 2), (2, 1, 2, 3, 2)} sage: word = [1,2,1,3,2,4,3] sage: w = W.from_reduced_word(word) sage: w.coxeter_knuth_neighbor(word) {(1, 2, 1, 3, 4, 2, 3), (1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 4, 3), (2, 1, 2, 3, 2, 4, 3)}
- is_coxeter_element()#
Return whether this is a Coxeter element.
This is, whether
self
has an eigenvalue \(e^{2\pi i/h}\) where \(h\) is the Coxeter number.See also
coxeter_elements()
EXAMPLES:
sage: W = CoxeterGroup(['A',2]) sage: c = prod(W.gens()) sage: c.is_coxeter_element() True sage: W.one().is_coxeter_element() False sage: W = WeylGroup(['G', 2]) sage: c = prod(W.gens()) sage: c.is_coxeter_element() True sage: W.one().is_coxeter_element() False
- class ParentMethods#
Bases:
object
Ambiguity resolution: the implementation of
some_elements
is preferable to that ofFiniteGroups
. The same holds for__iter__
, although a breadth first search would be more natural; at least this maintains backward compatibility after github issue #13589.- bhz_poset()#
Return the Bergeron-Hohlweg-Zabrocki partial order on the Coxeter group.
This is a partial order on the elements of a finite Coxeter group \(W\), which is distinct from the Bruhat order, the weak order and the shard intersection order. It was defined in [BHZ2005].
This partial order is not a lattice, as there is no unique maximal element. It can be succintly defined as follows.
Let \(u\) and \(v\) be two elements of the Coxeter group \(W\). Let \(S(u)\) be the support of \(u\). Then \(u \leq v\) if and only if \(v_{S(u)} = u\) (here \(v = v^I v_I\) denotes the usual parabolic decomposition with respect to the standard parabolic subgroup \(W_I\)).
See also
EXAMPLES:
sage: W = CoxeterGroup(['A',3], base_ring=ZZ) sage: P = W.bhz_poset(); P Finite poset containing 24 elements sage: P.relations_number() 103 sage: P.chain_polynomial() 34*q^4 + 90*q^3 + 79*q^2 + 24*q + 1 sage: len(P.maximal_elements()) 13
- bruhat_poset(facade=False)#
Return the Bruhat poset of
self
.See also
EXAMPLES:
sage: W = WeylGroup(["A", 2]) sage: P = W.bruhat_poset() sage: P Finite poset containing 6 elements sage: P.show()
Here are some typical operations on this poset:
sage: W = WeylGroup(["A", 3]) sage: P = W.bruhat_poset() sage: u = W.from_reduced_word([3,1]) sage: v = W.from_reduced_word([3,2,1,2,3]) sage: P(u) <= P(v) True sage: len(P.interval(P(u), P(v))) 10 sage: P.is_join_semilattice() False
By default, the elements of \(P\) are aware that they belong to \(P\):
sage: P.an_element().parent() Finite poset containing 24 elements
If instead one wants the elements to be plain elements of the Coxeter group, one can use the
facade
option:sage: P = W.bruhat_poset(facade = True) sage: P.an_element().parent() Weyl Group of type ['A', 3] (as a matrix group acting on the ambient space)
See also
Poset()
for more on posets and facade posets.Todo
Use the symmetric group in the examples (for nicer output), and print the edges for a stronger test.
The constructed poset should be lazy, in order to handle large / infinite Coxeter groups.
- cambrian_lattice(c, on_roots=False)#
Return the \(c\)-Cambrian lattice on delta sequences.
See arXiv 1503.00710 and arXiv math/0611106.
Delta sequences are certain 2-colored minimal factorizations of
c
into reflections.INPUT:
c
– a standard Coxeter element inself
(as a tuple, or as an element ofself
)on_roots
(optional, defaultFalse
) – ifon_roots
isTrue
, the lattice is realized on roots rather than on reflections. In order for this to work, the ElementMethodreflection_to_root
must be available.
EXAMPLES:
sage: CoxeterGroup(["A", 2]).cambrian_lattice((1,2)) Finite lattice containing 5 elements sage: CoxeterGroup(["B", 2]).cambrian_lattice((1,2)) Finite lattice containing 6 elements sage: CoxeterGroup(["G", 2]).cambrian_lattice((1,2)) Finite lattice containing 8 elements
- codegrees()#
Return the codegrees of the Coxeter group.
These are just the degrees minus 2.
EXAMPLES:
sage: CoxeterGroup(['A', 4]).codegrees() (0, 1, 2, 3) sage: CoxeterGroup(['B', 4]).codegrees() (0, 2, 4, 6) sage: CoxeterGroup(['D', 4]).codegrees() (0, 2, 2, 4) sage: CoxeterGroup(['F', 4]).codegrees() (0, 4, 6, 10) sage: CoxeterGroup(['E', 8]).codegrees() (0, 6, 10, 12, 16, 18, 22, 28) sage: CoxeterGroup(['H', 3]).codegrees() (0, 4, 8) sage: WeylGroup([["A",3], ["A",3], ["B",2]]).codegrees() (0, 1, 2, 0, 1, 2, 0, 2)
- degrees()#
Return the degrees of the Coxeter group.
The output is an increasing list of integers.
EXAMPLES:
sage: CoxeterGroup(['A', 4]).degrees() (2, 3, 4, 5) sage: CoxeterGroup(['B', 4]).degrees() (2, 4, 6, 8) sage: CoxeterGroup(['D', 4]).degrees() (2, 4, 4, 6) sage: CoxeterGroup(['F', 4]).degrees() (2, 6, 8, 12) sage: CoxeterGroup(['E', 8]).degrees() (2, 8, 12, 14, 18, 20, 24, 30) sage: CoxeterGroup(['H', 3]).degrees() (2, 6, 10) sage: WeylGroup([["A",3], ["A",3], ["B",2]]).degrees() (2, 3, 4, 2, 3, 4, 2, 4)
- inversion_sequence(word)#
Return the inversion sequence corresponding to the
word
in indices of simple generators ofself
.If
word
corresponds to \([w_0,w_1,...w_k]\), the output is \([w_0,w_0w_1w_0,\ldots,w_0w_1\cdots w_k \cdots w_1 w_0]\).INPUT:
word
– a word in the indices of the simple generators ofself
.
EXAMPLES:
sage: CoxeterGroup(["A", 2]).inversion_sequence([1,2,1]) [ [-1 1] [ 0 -1] [ 1 0] [ 0 1], [-1 0], [ 1 -1] ] sage: [t.reduced_word() for t in CoxeterGroup(["A",3]).inversion_sequence([2,1,3,2,1,3])] [[2], [1, 2, 1], [2, 3, 2], [1, 2, 3, 2, 1], [3], [1]]
- is_real()#
Return
True
sinceself
is a real reflection group.EXAMPLES:
sage: CoxeterGroup(['F',4]).is_real() True sage: CoxeterGroup(['H',4]).is_real() True
- long_element(index_set=None, as_word=False)#
Return the longest element of
self
, or of the parabolic subgroup corresponding to the givenindex_set
.INPUT:
index_set
– a subset (as a list or iterable) of the nodes of the Dynkin diagram; (default: all of them)as_word
– boolean (defaultFalse
). IfTrue
, then return instead a reduced decomposition of the longest element.
Should this method be called maximal_element? longest_element?
EXAMPLES:
sage: D10 = FiniteCoxeterGroups().example(10) sage: D10.long_element() (1, 2, 1, 2, 1, 2, 1, 2, 1, 2) sage: D10.long_element([1]) (1,) sage: D10.long_element([2]) (2,) sage: D10.long_element([]) () sage: D7 = FiniteCoxeterGroups().example(7) sage: D7.long_element() (1, 2, 1, 2, 1, 2, 1)
One can require instead a reduced word for w0:
sage: A3 = CoxeterGroup(['A', 3]) sage: A3.long_element(as_word=True) [1, 2, 1, 3, 2, 1]
- m_cambrian_lattice(c, m=1, on_roots=False)#
Return the \(m\)-Cambrian lattice on \(m\)-delta sequences.
See arXiv 1503.00710 and arXiv math/0611106.
The \(m\)-delta sequences are certain \(m\)-colored minimal factorizations of \(c\) into reflections.
INPUT:
\(c\) – a Coxeter element of
self
(as a tuple, or as an element ofself
)\(m\) – a positive integer (optional, default 1)
on_roots
(optional, defaultFalse
) – ifon_roots
isTrue
, the lattice is realized on roots rather than on reflections. In order for this to work, the ElementMethodreflection_to_root
must be available.
EXAMPLES:
sage: CoxeterGroup(["A",2]).m_cambrian_lattice((1,2)) Finite lattice containing 5 elements sage: CoxeterGroup(["A",2]).m_cambrian_lattice((1,2),2) Finite lattice containing 12 elements
- permutahedron(point=None, base_ring=None)#
Return the permutahedron of
self
,This is the convex hull of the point
point
in the weight basis under the action ofself
on the underlying vector space \(V\).See also
permutahedron()
INPUT:
point
– optional, a point given by its coordinates in the weight basis (default is \((1, 1, 1, \ldots)\))base_ring
– optional, the base ring of the polytope
Note
The result is expressed in the root basis coordinates.
Note
If function is too slow, switching the base ring to
RDF
will almost certainly speed things up.EXAMPLES:
sage: W = CoxeterGroup(['H',3], base_ring=RDF) sage: W.permutahedron() doctest:warning ... UserWarning: This polyhedron data is numerically complicated; cdd could not convert between the inexact V and H representation without loss of data. The resulting object might show inconsistencies. A 3-dimensional polyhedron in RDF^3 defined as the convex hull of 120 vertices sage: W = CoxeterGroup(['I',7]) sage: W.permutahedron() A 2-dimensional polyhedron in AA^2 defined as the convex hull of 14 vertices sage: W.permutahedron(base_ring=RDF) A 2-dimensional polyhedron in RDF^2 defined as the convex hull of 14 vertices sage: W = ReflectionGroup(['A',3]) # optional - gap3 sage: W.permutahedron() # optional - gap3 A 3-dimensional polyhedron in QQ^3 defined as the convex hull of 24 vertices sage: W = ReflectionGroup(['A',3],['B',2]) # optional - gap3 sage: W.permutahedron() # optional - gap3 A 5-dimensional polyhedron in QQ^5 defined as the convex hull of 192 vertices
- reflections_from_w0()#
Return the reflections of
self
using the inversion set ofw_0
.EXAMPLES:
sage: WeylGroup(['A',2]).reflections_from_w0() [ [0 1 0] [0 0 1] [1 0 0] [1 0 0] [0 1 0] [0 0 1] [0 0 1], [1 0 0], [0 1 0] ] sage: WeylGroup(['A',3]).reflections_from_w0() [ [0 1 0 0] [0 0 1 0] [1 0 0 0] [0 0 0 1] [1 0 0 0] [1 0 0 0] [1 0 0 0] [0 1 0 0] [0 0 1 0] [0 1 0 0] [0 0 0 1] [0 1 0 0] [0 0 1 0] [1 0 0 0] [0 1 0 0] [0 0 1 0] [0 0 1 0] [0 0 0 1] [0 0 0 1], [0 0 0 1], [0 0 0 1], [1 0 0 0], [0 1 0 0], [0 0 1 0] ]
- shard_poset(side='right')#
Return the shard intersection order attached to \(W\).
This is a lattice structure on \(W\), introduced in [Rea2009]. It contains the noncrossing partition lattice, as the induced lattice on the subset of \(c\)-sortable elements.
The partial order is given by simultaneous inclusion of inversion sets and subgroups attached to every element.
The precise description used here can be found in [STW2018].
Another implementation for the symmetric groups is available as
shard_poset()
.See also
EXAMPLES:
sage: W = CoxeterGroup(['A',3], base_ring=ZZ) sage: SH = W.shard_poset(); SH Finite lattice containing 24 elements sage: SH.is_graded() True sage: SH.characteristic_polynomial() q^3 - 11*q^2 + 23*q - 13 sage: SH.f_polynomial() 34*q^3 + 22*q^2 + q
- w0()#
Return the longest element of
self
.This attribute is deprecated, use
long_element()
instead.EXAMPLES:
sage: D8 = FiniteCoxeterGroups().example(8) sage: D8.w0 (1, 2, 1, 2, 1, 2, 1, 2) sage: D3 = FiniteCoxeterGroups().example(3) sage: D3.w0 (1, 2, 1)
- weak_lattice(side='right', facade=False)#
INPUT:
side
– “left”, “right”, or “twosided” (default: “right”)facade
– a boolean (default:False
)
Returns the left (resp. right) poset for weak order. In this poset, \(u\) is smaller than \(v\) if some reduced word of \(u\) is a right (resp. left) factor of some reduced word of \(v\).
See also
EXAMPLES:
sage: W = WeylGroup(["A", 2]) sage: P = W.weak_poset() sage: P Finite lattice containing 6 elements sage: P.show()
This poset is in fact a lattice:
sage: W = WeylGroup(["B", 3]) sage: P = W.weak_poset(side = "left") sage: P.is_lattice() True
so this method has an alias
weak_lattice()
:sage: W.weak_lattice(side = "left") is W.weak_poset(side = "left") True
As a bonus feature, one can create the left-right weak poset:
sage: W = WeylGroup(["A",2]) sage: P = W.weak_poset(side = "twosided") sage: P.show() sage: len(P.hasse_diagram().edges(sort=False)) 8
This is the transitive closure of the union of left and right order. In this poset, \(u\) is smaller than \(v\) if some reduced word of \(u\) is a factor of some reduced word of \(v\). Note that this is not a lattice:
sage: P.is_lattice() False
By default, the elements of \(P\) are aware of that they belong to \(P\):
sage: P.an_element().parent() Finite poset containing 6 elements
If instead one wants the elements to be plain elements of the Coxeter group, one can use the
facade
option:sage: P = W.weak_poset(facade = True) sage: P.an_element().parent() Weyl Group of type ['A', 2] (as a matrix group acting on the ambient space)
See also
Poset()
for more on posets and facade posets.Todo
Use the symmetric group in the examples (for nicer output), and print the edges for a stronger test.
The constructed poset should be lazy, in order to handle large / infinite Coxeter groups.
- weak_poset(side='right', facade=False)#
INPUT:
side
– “left”, “right”, or “twosided” (default: “right”)facade
– a boolean (default:False
)
Returns the left (resp. right) poset for weak order. In this poset, \(u\) is smaller than \(v\) if some reduced word of \(u\) is a right (resp. left) factor of some reduced word of \(v\).
See also
EXAMPLES:
sage: W = WeylGroup(["A", 2]) sage: P = W.weak_poset() sage: P Finite lattice containing 6 elements sage: P.show()
This poset is in fact a lattice:
sage: W = WeylGroup(["B", 3]) sage: P = W.weak_poset(side = "left") sage: P.is_lattice() True
so this method has an alias
weak_lattice()
:sage: W.weak_lattice(side = "left") is W.weak_poset(side = "left") True
As a bonus feature, one can create the left-right weak poset:
sage: W = WeylGroup(["A",2]) sage: P = W.weak_poset(side = "twosided") sage: P.show() sage: len(P.hasse_diagram().edges(sort=False)) 8
This is the transitive closure of the union of left and right order. In this poset, \(u\) is smaller than \(v\) if some reduced word of \(u\) is a factor of some reduced word of \(v\). Note that this is not a lattice:
sage: P.is_lattice() False
By default, the elements of \(P\) are aware of that they belong to \(P\):
sage: P.an_element().parent() Finite poset containing 6 elements
If instead one wants the elements to be plain elements of the Coxeter group, one can use the
facade
option:sage: P = W.weak_poset(facade = True) sage: P.an_element().parent() Weyl Group of type ['A', 2] (as a matrix group acting on the ambient space)
See also
Poset()
for more on posets and facade posets.Todo
Use the symmetric group in the examples (for nicer output), and print the edges for a stronger test.
The constructed poset should be lazy, in order to handle large / infinite Coxeter groups.
- extra_super_categories()#
EXAMPLES:
sage: CoxeterGroups().Finite().super_categories() [Category of finite generalized coxeter groups, Category of coxeter groups]