Fundamental Group of an Extended Affine Weyl Group#

AUTHORS:

  • Mark Shimozono (2013) initial version

class sage.combinat.root_system.fundamental_group.FundamentalGroupElement(parent, x)[source]#

Bases: MultiplicativeGroupElement

This should not be called directly

EXAMPLES:

sage: from sage.combinat.root_system.fundamental_group import FundamentalGroupOfExtendedAffineWeylGroup
sage: x = FundamentalGroupOfExtendedAffineWeylGroup(['A',4,1], prefix="f").an_element()
sage: TestSuite(x).run()

>>> from sage.all import *
>>> from sage.combinat.root_system.fundamental_group import FundamentalGroupOfExtendedAffineWeylGroup
>>> x = FundamentalGroupOfExtendedAffineWeylGroup(['A',Integer(4),Integer(1)], prefix="f").an_element()
>>> TestSuite(x).run()
act_on_affine_lattice(wt)[source]#

Act by self on the element wt of an affine root/weight lattice realization.

EXAMPLES:

sage: from sage.combinat.root_system.fundamental_group import FundamentalGroupOfExtendedAffineWeylGroup
sage: F = FundamentalGroupOfExtendedAffineWeylGroup(['A',3,1])
sage: wt = RootSystem(F.cartan_type()).weight_lattice().an_element(); wt
2*Lambda[0] + 2*Lambda[1] + 3*Lambda[2]
sage: F(3).act_on_affine_lattice(wt)
2*Lambda[0] + 3*Lambda[1] + 2*Lambda[3]

>>> from sage.all import *
>>> from sage.combinat.root_system.fundamental_group import FundamentalGroupOfExtendedAffineWeylGroup
>>> F = FundamentalGroupOfExtendedAffineWeylGroup(['A',Integer(3),Integer(1)])
>>> wt = RootSystem(F.cartan_type()).weight_lattice().an_element(); wt
2*Lambda[0] + 2*Lambda[1] + 3*Lambda[2]
>>> F(Integer(3)).act_on_affine_lattice(wt)
2*Lambda[0] + 3*Lambda[1] + 2*Lambda[3]

Warning

Doesn’t work on ambient spaces.

act_on_affine_weyl(w)[source]#

Act by self on the element \(w\) of the affine Weyl group.

EXAMPLES:

sage: from sage.combinat.root_system.fundamental_group import FundamentalGroupOfExtendedAffineWeylGroup
sage: F = FundamentalGroupOfExtendedAffineWeylGroup(['A',3,1])
sage: W = WeylGroup(F.cartan_type(),prefix="s")
sage: w = W.from_reduced_word([2,3,0])
sage: F(1).act_on_affine_weyl(w).reduced_word()
[3, 0, 1]

>>> from sage.all import *
>>> from sage.combinat.root_system.fundamental_group import FundamentalGroupOfExtendedAffineWeylGroup
>>> F = FundamentalGroupOfExtendedAffineWeylGroup(['A',Integer(3),Integer(1)])
>>> W = WeylGroup(F.cartan_type(),prefix="s")
>>> w = W.from_reduced_word([Integer(2),Integer(3),Integer(0)])
>>> F(Integer(1)).act_on_affine_weyl(w).reduced_word()
[3, 0, 1]
value()[source]#

Return the special node which indexes the special automorphism self.

EXAMPLES:

sage: from sage.combinat.root_system.fundamental_group import FundamentalGroupOfExtendedAffineWeylGroup
sage: F = FundamentalGroupOfExtendedAffineWeylGroup(['A',4,1], prefix="f")
sage: F.special_nodes()
(0, 1, 2, 3, 4)
sage: x = F(4); x
f[4]
sage: x.value()
4

>>> from sage.all import *
>>> from sage.combinat.root_system.fundamental_group import FundamentalGroupOfExtendedAffineWeylGroup
>>> F = FundamentalGroupOfExtendedAffineWeylGroup(['A',Integer(4),Integer(1)], prefix="f")
>>> F.special_nodes()
(0, 1, 2, 3, 4)
>>> x = F(Integer(4)); x
f[4]
>>> x.value()
4
class sage.combinat.root_system.fundamental_group.FundamentalGroupGL(cartan_type, prefix='pi')[source]#

Bases: FundamentalGroupOfExtendedAffineWeylGroup_Class

Fundamental group of \(GL_n\). It is just the integers with extra privileges.

Element[source]#

alias of FundamentalGroupGLElement

action(i)[source]#

The action of the \(i\)-th automorphism on the affine Dynkin node set.

EXAMPLES:

sage: from sage.combinat.root_system.fundamental_group import FundamentalGroupOfExtendedAffineWeylGroup
sage: F = FundamentalGroupOfExtendedAffineWeylGroup(['A',2,1], general_linear=True)
sage: F.action(4)(2)
0
sage: F.action(-4)(2)
1

>>> from sage.all import *
>>> from sage.combinat.root_system.fundamental_group import FundamentalGroupOfExtendedAffineWeylGroup
>>> F = FundamentalGroupOfExtendedAffineWeylGroup(['A',Integer(2),Integer(1)], general_linear=True)
>>> F.action(Integer(4))(Integer(2))
0
>>> F.action(-Integer(4))(Integer(2))
1
an_element()[source]#

An element of self.

EXAMPLES:

sage: from sage.combinat.root_system.fundamental_group import FundamentalGroupOfExtendedAffineWeylGroup
sage: FundamentalGroupOfExtendedAffineWeylGroup(['A',2,1], general_linear=True).an_element()
pi[5]

>>> from sage.all import *
>>> from sage.combinat.root_system.fundamental_group import FundamentalGroupOfExtendedAffineWeylGroup
>>> FundamentalGroupOfExtendedAffineWeylGroup(['A',Integer(2),Integer(1)], general_linear=True).an_element()
pi[5]
dual_node(i)[source]#

The node whose special automorphism is inverse to that of \(i\).

EXAMPLES:

sage: from sage.combinat.root_system.fundamental_group import FundamentalGroupOfExtendedAffineWeylGroup
sage: F = FundamentalGroupOfExtendedAffineWeylGroup(['A',2,1], general_linear=True)
sage: F.dual_node(2)
-2

>>> from sage.all import *
>>> from sage.combinat.root_system.fundamental_group import FundamentalGroupOfExtendedAffineWeylGroup
>>> F = FundamentalGroupOfExtendedAffineWeylGroup(['A',Integer(2),Integer(1)], general_linear=True)
>>> F.dual_node(Integer(2))
-2
family()[source]#

The family associated with the set of special nodes.

EXAMPLES:

sage: from sage.combinat.root_system.fundamental_group import FundamentalGroupOfExtendedAffineWeylGroup
sage: fam = FundamentalGroupOfExtendedAffineWeylGroup(['A',2,1], general_linear=True).family() # indirect doctest
sage: fam
Lazy family (<lambda>(i))_{i in Integer Ring}
sage: fam[-3]
-3

>>> from sage.all import *
>>> from sage.combinat.root_system.fundamental_group import FundamentalGroupOfExtendedAffineWeylGroup
>>> fam = FundamentalGroupOfExtendedAffineWeylGroup(['A',Integer(2),Integer(1)], general_linear=True).family() # indirect doctest
>>> fam
Lazy family (<lambda>(i))_{i in Integer Ring}
>>> fam[-Integer(3)]
-3
group_generators()[source]#

Return group generators for self.

EXAMPLES:

sage: from sage.combinat.root_system.fundamental_group import FundamentalGroupOfExtendedAffineWeylGroup
sage: FundamentalGroupOfExtendedAffineWeylGroup(['A',2,1], general_linear=True).group_generators()
(pi[1],)

>>> from sage.all import *
>>> from sage.combinat.root_system.fundamental_group import FundamentalGroupOfExtendedAffineWeylGroup
>>> FundamentalGroupOfExtendedAffineWeylGroup(['A',Integer(2),Integer(1)], general_linear=True).group_generators()
(pi[1],)
one()[source]#

Return the identity element of the fundamental group.

EXAMPLES:

sage: from sage.combinat.root_system.fundamental_group import FundamentalGroupOfExtendedAffineWeylGroup
sage: FundamentalGroupOfExtendedAffineWeylGroup(['A',2,1], general_linear=True).one()
pi[0]

>>> from sage.all import *
>>> from sage.combinat.root_system.fundamental_group import FundamentalGroupOfExtendedAffineWeylGroup
>>> FundamentalGroupOfExtendedAffineWeylGroup(['A',Integer(2),Integer(1)], general_linear=True).one()
pi[0]
product(x, y)[source]#

Return the product of \(x\) and \(y\).

EXAMPLES:

sage: from sage.combinat.root_system.fundamental_group import FundamentalGroupOfExtendedAffineWeylGroup
sage: F = FundamentalGroupOfExtendedAffineWeylGroup(['A',2,1], general_linear=True)
sage: F.special_nodes()
Integer Ring
sage: F(2)*F(3)
pi[5]
sage: F(1)*F(3)^(-1)
pi[-2]

>>> from sage.all import *
>>> from sage.combinat.root_system.fundamental_group import FundamentalGroupOfExtendedAffineWeylGroup
>>> F = FundamentalGroupOfExtendedAffineWeylGroup(['A',Integer(2),Integer(1)], general_linear=True)
>>> F.special_nodes()
Integer Ring
>>> F(Integer(2))*F(Integer(3))
pi[5]
>>> F(Integer(1))*F(Integer(3))**(-Integer(1))
pi[-2]
reduced_word(i)[source]#

A reduced word for the finite permutation part of the special automorphism indexed by \(i\).

More precisely, return a reduced word for the finite Weyl group element \(u\) where \(i\)-th automorphism (expressed in the extended affine Weyl group) has the form \(t u\) where \(t\) is a translation element.

EXAMPLES:

sage: from sage.combinat.root_system.fundamental_group import FundamentalGroupOfExtendedAffineWeylGroup
sage: F = FundamentalGroupOfExtendedAffineWeylGroup(['A',2,1], general_linear=True)
sage: F.reduced_word(10)
(1, 2)

>>> from sage.all import *
>>> from sage.combinat.root_system.fundamental_group import FundamentalGroupOfExtendedAffineWeylGroup
>>> F = FundamentalGroupOfExtendedAffineWeylGroup(['A',Integer(2),Integer(1)], general_linear=True)
>>> F.reduced_word(Integer(10))
(1, 2)
some_elements()[source]#

Return some elements of self.

EXAMPLES:

sage: from sage.combinat.root_system.fundamental_group import FundamentalGroupOfExtendedAffineWeylGroup
sage: FundamentalGroupOfExtendedAffineWeylGroup(['A',2,1], general_linear=True).some_elements()
[pi[-2], pi[2], pi[5]]

>>> from sage.all import *
>>> from sage.combinat.root_system.fundamental_group import FundamentalGroupOfExtendedAffineWeylGroup
>>> FundamentalGroupOfExtendedAffineWeylGroup(['A',Integer(2),Integer(1)], general_linear=True).some_elements()
[pi[-2], pi[2], pi[5]]
class sage.combinat.root_system.fundamental_group.FundamentalGroupGLElement(parent, x)[source]#

Bases: FundamentalGroupElement

act_on_classical_ambient(wt)[source]#

Act by self on the classical ambient weight vector wt.

EXAMPLES:

sage: from sage.combinat.root_system.fundamental_group import FundamentalGroupOfExtendedAffineWeylGroup
sage: F = FundamentalGroupOfExtendedAffineWeylGroup(['A',2,1], general_linear=True)
sage: f = F.an_element(); f
pi[5]
sage: la = F.cartan_type().classical().root_system().ambient_space().an_element(); la
(2, 2, 3)
sage: f.act_on_classical_ambient(la)
(2, 3, 2)

>>> from sage.all import *
>>> from sage.combinat.root_system.fundamental_group import FundamentalGroupOfExtendedAffineWeylGroup
>>> F = FundamentalGroupOfExtendedAffineWeylGroup(['A',Integer(2),Integer(1)], general_linear=True)
>>> f = F.an_element(); f
pi[5]
>>> la = F.cartan_type().classical().root_system().ambient_space().an_element(); la
(2, 2, 3)
>>> f.act_on_classical_ambient(la)
(2, 3, 2)
sage.combinat.root_system.fundamental_group.FundamentalGroupOfExtendedAffineWeylGroup(cartan_type, prefix='pi', general_linear=None)[source]#

Factory for the fundamental group of an extended affine Weyl group.

INPUT:

  • cartan_type – a Cartan type that is either affine or finite, with the latter being a shorthand for the untwisted affinization

  • prefix (default: ‘pi’) – string that labels the elements of the group

  • general_linear – (default: None, meaning False) In untwisted type A, if True, use the universal central extension

Fundamental group

Associated to each affine Cartan type \(\tilde{X}\) is an extended affine Weyl group \(E\). Its subgroup of length-zero elements is called the fundamental group \(F\). The group \(F\) can be identified with a subgroup of the group of automorphisms of the affine Dynkin diagram. As such, every element of \(F\) can be viewed as a permutation of the set \(I\) of affine Dynkin nodes.

Let \(0 \in I\) be the distinguished affine node; it is the one whose removal produces the associated finite Cartan type (call it \(X\)). A node \(i \in I\) is called special if some automorphism of the affine Dynkin diagram, sends \(0\) to \(i\). The node \(0\) is always special due to the identity automorphism. There is a bijection of the set of special nodes with the fundamental group. We denote the image of \(i\) by \(\pi_i\). The structure of \(F\) is determined as follows.

  • \(\tilde{X}\) is untwisted – \(F\) is isomorphic to \(P^\vee/Q^\vee\) where \(P^\vee\) and \(Q^\vee\) are the coweight and coroot lattices of type \(X\). The group \(P^\vee/Q^\vee\) consists of the cosets \(\omega_i^\vee + Q^\vee\) for special nodes \(i\), where \(\omega_0^\vee = 0\) by convention. In this case the special nodes \(i\) are the cominuscule nodes, the ones such that \(\omega_i^\vee(\alpha_j)\) is \(0\) or \(1\) for all \(j\in I_0 = I \setminus \{0\}\). For \(i\) special, addition by \(\omega_i^\vee+Q^\vee\) permutes \(P^\vee/Q^\vee\) and therefore permutes the set of special nodes. This permutation extends uniquely to an automorphism of the affine Dynkin diagram.

  • \(\tilde{X}\) is dual untwisted – (that is, the dual of \(\tilde{X}\) is untwisted) \(F\) is isomorphic to \(P/Q\) where \(P\) and \(Q\) are the weight and root lattices of type \(X\). The group \(P/Q\) consists of the cosets \(\omega_i + Q\) for special nodes \(i\), where \(\omega_0 = 0\) by convention. In this case the special nodes \(i\) are the minuscule nodes, the ones such that \(\alpha_j^\vee(\omega_i)\) is \(0\) or \(1\) for all \(j \in I_0\). For \(i\) special, addition by \(\omega_i+Q\) permutes \(P/Q\) and therefore permutes the set of special nodes. This permutation extends uniquely to an automorphism of the affine Dynkin diagram.

  • \(\tilde{X}\) is mixed – (that is, not of the above two types) \(F\) is the trivial group.

EXAMPLES:

sage: from sage.combinat.root_system.fundamental_group import FundamentalGroupOfExtendedAffineWeylGroup
sage: F = FundamentalGroupOfExtendedAffineWeylGroup(['A',3,1]); F
Fundamental group of type ['A', 3, 1]
sage: F.cartan_type().dynkin_diagram()
0
O-------+
|       |
|       |
O---O---O
1   2   3
A3~
sage: F.special_nodes()
(0, 1, 2, 3)
sage: F(1)^2
pi[2]
sage: F(1)*F(2)
pi[3]
sage: F(3)^(-1)
pi[1]

sage: F = FundamentalGroupOfExtendedAffineWeylGroup("B3"); F
Fundamental group of type ['B', 3, 1]
sage: F.cartan_type().dynkin_diagram()
    O 0
    |
    |
O---O=>=O
1   2   3
B3~
sage: F.special_nodes()
(0, 1)

sage: F = FundamentalGroupOfExtendedAffineWeylGroup("C2"); F
Fundamental group of type ['C', 2, 1]
sage: F.cartan_type().dynkin_diagram()
O=>=O=<=O
0   1   2
C2~
sage: F.special_nodes()
(0, 2)

sage: F = FundamentalGroupOfExtendedAffineWeylGroup("D4"); F
Fundamental group of type ['D', 4, 1]
sage: F.cartan_type().dynkin_diagram()
    O 4
    |
    |
O---O---O
1   |2  3
    |
    O 0
D4~
sage: F.special_nodes()
(0, 1, 3, 4)
sage: (F(4), F(4)^2)
(pi[4], pi[0])

sage: F = FundamentalGroupOfExtendedAffineWeylGroup("D5"); F
Fundamental group of type ['D', 5, 1]
sage: F.cartan_type().dynkin_diagram()
  0 O   O 5
    |   |
    |   |
O---O---O---O
1   2   3   4
D5~
sage: F.special_nodes()
(0, 1, 4, 5)
sage: (F(5), F(5)^2, F(5)^3, F(5)^4)
(pi[5], pi[1], pi[4], pi[0])
sage: F = FundamentalGroupOfExtendedAffineWeylGroup("E6"); F
Fundamental group of type ['E', 6, 1]
sage: F.cartan_type().dynkin_diagram()
        O 0
        |
        |
        O 2
        |
        |
O---O---O---O---O
1   3   4   5   6
E6~
sage: F.special_nodes()
(0, 1, 6)
sage: F(1)^2
pi[6]

sage: F = FundamentalGroupOfExtendedAffineWeylGroup(['D',4,2]); F
Fundamental group of type ['C', 3, 1]^*
sage: F.cartan_type().dynkin_diagram()
O=<=O---O=>=O
0   1   2   3
C3~*
sage: F.special_nodes()
(0, 3)

>>> from sage.all import *
>>> from sage.combinat.root_system.fundamental_group import FundamentalGroupOfExtendedAffineWeylGroup
>>> F = FundamentalGroupOfExtendedAffineWeylGroup(['A',Integer(3),Integer(1)]); F
Fundamental group of type ['A', 3, 1]
>>> F.cartan_type().dynkin_diagram()
0
O-------+
|       |
|       |
O---O---O
1   2   3
A3~
>>> F.special_nodes()
(0, 1, 2, 3)
>>> F(Integer(1))**Integer(2)
pi[2]
>>> F(Integer(1))*F(Integer(2))
pi[3]
>>> F(Integer(3))**(-Integer(1))
pi[1]

>>> F = FundamentalGroupOfExtendedAffineWeylGroup("B3"); F
Fundamental group of type ['B', 3, 1]
>>> F.cartan_type().dynkin_diagram()
    O 0
    |
    |
O---O=>=O
1   2   3
B3~
>>> F.special_nodes()
(0, 1)

>>> F = FundamentalGroupOfExtendedAffineWeylGroup("C2"); F
Fundamental group of type ['C', 2, 1]
>>> F.cartan_type().dynkin_diagram()
O=>=O=<=O
0   1   2
C2~
>>> F.special_nodes()
(0, 2)

>>> F = FundamentalGroupOfExtendedAffineWeylGroup("D4"); F
Fundamental group of type ['D', 4, 1]
>>> F.cartan_type().dynkin_diagram()
    O 4
    |
    |
O---O---O
1   |2  3
    |
    O 0
D4~
>>> F.special_nodes()
(0, 1, 3, 4)
>>> (F(Integer(4)), F(Integer(4))**Integer(2))
(pi[4], pi[0])

>>> F = FundamentalGroupOfExtendedAffineWeylGroup("D5"); F
Fundamental group of type ['D', 5, 1]
>>> F.cartan_type().dynkin_diagram()
  0 O   O 5
    |   |
    |   |
O---O---O---O
1   2   3   4
D5~
>>> F.special_nodes()
(0, 1, 4, 5)
>>> (F(Integer(5)), F(Integer(5))**Integer(2), F(Integer(5))**Integer(3), F(Integer(5))**Integer(4))
(pi[5], pi[1], pi[4], pi[0])
>>> F = FundamentalGroupOfExtendedAffineWeylGroup("E6"); F
Fundamental group of type ['E', 6, 1]
>>> F.cartan_type().dynkin_diagram()
        O 0
        |
        |
        O 2
        |
        |
O---O---O---O---O
1   3   4   5   6
E6~
>>> F.special_nodes()
(0, 1, 6)
>>> F(Integer(1))**Integer(2)
pi[6]

>>> F = FundamentalGroupOfExtendedAffineWeylGroup(['D',Integer(4),Integer(2)]); F
Fundamental group of type ['C', 3, 1]^*
>>> F.cartan_type().dynkin_diagram()
O=<=O---O=>=O
0   1   2   3
C3~*
>>> F.special_nodes()
(0, 3)

We also implement a fundamental group for \(GL_n\). It is defined to be the group of integers, which is the covering group of the fundamental group Z/nZ for affine \(SL_n\):

sage: F = FundamentalGroupOfExtendedAffineWeylGroup(['A',2,1], general_linear=True); F
Fundamental group of GL(3)
sage: x = F.an_element(); x
pi[5]
sage: x*x
pi[10]
sage: x.inverse()
pi[-5]
sage: wt = F.cartan_type().classical().root_system().ambient_space().an_element(); wt
(2, 2, 3)
sage: x.act_on_classical_ambient(wt)
(2, 3, 2)
sage: w = WeylGroup(F.cartan_type(),prefix="s").an_element(); w
s0*s1*s2
sage: x.act_on_affine_weyl(w)
s2*s0*s1

>>> from sage.all import *
>>> F = FundamentalGroupOfExtendedAffineWeylGroup(['A',Integer(2),Integer(1)], general_linear=True); F
Fundamental group of GL(3)
>>> x = F.an_element(); x
pi[5]
>>> x*x
pi[10]
>>> x.inverse()
pi[-5]
>>> wt = F.cartan_type().classical().root_system().ambient_space().an_element(); wt
(2, 2, 3)
>>> x.act_on_classical_ambient(wt)
(2, 3, 2)
>>> w = WeylGroup(F.cartan_type(),prefix="s").an_element(); w
s0*s1*s2
>>> x.act_on_affine_weyl(w)
s2*s0*s1
class sage.combinat.root_system.fundamental_group.FundamentalGroupOfExtendedAffineWeylGroup_Class(cartan_type, prefix, finite=True)[source]#

Bases: UniqueRepresentation, Parent

The group of length zero elements in the extended affine Weyl group.

Element[source]#

alias of FundamentalGroupElement

action(i)[source]#

Return a function which permutes the affine Dynkin node set by the \(i\)-th special automorphism.

EXAMPLES:

sage: from sage.combinat.root_system.fundamental_group import FundamentalGroupOfExtendedAffineWeylGroup
sage: F = FundamentalGroupOfExtendedAffineWeylGroup(['A',2,1])
sage: [[(i, j, F.action(i)(j)) for j in F.index_set()] for i in F.special_nodes()]
[[(0, 0, 0), (0, 1, 1), (0, 2, 2)], [(1, 0, 1), (1, 1, 2), (1, 2, 0)], [(2, 0, 2), (2, 1, 0), (2, 2, 1)]]
sage: G = FundamentalGroupOfExtendedAffineWeylGroup(['D',4,1])
sage: [[(i, j, G.action(i)(j)) for j in G.index_set()] for i in G.special_nodes()]
[[(0, 0, 0), (0, 1, 1), (0, 2, 2), (0, 3, 3), (0, 4, 4)], [(1, 0, 1), (1, 1, 0), (1, 2, 2), (1, 3, 4), (1, 4, 3)], [(3, 0, 3), (3, 1, 4), (3, 2, 2), (3, 3, 0), (3, 4, 1)], [(4, 0, 4), (4, 1, 3), (4, 2, 2), (4, 3, 1), (4, 4, 0)]]

>>> from sage.all import *
>>> from sage.combinat.root_system.fundamental_group import FundamentalGroupOfExtendedAffineWeylGroup
>>> F = FundamentalGroupOfExtendedAffineWeylGroup(['A',Integer(2),Integer(1)])
>>> [[(i, j, F.action(i)(j)) for j in F.index_set()] for i in F.special_nodes()]
[[(0, 0, 0), (0, 1, 1), (0, 2, 2)], [(1, 0, 1), (1, 1, 2), (1, 2, 0)], [(2, 0, 2), (2, 1, 0), (2, 2, 1)]]
>>> G = FundamentalGroupOfExtendedAffineWeylGroup(['D',Integer(4),Integer(1)])
>>> [[(i, j, G.action(i)(j)) for j in G.index_set()] for i in G.special_nodes()]
[[(0, 0, 0), (0, 1, 1), (0, 2, 2), (0, 3, 3), (0, 4, 4)], [(1, 0, 1), (1, 1, 0), (1, 2, 2), (1, 3, 4), (1, 4, 3)], [(3, 0, 3), (3, 1, 4), (3, 2, 2), (3, 3, 0), (3, 4, 1)], [(4, 0, 4), (4, 1, 3), (4, 2, 2), (4, 3, 1), (4, 4, 0)]]
an_element()[source]#

Return an element of self.

EXAMPLES:

sage: from sage.combinat.root_system.fundamental_group import FundamentalGroupOfExtendedAffineWeylGroup
sage: FundamentalGroupOfExtendedAffineWeylGroup(['A',4,1],prefix="f").an_element()
f[4]

>>> from sage.all import *
>>> from sage.combinat.root_system.fundamental_group import FundamentalGroupOfExtendedAffineWeylGroup
>>> FundamentalGroupOfExtendedAffineWeylGroup(['A',Integer(4),Integer(1)],prefix="f").an_element()
f[4]
cartan_type()[source]#

The Cartan type of self.

EXAMPLES:

sage: from sage.combinat.root_system.fundamental_group import FundamentalGroupOfExtendedAffineWeylGroup
sage: FundamentalGroupOfExtendedAffineWeylGroup(['A',3,1]).cartan_type()
['A', 3, 1]

>>> from sage.all import *
>>> from sage.combinat.root_system.fundamental_group import FundamentalGroupOfExtendedAffineWeylGroup
>>> FundamentalGroupOfExtendedAffineWeylGroup(['A',Integer(3),Integer(1)]).cartan_type()
['A', 3, 1]
dual_node(i)[source]#

Return the node that indexes the inverse of the \(i\)-th element.

EXAMPLES:

sage: from sage.combinat.root_system.fundamental_group import FundamentalGroupOfExtendedAffineWeylGroup
sage: F = FundamentalGroupOfExtendedAffineWeylGroup(['A',4,1])
sage: [(i, F.dual_node(i)) for i in F.special_nodes()]
[(0, 0), (1, 4), (2, 3), (3, 2), (4, 1)]
sage: G = FundamentalGroupOfExtendedAffineWeylGroup(['E',6,1])
sage: [(i, G.dual_node(i)) for i in G.special_nodes()]
[(0, 0), (1, 6), (6, 1)]
sage: H = FundamentalGroupOfExtendedAffineWeylGroup(['D',5,1])
sage: [(i, H.dual_node(i)) for i in H.special_nodes()]
[(0, 0), (1, 1), (4, 5), (5, 4)]

>>> from sage.all import *
>>> from sage.combinat.root_system.fundamental_group import FundamentalGroupOfExtendedAffineWeylGroup
>>> F = FundamentalGroupOfExtendedAffineWeylGroup(['A',Integer(4),Integer(1)])
>>> [(i, F.dual_node(i)) for i in F.special_nodes()]
[(0, 0), (1, 4), (2, 3), (3, 2), (4, 1)]
>>> G = FundamentalGroupOfExtendedAffineWeylGroup(['E',Integer(6),Integer(1)])
>>> [(i, G.dual_node(i)) for i in G.special_nodes()]
[(0, 0), (1, 6), (6, 1)]
>>> H = FundamentalGroupOfExtendedAffineWeylGroup(['D',Integer(5),Integer(1)])
>>> [(i, H.dual_node(i)) for i in H.special_nodes()]
[(0, 0), (1, 1), (4, 5), (5, 4)]
group_generators()[source]#

Return a tuple of generators of the fundamental group.

Warning

This returns the entire group, a necessary behavior because it is used in __iter__().

EXAMPLES:

sage: from sage.combinat.root_system.fundamental_group import FundamentalGroupOfExtendedAffineWeylGroup
sage: FundamentalGroupOfExtendedAffineWeylGroup(['E',6,1],prefix="f").group_generators()
Finite family {0: f[0], 1: f[1], 6: f[6]}

>>> from sage.all import *
>>> from sage.combinat.root_system.fundamental_group import FundamentalGroupOfExtendedAffineWeylGroup
>>> FundamentalGroupOfExtendedAffineWeylGroup(['E',Integer(6),Integer(1)],prefix="f").group_generators()
Finite family {0: f[0], 1: f[1], 6: f[6]}
index_set()[source]#

The node set of the affine Cartan type of self.

EXAMPLES:

sage: from sage.combinat.root_system.fundamental_group import FundamentalGroupOfExtendedAffineWeylGroup
sage: FundamentalGroupOfExtendedAffineWeylGroup(['A',2,1]).index_set()
(0, 1, 2)

>>> from sage.all import *
>>> from sage.combinat.root_system.fundamental_group import FundamentalGroupOfExtendedAffineWeylGroup
>>> FundamentalGroupOfExtendedAffineWeylGroup(['A',Integer(2),Integer(1)]).index_set()
(0, 1, 2)
one()[source]#

Return the identity element of the fundamental group.

EXAMPLES:

sage: from sage.combinat.root_system.fundamental_group import FundamentalGroupOfExtendedAffineWeylGroup
sage: F = FundamentalGroupOfExtendedAffineWeylGroup(['A',3,1])
sage: F.one()
pi[0]

>>> from sage.all import *
>>> from sage.combinat.root_system.fundamental_group import FundamentalGroupOfExtendedAffineWeylGroup
>>> F = FundamentalGroupOfExtendedAffineWeylGroup(['A',Integer(3),Integer(1)])
>>> F.one()
pi[0]
product(x, y)[source]#

Return the product of \(x\) and \(y\).

EXAMPLES:

sage: from sage.combinat.root_system.fundamental_group import FundamentalGroupOfExtendedAffineWeylGroup
sage: F = FundamentalGroupOfExtendedAffineWeylGroup(['A',3,1])
sage: F.special_nodes()
(0, 1, 2, 3)
sage: F(2)*F(3)
pi[1]
sage: F(1)*F(3)^(-1)
pi[2]

>>> from sage.all import *
>>> from sage.combinat.root_system.fundamental_group import FundamentalGroupOfExtendedAffineWeylGroup
>>> F = FundamentalGroupOfExtendedAffineWeylGroup(['A',Integer(3),Integer(1)])
>>> F.special_nodes()
(0, 1, 2, 3)
>>> F(Integer(2))*F(Integer(3))
pi[1]
>>> F(Integer(1))*F(Integer(3))**(-Integer(1))
pi[2]
reduced_word(i)[source]#

Return a reduced word for the finite Weyl group element associated with the \(i\)-th special automorphism.

More precisely, for each special node \(i\), self.reduced_word(i) is a reduced word for the element \(v\) in the finite Weyl group such that in the extended affine Weyl group, the \(i\)-th special automorphism is equal to \(t v\) where \(t\) is a translation element.

EXAMPLES:

sage: from sage.combinat.root_system.fundamental_group import FundamentalGroupOfExtendedAffineWeylGroup
sage: F = FundamentalGroupOfExtendedAffineWeylGroup(['A',3,1])
sage: [(i, F.reduced_word(i)) for i in F.special_nodes()]
[(0, ()), (1, (1, 2, 3)), (2, (2, 1, 3, 2)), (3, (3, 2, 1))]

>>> from sage.all import *
>>> from sage.combinat.root_system.fundamental_group import FundamentalGroupOfExtendedAffineWeylGroup
>>> F = FundamentalGroupOfExtendedAffineWeylGroup(['A',Integer(3),Integer(1)])
>>> [(i, F.reduced_word(i)) for i in F.special_nodes()]
[(0, ()), (1, (1, 2, 3)), (2, (2, 1, 3, 2)), (3, (3, 2, 1))]
special_nodes()[source]#

Return the special nodes of self.

See sage.combinat.root_system.cartan_type.special_nodes().

EXAMPLES:

sage: from sage.combinat.root_system.fundamental_group import FundamentalGroupOfExtendedAffineWeylGroup
sage: FundamentalGroupOfExtendedAffineWeylGroup(['D',4,1]).special_nodes()
(0, 1, 3, 4)
sage: FundamentalGroupOfExtendedAffineWeylGroup(['A',2,1]).special_nodes()
(0, 1, 2)
sage: FundamentalGroupOfExtendedAffineWeylGroup(['C',3,1]).special_nodes()
(0, 3)
sage: FundamentalGroupOfExtendedAffineWeylGroup(['D',4,2]).special_nodes()
(0, 3)
sage: FundamentalGroupOfExtendedAffineWeylGroup(['A',2,1], general_linear=True).special_nodes()
Integer Ring

>>> from sage.all import *
>>> from sage.combinat.root_system.fundamental_group import FundamentalGroupOfExtendedAffineWeylGroup
>>> FundamentalGroupOfExtendedAffineWeylGroup(['D',Integer(4),Integer(1)]).special_nodes()
(0, 1, 3, 4)
>>> FundamentalGroupOfExtendedAffineWeylGroup(['A',Integer(2),Integer(1)]).special_nodes()
(0, 1, 2)
>>> FundamentalGroupOfExtendedAffineWeylGroup(['C',Integer(3),Integer(1)]).special_nodes()
(0, 3)
>>> FundamentalGroupOfExtendedAffineWeylGroup(['D',Integer(4),Integer(2)]).special_nodes()
(0, 3)
>>> FundamentalGroupOfExtendedAffineWeylGroup(['A',Integer(2),Integer(1)], general_linear=True).special_nodes()
Integer Ring